The document provides an overview of dental public health and the role of dental hygienists. It discusses topics such as the historical development of dental hygiene and prevention programs, dental care delivery systems in the US and internationally, program planning and evaluation, oral epidemiology, and careers in dental public health.

1. Dental Public Health dr shabeel pn

2. Dental Public Health Introduction

3. Topics Historical Development Dental Care Delivery in the United States around the world Financing Dental Care Legislative Initiatives Education and Promotion Target Populations Lesson Plan Program Planning Program Evaluation Oral Epidemiology Research Methods Biostatistics Evaluation of Literature and Products Careers in the Government Entreprenurial Initiatives Board Review

4. The Prevention Movement Dental Hygiene’s Relation to Dental Public Health

5. Historical Development Dental Hygiene as Forerunner to the Prevention Movement Dr. Alfred Fones Founder of Dental Hygiene School and First Author of Dental Hygiene College Textbook

6. Historical Development Continued Practice Settings Schools Industry Military Hospitals Professional Organizations

7. Preventive Modalities Dental Hygiene Treatment Fluoridation Xylitol Dental Sealants Oral Cancer Exams and Tobacco Cessation Nutritional Counseling Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) Mass Education/Media

8. Dental Care Delivery In the United States

9. Dental Care Delivery

10. Dental Public Health The oral health care and education, with an emphasis on the utilization of dental hygiene sciences, delivered to a target population

11. Factors Affecting Dental Health Access to Care Restriction of dental hygiene services Shortage of Medicaid providers Financial Situations Insurance Medicaid Transportation

12. Factors Affecting Dental Health, Continued SES Relation to Dental Health Dental Hygiene Sciences Increase in the Geriatric Populations Malpractice Insurance Changes

13. Federal Influence

14. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Operating Division Human Services Operating Division

15. Public Health Service Operating Division National Institutes of Health Food and Drug Administration Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Indian Health Services Health Resources and Services Administration Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

16. Human Services Operating Division Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Medicaid Medicare Administration for Children and Families Administration on Aging

17. Public Health Service PHS works toward improving and advancing the health of our nation. U.S. Surgeon General Dental Hygienists work as Public Health Officers.

18. Other Federal Departments Influencing Dental Care Agriculture Defense Education Justice Labor State Treasury Veteran’s Affairs United States Peace Corps (which is an executive branch agency)

19. Individual State Influence State Dental Divisions Medicaid S-CHIPS Prisons Tribal Clinics Institutions Community Clinics

20. Dental Health Care Personnel Need Demand Utilization Supply Dental Hygiene Shortages Dental Hygienist to Dentist Employment Ratio = 1:2

21. Dental Finance Public and Private Funding of Dental Care

22. Historical Funding of Dental Care Patient’s Responsibility The Advent of Dental Insurance Medicaid Coverage for Dental Services Today’s Dental Financing

23. Payment Methods Fee-for-Service Capitation Plans Encounter Fee Plans Barter System

24. Fee-for-Service A dental practice sets a fee, and a patient and/or third party pays for the fee. UCR: usual, customary and reasonable fee Indemnity plans pay fee-for-service. Discounted coverage available and sliding scales for certain patients in certain clinics

25. Capitation Method Dental Managed Care A certain amount is paid to a dental practice for a certain number of patients. Payment is received whether treatment is provided or not. Many times employees will state that they are not paid for “cleanings” provided; however, this is not an accurate statement.

26. Encounter and Barter Encounters are for an arrangement paid for each visit. Barter system is used when the dental provider negotiates payment by exchanging goods and services.

27. Insurance Plans Dental Service Corporations Health Service Corporations Preferred Providers Organizations Individual Practice Associations Capitation Programs

28. Dental Billing Claim Form ADA CDT Payment Plans Dental Credit Cards Explanation of Benefits

29. Government Role Research Disease Prevention Disease Control Program Planning and Operation Funding for the Education of Dental Professionals Regulation

30. Government’s Role U.S. PHS Federal Block Grants State Governments Local Governments

31. Medicaid Title XIX State/Federal Program Your State’s Medicaid Program Other State’s Medicaid Program

32. Dental Care Delivery Around the World

33. International Dental Health Care Dental Diseases Historical Perspective Demographics and the Dental Hygienist Global Education of the Dental Hygienist The Role of the Dental Hygienist Access to Care in Other Countries

34. International Dental Health Care, Continued Dental Public Health Programs and Campaigns Oral Health Policies Lobbying Groups International Dental Organizations

35. International Overview Related Dental Professionals Regulation of Dental Hygienists Independent Practice Portability of Licensure Future of Dental Hygiene

36. Legislative Initiatives Affecting Dental Hygiene Practice In the United States

37. Issues in the United States Preceptorship/Alternative Education On-the-Job Training for Supragingival Scaling Restrictive Supervision Laws Affecting Access to Care Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner

38. State Governments Legislative Executive Judicial

39. Major Bodies of Law Common Law Statutory Law Constitutional Law Administrative Law

40. Laws Pertaining to Dental Hygiene State Dental Hygiene Practice Act, sometimes referred to as the statute Supervision Status

41. State Dental Board Administrative Law Governs Dental Hygienists and the Practice of Dental Hygiene Rules and Regulations Self-Regulation

42. Supervision Types Unsupervised Independent Practice Collaborative Practice General Supervision Indirect Supervision Direct Supervision

43. International Overview Related Dental Professionals Regulation of Dental Hygienists Independent Practice Portability of Licensure Future of Dental Hygiene

44. Dental Health Education and Promotion

45. Health Education Principles Five Dimensional Health Model Physical Mental Social Spiritual Emotional

46. Dental Health Education Goal: to prevent dental diseases utilizing appropriate dental health interventions

47. Health Education Principles Health Education: the education of health behaviors that bring an individual to a state of health awareness Health Promotion: the informing and motivating of people to adopt health behaviors Health Behavior: an action that helps prevent illness and promotes health for a population

48. Goals of Dental Health Education Provide Effective Dental Health Education.  Change Values Aimed at Improving Health.  Healthy Behaviors 

49. Stages of Learning Unawareness  Awareness  Self-Interest  Involvement  Action  Habit

50. Transtheoretical Model Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Maintenance Action

51. Theory of Reasoned Action Attitude toward the behavior Subjective norms Perceived behavioral control Intention Behavior

52. Social Cognitive Theory Self-Efficacy Theory Knowledge – Behavior – Environment

53. Empowerment Models Participant Oriented Social Environments

54. Motivation Motivation is the will of the individual to act.

55. Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Need for Self-Esteem Belongingness and Love Safety Needs Physiological Needs

56. Behavioral Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling

57. Lesson Plan Development

58. Assessment Phase Assess target populations’ needs interests abilities Assess resources

59. Dental Hygiene Diagnosis Formulate Findings from Assessment into a Diagnosis. Prioritize Goals.

60. Planning Broad Goal Formulation Specific Objectives Select Teaching Methods.

61. Implementation Be Prepared. Effective Teacher Characteristics

62. Evaluation Qualitative Measurement Quantitative Measurement Information Provided to Appropriate Parties

63. Target Populations For the Practicing Hygienist

64. Target Populations A group of individuals with similarities of some sort whether it be age, race, educational background, life situations, and/or health conditions

65. Specific Target Populations Family Caregivers Health Care Workers Hospice Workers Persons with Medical Conditions/ Diseases Developmentally Disabled Hearing Impaired Visual Impairments School Teachers Social Workers Ages Prenatal Infancy Children Adults Older Adults

66. Cultural Diversity The social, ethnic, and cultural elements that compose a person.

67. Barriers to Dental Hygiene and Dental Care

68. Program Planning For the Dental Hygienist

69. What is a dental public health program? Educational, clinical, and referral services to a target population

70. Preventive Programs School Fluoride Mouthrinse Programs School Dental Sealant Programs Xylitol Programs Mouthguard Programs Dental Health Educational Programs Tobacco Cessation Programs Denture Identification Programs

71. Dental Public Health Programs Healthy Smile Program Inner City Health Center Dental Program Soroptomist Dental Project Matthew 25 Operation Smile

72. Dental Hygiene Program Planning Paradigm Assessment Population’s dental needs Demographics Facility Personnel Existing Resources Funding

73. Dental Hygiene Program Planning Paradigm, Continued Dental Hygiene Diagnosis Prioritization of needs Formulation of diagnosis to provide goals and objectives for blueprint Planning Methods to measure goals Blueprint Address constraints and alternatives.

74. Dental Hygiene Program Planning Paradigm, Continued Implementation Program will begin operation. Revision and changes identified and employed Evaluation Measuring goals Qualitative and quantitative evaluation Ongoing revisions employed

75. Program Evaluation Dental Public Health

76. Program Evaluation Program Planning -> Objectives Measurement of Objectives Formative Summative

77. Evaluation Techniques Traditional Nonclinical Measurements Interviews Surveys Clinical Methods Basic BSS Dental Indexes

78. Government’s Evaluation Healthy People 2010 Objectives and Evaluation Mechanisms NOHSS Call to Action

79. Oral Epidemiology Study of Oral Diseases Multifactorial Nature of Disease Terminology Epidemic Prevalence Endemic Incidence Pandemic Etiology Disease Rates Surveilance Mortality Risk Factors Morbidity Index

80. Oral Epidemiology Reports Morbidity and Mortality (MMWR) Healthy People Reports Surgeon General’s Report Call to Action Global Oral Data Bank

81. Epidemiology of Oral Diseases Periodontal Diseases Tooth Loss Dental Caries Oral Cancer Cleft Lip/Palate Injury Toothaches

82. Research In Dental Hygiene

83. Significance of Research to Dental Hygiene Dental public health is based upon programs that have demonstrated effectiveness in achieving health for the population.

84. Types of Research Historical Descriptive Survey Observational Case Studies Correlational Epidemiological Longitudinal Cross-sectional Retroactive Experimental (Prospective) Quasi-experimental

85. Beginning Research Research Question Does Brand X toothpaste whiten teeth? Positive Hypothesis Brand X toothpaste does significantly whiten teeth. Null Hypothesis There is no statistically significant difference between Brand X and a placebo when comparing the whitening of teeth.

86. Research Design Formulating a hypothesis Review of the literature Methods and materials Statistical evaluation

87. Experimental Approaches Two group pretest/post-test designs Time series Post-test only Solomon three and four group Factorial Placebos Control groups

88. Sampling Techniques Randomization Systematic Convenience Stratifying

89. Informed Consent Informed Consent is part of examining the ethics of the research project as a whole.

90. Dental Research Biostatistics

91. Categorizing Data Discrete or Continuous Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

92. Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Mean Median Mode Measures of Dispersion Range Variance Standard Deviation

93. The Normal Distribution Gaussian Distribution Bell-Shaped Curve Skewed Data

94. Graphing Data Frequency Distribution Table Grouped Frequency Table Bar Graph Histogram Polygon

95. Correlation Correlation Coefficients Positive Correlation Negative Correlation Strong Correlation

96. Correlation Pearson Product Movement Correlation Coefficient Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

97. Statistical Decision Making Probability Type I Error Type II Error Degrees of Freedom

98. Inferential Statistics Parametric Inferential Statistics Student t-test Analysis of Variance Nonparametric Inferential Statistics Chi Square Test Other Nonparametric Tests

99. Interpretation of Data Statistical Significance Clinical Significance

100. Research Results Validity: Results of the study can be inferred to the general population. Reliability: The study was conducted in a controlled manner and if repeated would lend the same results; thus, the study is reproducible.

101. Evaluation of Scientific Literature and Dental Products

102. Regulation of Dental Care Products Food and Drug Administration American Dental Association Seal of Acceptance

103. Dental Hygienist’s Role Critical consumer Patient education Awareness of advertising techniques

104. Evaluation of Scientific Literature Introduction Purpose Research Design Sample Selection Product Usage Examiners Statistical Significance Results

105. Careers in Dental Public Health

106. Positions for the RDH U.S. PHS VA Hospitals Federal Prisons Military Base Clinics Other Agencies

107. United States RDH Positions Commissioned Officer Positions Civil Service Positions National Health Service Corps

108. Other Options Independent Contractor Employee of Dental Staffing Agency Student Opportunities COSTEP

109. Strategies for Creating Dental Hygiene Positions In Dental Public Health Settings

110. Populations Homebound Institutionalized Populations with Disabilities Rural Area Residents Population with Dental Phobias Populations faced with Language or Cultural Barriers Patients without Financing

111. Proposed Plan for Action Dental Hygiene Program Planning Paradigm Assessment Dental Hygiene Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

112. Practice Management Issues Patient tracking Appointment scheduling Practice promotion Collection of fees

113. Proposal Development and Presentation Introduction Significance of Position Blueprint of the Operational Program Conclusion Contracts Teaching Strategies

114. Dental Public Health Review

115. Community Health/Research Principles Promoting health and preventing disease within groups Participating in community programs Analyzing scientific information, utilizing statistical concepts, and applying research results

116. Dental Public Health: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist: “ The Dental Hygienist is the Premier Dental Public Health Provider. “