The Spartans originated as Dorian invaders who settled in the Peloponnese region in the late 8th century BC. Under the reforms of the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus, Sparta developed a unique social and political system centered around a highly trained citizen-soldier class. All male Spartan citizens underwent an intensive agoge education program and were obligated to the military. The Spartan economy relied on subjugated populations of helot slaves who farmed the land to provide food for the Spartan messes. Through this system, Sparta was able to field a powerful professional army and establish itself as the dominant military power in ancient Greece during the classical era.
Map Collection: Persian Empire and Alexander the GreatTom Richey
I collected a good set of maps of the Perisan Empire and Alexander the Great's conquests from Google Images. I've credited maps when the option was available and make no claim to originality or authorship of uncredited maps. This collection has been assembled for the convenience of myself and other teachers.
Spartan Essay 2With reference to the source you have selected .docxrafbolet0
Spartan Essay 2
With reference to the source you have selected explain the organisation of Spartan Society
Source : “Lycurgus prohibited free citizens from having anything to do with business…they should not desire wealth with a view to sensual gratification. At Sparta the citizens pay strictest obedience to the magistrates and the laws. Lycurgus [believed]...obedience is of the greatest benefit, as much in a State as in an army and a family...Lycurgus also imposed on his countrymen an obligation, from which there is no exception, of practicing every kind of political virtue; for he made the privileges of citizenship equally available to all those who observed what was commanded by the Laws; but if anyone was too lazy to do what the Laws demanded, Lycurgus commanded that he should no longer be counted among the number of ‘equally privileged citizens’”.
Spartan society was organised so that the Spartiates could devote themselves entirely to Sparta’s militaristic imperative. Spartan society was comprised of four social classes, Spartiates, Perioki , Inferiors and Helots. Both Helots and Perioki have the sole purpose of tending the everyday medial tasks to leave Spartiates sufficient time to become skilled in combat specifically the agoge. The Inferiors consisted of members who had never had achieved/ or had been stripped of citizenship. The militaristic ideals of Spartan society are shown in the Spartiate training priority, and the rejection of cowards highlights the importance of military nobility.
Helots were the indigenous population of Laconia, although once conquered the Helot’s became “serf(s) who can be used on request” (Xenophon) this made them the lowest class in Spartan Society. The Helots’ duties were that of a slave, they were expected to tend fields for no profit, with the majority of their produce being awarded to their master and the state. The life of a Helot was one of hardship, they could only live in small prosperity once their master was taken care of. Not only did they live in poverty, they lacked freedom, political and legal rights. This depraved life would probably have left them resentful of the current lifestyle, and Spartan’s feared a helot uprising as they were outnumbered “20:1’. To ensure this uprising didn’t occur, protocols were implemented to negate any change of a revolt, Helots were subsequently banned from any metal work. The Helot’s posed such a risk that the Ephor’s would annually declare war on the Helot’s so that any Helot could be slain by a Spartan. Allowing the formation of the Krypteia, a part of the agoge where youth would hunt and slaughter any trouble-making Helot. De Sainte Croix describes “the helot danger was the curse of Sparta had brought upon herslf – a people which oppresses another cannot itself be free”. Through Source 1 it’s evident that the Helot’s played a vital role in the undertaking of the militaristic Spartan goal, as it allowed Spartan’s to train in the art of combat.
The .
A t l a n t i c OceanIBERIANPENINSULAe.docxransayo
A t l a n t i c Ocean
IBERIAN
PENINSULA
e
h
R
ir
i
Lo
R
n
.
e
R
G AU L
.
ne
R.
o
P
R
h
Massilia
(Marseilles)
Corsica
s
Sardinia
d
n
la
icIs
ar
Bale
o
R.
I
D
CRIMEA
L
a
L
n
ube
Y
R
R
I
.
Black Sea
I
A
BALKAN
T
A
L
PENINSULA
Y
Byzantium
Tarentum
THRACE
Naples
Troy
ASIA
IONIA
MINOR
Carthage
AFRICA
0
250
500
750 Kilometers
Sicily
Corinth
Athens
Syracuse
Pylos
Sparta
Thera
Cyprus
Knossus
M
Crete
e
d
Tyre
i t
e
r
r
a
n
e an
Se a
E
u phr
at
es
R.
ª Cengage Learning
0
250
500 Miles
Naucratis
Greece
Phoenicia
Greek colonies
Phoenician colonies
EGYPT
il
Red
N
e
R
Sea
.
MAP 3.2 Greece and Its Colonies in the Archaic Age. Impelled by overpopulation and poverty, Greeks spread out from their homelands during the Archaic Age, establishing colonies in many parts of the Mediterranean. The colonies were independent city-states that traded with the older Greek city-states.
What aspects of the colonies’ locations facilitated trade between them and city-states in Greece?
Tyranny in the Greek Polis
When the polis emerged as an important institution in Greece in the eighth century, monarchical power waned, and kings virtually disappeared in most Greek states or survived only as ceremonial figures with little or no real power. Instead, politi-cal power passed into the hands of local aristocracies. But increasing divisions between rich and poor and the aspirations of newly rising industrial and commercial groups in Greek poleis opened the door to the rise of tyrants in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E. They were not necessarily oppres-sive or wicked, as our word tyrant connotes. Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law. Support for the tyrants came from the new rich, who made their money in trade and industry, as well as from poor peasants, who were in debt to landholding aristo-crats. Both groups were opposed to the domination of politi-cal power by the aristocrats.
Tyrants usually achieved power by a local coup d’e´tat and maintained it by using mercenary soldiers. Once in power, they built new marketplaces, temples, and walls that created jobs, glorified the city, and also enhanced their own popular-ity. Tyrants also favored the interests of merchants and
traders by encouraging the founding of new colonies, devel-oping new coinage, and establishing new systems of weights and measures. In many instances, they added to the prosper-ity of their cities. By their patronage of the arts, they encour-aged cultural development.
THE EXAMPLE OF .
The difference in Athens and Sparta represents to me one.docxtodd241
The difference in Athens and Sparta represents to me one of their rare times in history when a Monarchy gave its citizens more rights than a democracy. Athens became a democracy after the fall of its monarch in 594 BCE. Athens then became a direct democracy where the majority of its citizens had a direct voice in Government and would elect persons each year to govern and make decisions. Athens also promoted education, culture, art, and philosophy and they were the main tenants of Athenian life. Sparta however was a monarchy/oligarchy while also being a meritocracy. Sparta was intensely focused on military might and every male citizen was expected to serve as a solider in this army. The spartan kings were from two families and had equal authority in terms of rule and would both serve as generals in the spartan army. Unlike Athens, warfare was the main tenant of spartan society and was the base of its economy. Rights in Sparta were also given to women and non-citizens who lived in the city. Women were allowed to vote in the Apella and non-citizens were allowed to serve in the spartan army, although in a support role.
Spartans would be given wives and land once they reached the age of 30. This makes me wonder how many spartan men lived to be that old
respond to this discussion question in 100 words
.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Origins of Sparta
Political System
Spartan Citizenship
Spartan Military Power
Socioeconomic System
3. The story of the Ancient Greeks has fascinated people for thousands of years, but above all others, one people stand above the rest in the popular imagination of the world: Sparta. Here we'll examine the origins of the Spartan people and their state, as well as their unique social, economic, military, and political systems, while at the same time discovering how they developed the fearsome reputation they have bequeathed to posterity.
4.
5. While the Peloponnese had been settled for millennia, the Spartans with which we are familiar were the descendents of the Dorian migrant/invaders that precipitated the Greek Dark Age. While the original Dorians had consisted of vast tribal confederations, these degraded to the point where most lived in semi- isolated villages under their own direction.
6. Sparta as such was not a traditional City-State, but a collection of 4 (later 5) villages that banded together into a single unit. Indeed, it was said that future generations would scarcely believe the stories of Sparta’s power based on the paltry remains they had left behind.
7. Beginning around the year 800 B.C. these 'Spartans' began their conquest of the rest of their region (Laconia), and brought those other independent Dorian villages under their control. Then, in a great war lasting some twenty years (c.740-720 B.C.) the Spartans conquered the neighbouring region of Messenia.
8. So it was that by the late 8th century B.C. that Sparta had moved from being a microstate like so many other Greek powers, to a vast imperium controlling almost half the Peloponnese.
9. The Spartans gave credit for their unique way of life to a semi- mythical lawgiver named Lycurgus. Whether he existed or not is unknown, but the institutions he allegedly created were real enough.
10. The post-Lycurgan system consisted of a mixture of pre- existing institutions that had been reformed, and new ones created expressly as a result. At the top remained the two kings, but their ruling circle was reformed into a council known as the Gerousia (consisting of 30 men: the 2 kings and 28 others elected by the Assembly).
The Assembly itself consisted of all male Spartan citizens, and unlike some other such bodies, they did not debate issues or set the agenda of meetings, but merely voted on options presented to them by the Gerousia. However, the Assembly likewise elected 5 officials known as Ephors, who initially looked after such issues as the education and legal systems, but in later history would assume greater powers, allowing them to act as foils to the power of the kings.
11.
12. In this way the Spartans developed a pseudo- democratic system: While still a kingship, the kings were merely 2 of the 30 council members, and while the council set the agenda of the state, it was up to the Assembly of citizens to elect the council and to actually decide what course of action was to be taken. As such, without regard for wealth or lineage, Lycurgus had made all citizens as equal as possible, allowing for the rise of this tightly knit, highly organized state.
13. While there were plenty of inhabitants in the Spartan state who didn't qualify for citizenship, what made a Spartan? Lycurgus eliminated the old class and racial distinctions left over from the Dark Age by instituting probably the single most important element of Spartan society: the Agoge.
14. This was a system of education dedicated to creating citizens who were highly developed both morally and physically. At birth infants were inspected, and those with some form of disability were left to die of exposure. When the crop of healthy boys reached the age of 7, they entered into the Agoge, where they learned to endure harsh conditions & hunger while mastering stealth and cunning, in addition to more traditional educational pursuits.
15. At age 20 they became members of the Spartan army, and were allowed to apply for membership in one of the collective 'Mess' organizations. The Mess was a group that ate together daily, with attendance absolutely mandatory except for the most important of events (such as sacrifices). This was designed to build up a sense of comradeship, and to inculcate a sense of fealty to the institution.
16. Above all else Spartans were expected to hold loyalty to the state as the most important of all virtues. In this way Sparta was able to build a body of mentally and physically powerful citizens to rule the state and to man the most important of Sparta's institutions: the army.
17. Like all the armies of Archaic Greece, Sparta's army consisted of citizen- soldiers, but unlike the others, the Spartans were professional soldiers to a man. Each citizen was forbidden to pursue any profession outside of military training, and as a result the Spartans produced the best individual soldiers in the world.
18. Each of the five constituent villages of Sparta contributed a regiment (Lochoi) to the overall army, each consisting of approximately 1,000 soldiers (albeit the citizen population varied over time).
19. While this may seem like a small number for such a powerful nation, keep in mind the relatively small size of the City-States meant that armies of a few thousand were common.
20. As well, the nature of Greek warfare as it was evolving (with the Hoplite and Phalanx at the centre) prized discipline and training over reckless courage and bravado. While the Spartans certainly had no shortage of courage, they were more able and inclined than other Greeks to hold the phalanx's formation, giving them a massive advantage.
21. While the Spartans had built up a great system of producing, training, and ruling citizens, how was it that they supported themselves?
22. With the conquest of Laconia the other Dorian villages had been assigned the status of Perioikoi (dwellers-around). They were the 'middle class' of Spartan society, craftsmen and merchants who, though lacking the rights of Spartan citizenship, were still subject to military service and Spartan law, but were otherwise allowed to run the affairs of their villages themselves.
23. The other, much larger portion of the population of the Spartan state was the Helots. Consisting of the remaining non-Spartan or Perioikoi population of Laconia and almost all of Messenia, the Helots had been reduced to a state of abject slavery. They enjoyed no rights and were utilized almost exclusively as agricultural labour
24. While slavery was common in all Greek states (and indeed in virtually all ancient human societies), the Helots were not owned by individual Spartans. Rather, they were owned to the state, and assigned to specific plots of land to farm, much like serfs in the middle ages of Europe. Each plot was in turn assigned to a Spartan citizen who would collect a percentage of the Helots produce, which he then in turn donated to his communal Mess.
25. As the Spartan way of life depended on military prowess, membership in these Mess organizations was required for citizenship, and if a Spartan could not provide the required allotment of food to the mess, he was expelled. Thus, to preserve the Spartan state and its citizens, the Helots were absolutely essential.
26. However, the sheer number of Helots meant that the threat of an uprising was constantly in the Spartans minds (as a rule of thumb, to feed 10 people with preindustrial agriculture, 9 have to be farmers: thus 5,000 Spartans needed at least 45,000 Helots, and combined with the non- farming Perioikoi this number would have ballooned into the hundreds of thousands).
27. So while the Spartans were constantly alert for Helot treachery and kept a tight, brutal control over them, they were in some ways themselves limited by this way of life (i.e. wary of sending too much of the army abroad for too long).
Overall though, Helot revolts were relatively few, and the Spartan system was renowned by fellow Greeks for its effectiveness and stability, while managing to last for centuries.