From Homer's aristocracies to the founding of democracy in Athens.

1. Jack Garrity

2. Free mankind idealized
We live as free citizens.
Not only in our public but
also our private life. We
are not angry with our
neighbors if he behaves
as he pleases as long as
he does no harm.
Pericles
5th Century BCE Athens

3. Athens was one of hundreds of Greek city states called a
polis.

4. polis is a commonwealth city state made up of a group
of equal citizens in a free land.

5. By 750 BCE, Greek polis were the center of life, unlike
the tax collecting (Egypt) or imperial trade cities of
Mesopotamia.

6. Polis included the city, surrounding countryside and
perhaps a few towns.

7. Polis included the city, surrounding countryside and
perhaps a few towns.

8. Polis included the city, surrounding countryside and
perhaps a few towns.

9. The city served as the center of the polis.
Here people met for fun, political, social, and religious
activities.

10. The main meeting place on a fortified hill called an
acropolis, which had public buildings and temples.

11. The main meeting place on a fortified hill called an
acropolis, which had public buildings and temples.

12. Below the acropolis was an agora, an open shopping
mall and meeting area.

13. Below the acropolis was an agora, an open shopping
mall and meeting area.

14. Below the acropolis was an agora, an open shopping
mall and meeting area.

15. Below the acropolis was an agora, an open shopping
mall and meeting area.

16. Theater and Gymnasium

17. Gymnasium

18. Gymnasium

20. Gymnasium

21. Theater

22. Theater

24. Each polis had its own personality, laws, traditions,
and emphasized different Greek gods and goddesses.

25. Each had its’ own patriotism. They constantly
fought, argued, and competed with each other.

26. Each wanted their polis to be the best! Some in
beauty, others art, others in happiness, athletics,
others military.

27. Each wanted their polis to be the best! Some in
beauty, others art, others in happiness, athletics,
others military.

28. Each wanted their polis to be the best! Some in
beauty, others art, others in happiness, athletics,
others military.

29. They each tried to out do each other in making their city beautiful.

30. Sparta made the best warriors.

31. The size of polis was small partly because of Geography.

32. The mountains, valleys, and plains make isolated settlements, easier to go on
the sea then over the land.

33. Isolate cause (a person or place) to be or
remain alone or apart from others

34. Polis were also small because Greeks thought
they should be small.
Plato thought ideal 5000 cit 20000 total. Women
slaves foreigners no rights.

35. So, the sea becomes the Greek highway for trading,
raiding, and pirating.

36. Patriarchic Society
Adult Greek men were citizens.

37. Citizen: a person who legally belongs to a
country and has the rights and protection of
that country

38. Patriarchic Society
They had political + legal rights

39. Patriarchic Society
Women and children were citizens with no political
rights, but legal rights.

40. Patriarchic Society
Slaves, and foreigners were not citizens and had no
rights.

41. Slave society
Athens had 80,000-150,000 slaves

42. Slave society
Average house hold had 3-5 slaves

43. Slave society
Rich people perhaps 50 slaves, a friend of Aristotle
had 1000!

44. Slave society
Slaves had no rights, but could not kill them
without a trial.

45. Trial a formal meeting in a court in which evidence
about crimes, disagreements, etc., is presented to a
judge and often a jury so that decisions can be made
according to the law

46. Citizen duty
All citizens had to serve in the army.

47. Citizen duty
You had to bring your own weapons and armor
and supplies.

48. Citizen classes
Aristocrat or Noble Class warrior class that owns
most or all of the land.

49. Citizen classes
Merchant class: trade people, families that live
through business and trade.

50. Citizen classes
Most citizens were small farmers or fishermen
yeoman or free man class.

51. Citizen duty
All citizens had to participate in the official
religion.

52. Citizen duty
Citizens had to participate in government in
Athens and some polis.

53. What were the basic classes in ancient
Greek society?
What were the duties of citizenship?

54. Greek Colonization
As the populations grew, polis set up colonies all
around the Mediterranean Sea.

56. Greek Colonization: 750-550 BCE
Polis populations quickly grew to big for the land to handle.

57. The extra population would be sent out to found
new cities of their own.
These new polis were independent from the
mother polis.
Greek Colonization: 750-550 BCE

58. Greek Colonization: 750-550 BCE

59. Colonization increases trade
Greek Colonization: 750-550 BCE

60. Colonization increases trade
The Greeks on the mainland exported pottery, wine, and olive oil.
They imported grains, metals, fish, wood, wheat, and slaves.
Greek Colonization: 750-550 BCE

61. The aristocrats became richer as trade grew.

62. New merchant families became rich through business and
trade.

63. Many merchant families wanted to have more say in the
running of their polis.

64. Polis gives us “politics”
The Greeks invented politics and tried most
government systems.

65. Polis gives us “politics”
They tried many kinds, so they invented constitutions.

66. Constitution: written down rules of how the
government works.

67. All polis were republics.

68. Republic: the land is considered a "public matter,
not owned by a king or ruler.

69. Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
Absolute Monarchy: A King owns the land, controls business,
culture, war, law, and rules in the name of a God.

70. Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
Egypt a Divine Absolute Monarchy: all of the above plus
the King is a living god.

71. Class struggle
During the Greek Dark
Ages, Greek aristocrats
killed the Mycenaean kings
taking their powers.

72. Class struggle
Class Struggle: an group
of people takes power
from another group.

73. Types of governments the
Greek’s developed.
1. Constitutional (limited)
Monarchy
2. Oligarchy
3. Aristocracy
4. Representative
Democracy
5. Tyranny
6. Direct Democracy
Development of politics

74. Sparta the most conservative warrior polis and
Athens the most cosmopolitan progressive polis are
opposite examples.

76. Sparta made the best warriors, the led simple lives,
it was illegal to have gold, silver, or coins.

77. 1. Monarchy
Rule by a king or queen and landed warrior classes.

78. While most polis had given up monarchy with
Mycenae, Sparta had two king. They idolized Achilles.

79. SPARTA
They only had two powers to lead in battle and be the
high priest of Athena.

80. Limited by Constitution limited by a counsel.
Constitutional or Limited Monarchy: the king’s power is
limited by other parts of the government.
SPARTA

81. 2. Oligarchy the rule of a few.
The Gerousia made
laws, policy, declared
war.
21 men picked for life
2 Kings
5 elected annually by all
citizens
SPARTA

82. Spartan Citizens
At birth, Spartan parents inspect babies, leaving weak
babies outside to die in the woods.

83. Inspect . to view or examine formally or officially

84. Spartan Citizens
Boys entered the army at age 7 and lived in a barracks
until age 30.

87. They only had one set of cloths, and were not given
enough food to live.
Spartan Citizens

88. So, Spartans grew up hunting and stealing food.
Spartan Citizens

89. All meals were taken together. The food was
infamously bad.
Spartan Citizens

90. Infamous well known for some bad quality or
deed.

92. Spartan Citizens
They practice fighting everyday.

93. Spartan Citizens
At age 30 they could live at home with their family, yet remained
in the army until age 60.

94. Life in Sparta
They conquered their neighbors making them
serfs called helots.

95. Serf: : a person in the past who belonged to a low social
class and who lived and worked on land owned by another
person, usually farms.

96. Life in Sparta
Every year, they declared war on the helots, so
they could kill a helot anytime.

98. Spartan Women
Were out in public with strong opinions.

100. Spartan Women
Worked out and took physical fitness as seriously as
the men

101. Spartan Women
All took their role to have many strong children
very seriously.

102. Spartan Citizens
Mothers told their sons come back from battle victorious or on
your shield (dead).

104. Spartan Women
A few probably fought in battle.

105. Spartans were considered the best fighters of
Hellas.

107. Sparta
They strongly believed in austerity and oligarchy
and would go to war to protect it with other polis.
They fought against tyranny and democracy,
especially with Athens.

109. Athens
The citizens of Athens emphasized education and had a long
class struggle that led to direct democracy. Athens became a
center for trade, arts, science, and culture.

110. direct democracy: the rule of the people (demos) each
citizen can speak and vote on everything.

111. Gymnasiums evolved into the first schools.
Athens

112. Gymnasiums evolved into the first schools.
Athens

113. Athens
The ideal citizen should have a lot of learning and
knowledge.

114. Athens
From age 7-18 boys had three teachers.

115. Athens
One taught reading, writing, and math.

116. Athens
A second taught physical education.

117. Athens
A third taught music.

118. Eventually, educated people participated more in
politics.
Athens

119. Over a long history, Athens would have 4 major
government systems.
Athens

120. In 750 BCE, an aristocratic oligarchy ruled Athens.
Aristocracy in Athens

121. Aristocracy: rule of the best.

122. This warrior class owned the most and best land, since the days
of the Mycenaean Kings.
Aristocracy in Athens

123. They led in war, and fought duals against other champions.
Aristocracy in Athens

124. Like Spartan Kings, they led in war, and fought duals against
other champions.
Aristocracy in Athens

125. Citizens paid nobles 30 percent tax for “protection”.
Aristocracy in Athens

126. They elected one of themselves archons, for one year.
Archons had the powers of the old Mycenaean Kings.
.
Aristocracy in Athens

127. An assembly of all citizens advised the archons.
.
Aristocracy in Athens

128. Unlike Sparta, during the Age of Colonization, the nobles of
Athens enjoyed the new wealth from trade.
Aristocracy in Athens

129. Unlike Sparta, during the Age of Colonization, the nobles of
Athens enjoyed the new wealth from trade.
Aristocracy in Athens

130. Held symposium wine drinking parties nightly with poetry,
music, debates, wives could not go.
Aristocracy in Athens

131. Law Code of Draco 621 BC
The Athenians wrote down their laws, unlike Egypt.

132. Draco of Athens wrote down the traditional
laws.
“Draconic” means “harsh” .
The laws were unequal and favored the
aristocrats.
Law Code of Draco 621 BC
In 621 BCE, Draco wrote down the traditional laws of Athens.

133. A citizen owing money to a citizen became a slave if
he could not pay.
But, if an aristocrat owed money to a merchant or yeoman,
the aristocrat might not pay the money back
And did not become a slave.
Death for breaking most laws
Law Code of Draco 621 BC

134. More and more citizens became slaves. Many
were put to death.
Law Code of Draco 621 BC

135. Athens almost had a revolution, but Solon (archon)
reforms the laws.
Law Code of Draco 621 BC

136. “Freedom was a value for
citizens to prize and
fight for, not just against
foreign enemies, but
also within their own
community.”
Reforms of Solon 594 BCE
Solon
630–560 BC

137. Ostracism instead of death in most cases (get out
for 10 years).
Hemlock for death sentence.
Freed all citizens who were slaves for
debt.
A citizen of Athens could never make
another citizen a slave.
Reforms of Solon 594 BCE

138. Rich merchants could hold high office.
All citizens belonged to the assembly that voted
and acted like a jury.
Council of 400 runs city business for a month
chosen by lot.
Reforms of Solon 594 BCE

139. These reforms led to Representative Democracy in Athens.
.
Reforms of Solon 594 BCE

140. Representative Democracy: citizens elect people to
government, which makes laws and rules.

141. Abolished protection money
paid to the aristocrats.
Yeomen farmers had been
paying for “protection”
even if farmers owned the
land and fought in the
phalanx.
630–560 BC
Reforms of Solon 594 BCE

142. Abolish: formally put an end to something.

143. Greek Hoplites
By Solon’s time, nobles fighting in battle was not important.

144. By 700 BCE, Greek hoplites replace warrior aristocratic
cavalry.

145. None aristocratic citizen Hoplites went into battle as a unit,
marching shoulder to shoulder called a phalanx.

148. Solon’s reforms worked well,
yet were not enough.
The aristocrats still owned
most of the land and tried
to control all the power.
Solon
630–560 BC

149. In 561 BCE, the hoplite citizens of Athens supported
Pisistratus as tyrant against the aristocrats.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

150. Tyrant: 1. a cruel and oppressive ruler. (modern)
2. someone who illegally takes control of the
government (ancient Greece).

151. He took aristocrats’ land and gave it to poor citizens.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

152. He improved Athens greatly.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

153. He mints the first coins, greatly improving trade and the
economy.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

154. He builds infrastructure roads, docks, storehouses to
boost trade and business.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

155. He rebuilds temples and public buildings on the Acropolis.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

156. Athena becomes the chief Goddess of the polis.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

157. He builds the great theater of Dionysius. .
Tyranny of Pisistratus

158. He sponsored great parties, festivals, and athletic
completions for all citizens.
Tyranny of Pisistratus

159. Upon his death (527 BCE) his sons tried to continue his work…

160. Sparta invades
The aristocrats called on Sparta to restore oligarchy. The Spartan
Army drove out Pisistratus sons.

161. For two years the nobles reestablished aristocracy. They
ruled the merchant and free citizen classes.
.
Sparta invades

162. 570 BC-508 BC
In 509 BCE, Clisthenes (an aristocrat) sided with the
merchant and yeoman class.
He believed all citizens should be equal.
Clisthenes founder of democracy

163. The other aristocrats called on Sparta again, who
invade and occupy the acropolis.

164. However, the hoplite citizens of Athens
surrounded the Spartans, who surrendered.

165. Clisthenes writes a democratic constitution. All citizens equal in
everyway, founding direct democracy.
Reforms of Clisthenes
570 BC-508 BC

166. Direct democracy: All citizens vote on all
laws and policies.

167. 6. Direct Democracy1
Equality for all citizens
All citizens vote and spoke on all policies.
All citizens could hold office.
The Council of 500 running the daily government
chosen by lottery monthly.

168. Pure Democracy1
All citizens could speak freely on any law or
propose a law.
All citizens voted on all laws.
All citizens were a jury guilty or not in court.
All government offices were elected, even generals
and admirals.

169. Propose put forward (a plan or suggestion) for
others to think about.

171. Reforms of Clisthenes1
Equality of all citizens promoted
.
All citizens could hold office.
Assembly increased to 500.

172. Sparta was not happy! They wanted to invade
Athens …..

173. Darius I of Persia
Planned to add all of the Greek Polis to his growing
Persian Empire.
But a much more dangerous threat to all the polis
rose in the east . . .

174. Next Stop
Persian Wars 121-122

175. Home Work
Page 120
Numbers 1-5 and 7
Bonus number 8 or 9