- Athens and Sparta were the two most powerful city-states in Ancient Greece. Athens established a representative democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes, while Sparta was ruled by two kings and had a powerful military culture. - The document provides details on the governments, cultures, and histories of Athens and Sparta. It describes their differences, with Athens focusing more on democracy and the arts while Sparta emphasized strict military training from a young age. - The roles of women, slavery, and other social structures are also contrasted between Athens and Sparta. Athens is credited as the basis for Western civilization due to developments like trial by jury and representative democracy.