1) The document discusses the pathological and cultural views of deafness and how most deaf people do not want to be "fixed" with cochlear implants. 2) It provides a history of deaf education in America from Martha's Vineyard to residential schools and the development of Deaf culture and American Sign Language. 3) Oppression of the deaf community included the banning of sign language, eugenics efforts, and restrictions on driving and marriage that continued into the 20th century. 4) The document outlines important aspects of Deaf culture and community including clubs, sports, technology, resistance movements, and prominent Deaf figures.

1. DEAF

2. PathologicalVs. Cultural
PathologicalView =
MedicalView/ Decibels/
“Hearing Impairment
CulturalView =
Linguistic minority/Visually
oriented
Deaf Gain/Identity =
Most do not want to be “fixed”
ie..cochlear implants

3. Deaf In America
• Martha’sVineyard
• Creation story ofThomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerk
• !817 –American School for the Deaf in Hartford, CT
• Mixture of MVSL & FSL
• Residential Schools flourished
• Residential schools is a root of Deaf culture
• Deaf residential schools- language is learned and how to conduct in society is learned
• Deaf family replaced real family.. wanted to stay at school go home means lost time in
communication
• Residential helped build independence, character and self-reliance

4. Affects of History…
• Deaf history focuses on a centuries-long turmoil to overcome discrimination by
the hearing world and to provide better opportunities for the Deaf community at
large.
• Speech = Humanity
• 1880-Congress of Milan
• 1880-1960- After the civil war, America shifted to a period of national community.
Many began to fear cultural differences within the nation. Hearing educators
decided that Deaf people were “clannish”. They waged a campaign to eliminate
the use of sign language instituting the oral method (lip reading and speech).

5. Oppression Continued..
• Alexander Graham Bell- Deceptive methods for the success of oralism
(controversy that continues to this day)
• Deaf Marriages- “Those who believe as I do, that the production of a defective
race of human beings would be a great calamity to the world, will examine
carefully the causes that lead to the intermarriage of the deaf with the object of
applying a remedy.”-AGB
• Eugenics & Sterilization
• Deaf Driving-Restrictions
• Deaf Education-Oralism
• Deaf continued to gather and practice ASL “underground”

6. Deaf In Family
• 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents
• CODAs (Children of Deaf Adults)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4pftInBwWs
• Deaf Family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Gc85nQK8w
• Deaf community is family

7. Deaf Clubs
• Deaf clubs were popular in the 40s and 50s. Buildings were bought or leased
• They had clubs separated by oralism, ASL, race, etc, but then everyone integrated.
• Clubs were a place for sports, games, celebrations, gatherings and so forth
• DuringWW2, there was more work in factories in big cities so families moved to
big cities and members grew.
• PostWW2- industrialism declined and technology increased. Both are the causes
of decline in clubs.
• More people joined professional organizations.

8. Deaf Sports
• Community Gatherings
• Deaf Huddle
https://www.facebook.com/DeafThat/videos/1031217360276148/
• William “dummy” Hoy- Baseball signals
• Deaf Olympics

9. American Sign Language
• Recognized as an official language in 1960’s
• Has unique grammar, syntax, and structure
• Used in the U.S. and Canada
• First signs can be seen at around 6 months old and can have up to 100 signs by 18
months old.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV69iJuXwP4

10. NonVerbal Communication
• Facial expressions = Grammar
• Able to detect subtle facial and body movement/Language
• Breaking of eye contact = disinterest
• How signs are used:
• Quick choppy = anger
• Smooth= happy/ content
• Faster/erratic = excited

11. Resistance
• William Stokoe- 1960’s ASL recognized
• Deaf President Now!
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtsYVeRuBuw
• Perhaps DPN's most profound impact was felt by hearing people. Deaf people
have always known that they could do whatever hearing people could do, but,
until DPN, most hearing people did not agree. DPN opened their minds to this
reality. At the same time, the movement was a strong reminder to deaf and hard
of hearing people that they did not have to accept limitations put on them by
others. (Gallaudet-The Impact)
• Deaf Pride & recognition

12. Current Deaf Education
• 1975- ASL accepted in schools
• Mainstreaming
• BiBi Philosophy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCzl4kuWLw0 For A Deaf Son Documentary

13. Technology
• Hearing aids and cochlear implants
• Mobile phones
• Closed captioning
• Videophones (www.sorenson.com, www.purple.us, etc)
• Technology helps establish Deaf owned businesses and creates jobs.
• Affected communal gatherings
• Technology fails. Live interpreters still needed
https://www.facebook.com/tonylaperna/videos/10153095284166039/ (Short)

14. Audism
• Audism: The notion that one is superior based on one’s ability to hear or behave in the
manner of one who hears.--Tom Humphries
• racism, sexism, ageism, etc..
• Audism is a term used to describe discrimination or stereotypes against Deaf people.
• Audists can be either Deaf or hearing.
• Audism occurs when a Deaf person is judged as incapable of a given behavior, occupation,
etc simply because he/she cannot hear.
• Dysconscious audism is basically defined as audism (a belief and attitude that to be deaf is to
be inferior to hearing people) perpetrated by members of the Deaf community because they
have internalized attitudes that the hearing way is superior due to the systemic and
pervasive oppression all around us.--Genie Gertz

15. Individual
Institutional Metaphysical Laissez-Faire
Overt
(apparent, not hidden)
Says phrases like Never mind
I will tell you later
-Assistive technology to cure
-No sign on bus/train
Comparing Deaf people and
signing to animals (monkeys,
hyenas)
Deficient leadership- leaders are hearing who
oppress Deaf people by viewing them as
inferior
Covert
(not obvious)
Says phrases like I’d like to
hire more Deaf, but cannot
find anyone who is qualified
IDEA, ADA and other
disability laws
Treating a Deaf people like a
child and apologizing their
being Deaf
Again deficient leadership- people who have
low expectations of Deaf people
Aversive
(avoidance, approaching
Deaf in the wrong way)
Says phrases like Your
speech is beautiful, how deaf
are you?
Provide Disability services,
film TV ads with signs used
Comparing Deaf people by
saying I know someone who
is Deaf and he speaks very
well!
Culturally deficient – ignorant of Deaf culture
and makes assumptions

16. Deaf and Disabled
• Disability- 1. lack of adequate power, strength, or physical or mental
ability; incapacity. 2. a physical or mental handicap, especially one that
prevents a person from living a full, normal life or from holding a gainful
job.
• Framework of culture deaf model do not match disability
• Disability groups want better medicare, rehab services, personal assistance
services, Deaf do not need those
• 1973-Rehabilitation Act
• 1990-ADA

17. Nyle DiMarco
• DeafActivist
• GallaudetAlumni
• Starred on Switched at Birth
Winner of ANTM Cycle 22
• Currently on DWTS season 22 *VOTE FOR NYLE!
• Recently founded Nyle DiMarco foundation-Main focus are Deaf
Children and their parents.We will have resources for parents who are
searching for accurate fact based information on language options. In
particular bilingualism.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6_Hp7T9sno
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHB4nFcLOLY&nohtml5=False

18. Marlee Matlin
Academy award winning actress
• Children of a Lesser God
• Switched at Birth
• National Anthem performances@ Superbowl

19. Keep Culture In Mind..
• Deaf are always more blunt / Speaker goals
• Details, Details, Details..
• Eye Contact
• Deaf Space- “People of the Eye” comfortable environment, lighting, sightline, etc..
• Deaf Jokes/Bad words
• DST- Before technology, Deaf had limited time together to catch up or spread important
information. It became a habit to have long goodbyes as there was always something more to say.

20. Behavioral Norms Continued..
• Deaf people also keep each other informed of what is going on in one’s
environment. It is common to provide detailed information when leaving early or
arriving late; withholding such information may be considered rude.
• When giving introductions, Deaf people will try to find common grounds:
1. Always give first and last names then the sign name
2. Discuss which Deaf schools attended/attending
3. Other background info such as where grew up, who are friends with, etc

21. The End.