The document covers internetworking devices, defining key terms such as gateway, repeater, bridge, switch, and router, as well as their functions in computer networking. It emphasizes that routers are smarter than bridges due to their ability to utilize routing protocols and manage traffic efficiently. The document provides an overview of how these devices operate at different layers of the OSI model.

1. INTERNETWORKING DEVICES
 By Ray Mkindo
 It Guru Tz
 Itgurutz.blogspot.com
 +255718574710
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2. Terminologies
 Internet
 Internetworking devices
 Gateway
 Repeater/Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Router
 Packet
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3. Internetworking Device
 Internetworking Devices
Is the practice of connecting a computer network with other network through
the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information
packets between the networks.
Network
is two or more computers connected to each other so that they can exchange
information, such as e-mail messages or documents, or share resources, such as
disk storage or printers.
Gateway
is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
Packet
Is a unit data that is routed between an origin and destination.
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4. Internetworking Devices
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
This is the circuit board that physically installed within an active network
node (Device) such as Printer or Computer. NIC is an adapter that controls the
exchange of information between the network and user.
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5. Repeaters/Hub
 This is the network devices which extends the length of network cabling
system (Signal) by amplifying the signal and the retransmitting it.
***Repeaters operate on physical layer. As the fact they do not look at the
data at all. Any information coming into one port is simply repeated out all other
ports.
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6. Bridge
 Is a data link layer device that provides a connection between separate LAN
segments.
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7. Switches
 This is the also a Data link layer device that provides a connection between
separate LAN segments but its more intelligent than a Bridge.
****Switch is better than Bridge due to two reason
1. Super Performance
2. Lower price per port
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8. Router
 Is the internetworking device that provide connection between separated LAN
segment in order to reduce excess broad cost traffic and latency.
**Routers connect both Local and Wide area networks.
NB:
 The main Function of the Router are
1. To direct data along the most efficient and economical route to the
destination device.
2. Router operate on Network Layer 3 this means it examine the Local
Network Address for example 169.29.21.100 and not the Physical
Hardware Address MAC.
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9. Why router are smarter than a Bridge?
 Because they know about routing protocols’ different address
schemes, different frame size and different data rates in make
decision on which path is determined by using routing tables and
algorithm.
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10. Internetworking Device
With there working Layer
Device Layer
Gateway Application Layer
Router Network Layer
Switch Network-Data link Layer
Bridge Data link layer
Hub Physical Layer
Repeater Physical Layer
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11. Knowledge Base
Why use crossover instead of straight through when
connecting computer to computer?
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12. Ray Mkindo- It Guru Tz
Ray Mkindo
Itgurutz.blogspot.com
+255718574710
Raymkindo02@gmail.com
Tweeter : Ray_Mkindo
Facebook: Ray
Instagram: Raymkindo
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