The document discusses key concepts in networking including line configurations, topologies, network types, transmission modes, the hierarchical network model, and the OSI model. It provides details on the point-to-point and multipoint line configurations, five basic topologies (bus, star, ring, tree, mesh), three main network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), and three transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex). It also describes the three layers of Cisco's hierarchical network model (core, distribution, access) and the seven layers of the OSI model.

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Internetworking Overview
Chapter 1

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Chapter Objectives
 Explain line configuration
 Explain different types of topologies
 Explain the types of networks
 Discuss the modes of transmission
 Discuss the hierarchical network model
 Discuss the OSI Layers

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Point-to-Point Configuration
 A dedicated link exists between the two devices

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Multipoint Configuration
 More than two devices share the same link

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Physical Topology
 Represents the physical layout of devices on a
network
 It is the arrangement of the devices on the network
and the way they communicate with each other
Bus
Star
Ring
Tree
MeshPhysical Topology

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Local Area Network (LAN)
 This is used in a small area, an office or organization
 The computers can be connected to
each other and other devices, printer
or a modem
 The rate at which the data is
transmitted is very fast

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 This is used in a large geographical area, town or city
 Enables high speed connections using fiber optic

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Wide Area Network (WAN)
 This is used in a larger area than MAN, countries or
cities
 Enables high speed connections using
public networks, telephone lines,
satellites, or leased lines

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Simplex Mode of Transmission
 Only one device can transmit the data, whereas the
other can only receive the data

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Half Duplex Transmission Mode
 Both devices can transmit and receive the data, but
not simultaneously

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Full Duplex Mode of Transmission
 Both the devices can send and receive the data
simultaneously

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OSI Model

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Application Layer - I
 The topmost layer of the OSI model
 Link between the user and the presentation layer

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Application Layer - II
 Functions include
 Authentication
 File access, transfer and management
 Directory Services

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Presentation Layer
 Acts as a link between application and the session
layer
 Defines the forms of text, graphics, video or audio
information that is to be sent to the user

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Session Layer
 Responsible to validate and establish a connection
between the users
 Each session is divided into sub sessions
 Functions include
 Session Management
 Synchronization
 Dialog Control
 Closing the session

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Transport Layer
 Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire
message
 divides each message into segments and assigns a sequence
number to each segment
 Functions include
 Service point addressing
 End-to-end message delivery
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control

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Flow Control using Three-Way
Handshake
 Three-Way handshake
helps to establish the
connection between the
two devices

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Sliding Window
 This concept of deciding the window size without
sending an acknowledgement is termed as
Windowing

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Window Resizing

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Network Layer
 Responsible for routing and logical addressing
 Assigns IP addresses and routes the packets to the
destination
 Functions include
 Source-to-destination delivery
 Logical addressing
 Routing
 Address transformation
 Multiplexing

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Data Link Layer
 Second layer of the OSI model
 Functions include
 Identifying the encapsulated data
 Framing
 Arbitration
 Physical addressing
 Error detection

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Physical Layer
 Responsible for transmitting a bit over the physical
medium
 Converts the data from the data link layer in a
format that the communication medium can carry
 Functions include:
 Line configuration
 Data transmission
 Topology
 Signals

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Full and Half Duplex Ethernet
Half Duplex Full Duplex
One wire is used to connect the
networks and transmit the data
Two wires are used to connect the
networks and transmit the data
Chances of collision if client and
server transmit data
simultaneously
There are no chances of collision
It uses Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) protocol
CSMA/CD not required hence the
data transmission rate is 100
percent

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Ethernet Frames
 Frames are used to transfer the packets
 They perform the data security check and ensure
that the data is not corrupted

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Hierarchical Communications
 The benefits of Cisco hierarchical model include
 High performance
 Efficient management and troubleshooting
 Policy creation
 Scalability
 Behavior prediction

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Core Layer
 Responsible for fast and reliable transportation of data
across a network
 Devices include
 Cisco Switches in the 7000, 7200, 7500 and 12000
series for connecting to the WAN devices
 Catalyst Switches in the 6000, 5000 and 4000 series
for connecting to the LAN devices

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Distribution Layer
 Responsible for routing and managing network traffic
 Functions include
 Packet filtering
 Access layer aggregation point
 Control broadcast and multicast
 Application gateways

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Access Layer
 Layer ensures that the packets are delivered to the
destination computers
 Functions include
 Address filtering
 Separate collisions domain
 Share bandwidth
 Handle switch bandwidth

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Ethernet Physical Layer Specification

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Straight Through Cable

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Cross-Over Cable

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Twisted Pair Cables
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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Summary - I
 Line configuration is the manner in which the devices are
attached to the communication links
 Topology is the way in which the devices are connected
together in the network
 Two types of line configuration are:
 Point-to-point
 Multipoint
 Five basic topologies include
 Bus
 Star

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Summary - II
 Ring
 Tree
 Mesh
 The types of network are
 Local Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Network
 Wide Area Network
 Modes of transmission
 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex

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Summary - III
 The hierarchical network model designed by Cisco
provides a reliable, scalable and cost effective way
to transfer information
 The three layers of the network model are:
 Core
 Distributional
 Access
 Core layer is responsible for fast and reliable
transportation of data on the network

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Summary - IV
 Distribution layer is responsible for routing and it
manipulates the packets by queuing them
 Access layer ensures that the packets are delivered
to the destination computers
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is the
layered model for the network systems, which
enables computers in the network to communicate
with each other
 Application layer provides an interface for the user
to interact with the application

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Summary - V
 The seven layers of the OSI model include:
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical

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Summary - VI
 Presentation layer is responsible for the delivery of
information
 Session layer controls the communication between
the applications on the hosts
 Transport layer is responsible for source-to-
destination delivery of the entire message
 Ethernet Frames are used by the Data Link layer to
transfer the packets of data from the Network layer
 Physical layer is responsible to transmit a bit over
the physical medium