The document summarizes three models of internal city morphology: The Concentric Zone Model developed by Burgess proposes that a city grows outward from its center through concentric rings of land use with decreasing land values. The Sector Model devised by Hoyt argues that distinct sectors or wedges of land use, such as industrial areas along transport links, are more likely to develop radially from the center. The Multiple Nuclei Model put forward by Harris and Ullman claims that while the CBD maintains dominance, major and minor commercial districts will develop as satellites along with expanding suburbs and commuter zones.

1. Models of Internal Morphology

2. Concentric Zone Model
• Developed by E Burgess in 1920s and
1930s
• Development of a city takes place
outwards from the centre to form a
series of concentric land use zones
• Each inner zone extends its area by
invading in to the next
• Based on decreasing land values
• Theory is broad yet did acknowledge
variations in topography and
demographics
• Positives: useful, easy way to develop
city
• Negatives: assumes isotopic plan,
may restrict growth

4. Sector Model
• Devised by Hoyt
• Contrasts of land use exist in
the concentric model
• Distinctive sectors or wedges of
land use were likely to grow
out of the centre eg. Industrial
along transport links
• Theory emphasises the role of
transport
• Positives: recognises
transportation routes, broad
organisation
• Negatives: may restrict growth
around certain wedges

6. Multiple Nuclei Model
• Put forward by Harris and Ullman
• Combines certain aspects of previous
theories however claims there is a
trend for the decline
• CBD maintains its dominance as a
centre
• Development of major and minor
commercial districts
• Satellite development
• Expansion of suburb and commuter
zones
• Positives: each section has room to
grow
• Negatives: needs flat land, even
distribution, even transportation
costs