1. The document discusses different approaches to urban planning including master planning, systems planning, and participatory planning. 2. It also outlines the typical planning cycle and emphasizes the importance of research, stakeholder involvement, practicality, and learning from past mistakes. 3. Common land use models are described, including concentric, sector, multiple nuclei, and hybrid models which aim to classify and organize urban land uses.

1. Planning types, processes
and history

2. Urban Planning process

3. Urban planning as a process
• Cyclic as a whole and consists of a large number of cyclical processes
• Doesn’t occur in isolation
• Complex exercise at any scale
• Involvement of all stakeholders is a must
• Requires thorough research and investigations for execution

4. Planning in a cycle
• The cycle covers all areas of planning and brings them together into a
coherent, unified process
• It is vital that our plans be practical, well focused, resilient and cost
effective
• It is vital to learn from one’s mistakes in the planning and attempts
must be made to avoid the mistakes in future planning
• Cyclic planning enables management of different projects upto a
desired level of complexity

7. Planning approaches
• Mid 1800s – mid 1960s : Master planning
• Mid 1960s – early 1970s: Systems view of Planning
• Early 1970s onwards: Participatory planning

9. Master planning
• Comprehensive planning
• Deals with production of maps and blueprints showing development
that is or will occur
• Provides a description of the development that will take place to
achieve a desired future end state
• Survey-analysis-plan
• Product is a master plan

10. Systems view of planning
• Planning is seen as management of a system or systems
• The cities and towns are seen as systems that require management
• The planning itself is seen as a system because it is a distinct activity
• Interaction between two systems is involved: Planning system and the
system that the planning system tends to control or manage
• Based on the science of cybernetics
• Product is a structure plan: written guidelines for development
• Focus is more on methods of achieving planning objectives and their
alternatives

11. Why the shift to Cybernetic based planning
• Advancement in technology and reliance on cybernetics
• Town planning has become more complex as it consists of many
disciplines now
• Quantitative revolution in 1960s
• Criticism of master planning process

12. Participatory planning
• Planning is not limited to certain individuals or authorities or boards
• Involves all stakeholders
• Community and public approval and advice is sought

13. Schematic summaries of the planning process
1. Brian McLoughlin (simplest)
2. George Chadwick
3. Alan Wilson

14. Brian Mcloughlin

15. Important steps
• Goal formulation:
Goals and objectives are identified. The objectives and goals are prioritized based on importance.
Final targets are set.
• Forecasting, Modeling and Design:
All possible or feasible alternatives and solutions are examined. Modeling and forecasting
techniques are used. Optimal alternative is chosen and detailed design is carried out of the
alternative selected.
• Evaluation:
Plan is evaluated in terms of benefits. Preferences are organized. Cost-benefit analysis and public
input required.
• Implementation:
Final approved plan implemented. Capital Investment is key.
• Reviewing and Updating:
Plan is not implemented to perfection. Flaws will be present. Regular monitoring and periodic
reviews have to be carried out to identify shortcomings of planning. Planning strategies need to be
updated accordingly.

16. Planning process steps
1. Problem identification
2. Determine Goals Objectives
3. Survey and data collection
4. Analysis and Synthesis
5. Policy and Plan Formation
6. Implementation of plan
7. Monitoring and evaluation

17. Land use planning

18. Definition
• It is that part of city planning that deals with type, location, intensity
and amount of land development required for various functions of
the city
• land use planning is used to provide an idea or proposition of how
land should be used as towns and cities develop
• The result of this planning is a land use map or plan. The land on the
map is colored according to nature of use. Pertinent text, graphs and
tables are provided to support the map and to give a description of
relevant and recommended standards

19. Land use classification
• Residentiary uses
• Commercial (trade) uses
• Educational uses
• Recreational uses
• Governmental and Administrative uses
• Health and welfare uses
• Religious and cultural uses
• Assembly uses
• Transportation uses
• Burial grounds
• Utilities and Municipal service facilities

20. Processes in city development
• Concentration: Differential distribution of population and economic
activities in the city and the manner in which they are focused on the city
centre
• Decentralization: Activity is located away from the centre of the city
• Segregation: Population is distributed into groups according to conscious
preferences in associations. Land use is also segregated. Segregation can be
voluntary or involuntary.
• Specialization: Similar to segregation but applies to activities in the
economic sector
• Invasion: A process through which a new activity or social group enters into
an area
• Succession: The process of invasion culminates into this process. The new
activity or social group replaces the activity or social group that formerly
occupied the area.

21. Land use models
• Mono-centric or concentric model
• Sector model
• Mutliple nuclei model
• Hybrid model

22. Concentric
• Created by E.W. Burgess in 1925
• Assumes that transportation networks
are radial.
• Based on the idea that land values are
highest in the centre of a town or city.
• Distinguishes four uses: Residential,
Retail, Industrial and transportation.
• Central business district (CBD) forms
the centre of the city or town while
other land uses appear in concentric
circles around the CBD.
• Distance away from CBD is important

23. Sector (hoyt) model
• Created by homer hoyt
• CBD forms centre around which all other land
uses are clustered.
• Factories and industries are located along
transportation routes
• Direction with respect to CBD is important
• High income households are located on
higher ground or along an environmental
amenity
• Low income households located in low lying
areas and industry basins. Transportation
costs to jobs minimized for poor households.
• Particular land uses grow radially outwards
(wedges) from City centre.

24. Multiple Nuclei model
• Developed by two geographers:
C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman in 1945
• Basic concept: cities don’t grow up
around a single core but have
several nodes
• Decentralization of CBD is present
• Recognizes that different activities
have different accessibility
requirements.
• Specialized cells of activity would
develop according to the specific
requirements of certain activities

25. Hybrid Model
• This model recognizes that
urban areas are a combination
of the distinctive features found
in the sector, concentric and
multiple nuclei model.
• Some land uses are aligned to
major transport axis while other
are concentrated in nuclei.