Architecture Town And Planing Lecture Uploaded By=Sheryar Bismil Prepared By=MUST

1. Architecture & Town Planning
1
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST
Class# 10: Trends in Urban Growth

2. Isn’t This a Great Day to Study
Architecture & Town Planning???
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 2
Source: Sydney Opera House “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52fqFVuaBhE”

3. Today’s Agenda
• Urban Area
• Urban Sprawl
o Patterns of urban Sprawl
• Reason for Urban Growth
• Stages of Urban Growth
• Theories of urban Growth
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 3

4. Trends in Urban Growth
Urban Area
• Definition varies from place to place
• Generally defined as a political unit i.e. a place that is organized and governed by an
administrative body
• One of many ways is by the number of residents
• According to United Nations (using number of residents)
o Population over 20,000 people is considered urban
o Important to understand it is different to cities (i.e. more than 100,000 residents)
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 4

5. Trends in Urban Growth
Urban Growth
• The rate of growth of an urban population
• Can also be described by its synonym ‘urban sprawl’
Urban Sprawl
• The unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development
into areas adjoining the outskirts of a city
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 5
Source: Urban Sprawl,“http://vettesedetroitlit.weebly.com/urban-sprawl.html”c

6. Trends in Urban Growth
Patterns of Urban Sprawl
• Represent the manner in which an urban area may spread
• Some patterns of urban sprawl pattern are as follows;
1) Low density continuous development
2) Leapfrog development
3) Ribbon development
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 6

7. Trends in Urban Growth
Patterns of Urban Sprawl
• Can refer to at three different patterns
1) Low density continuous development
• Dispersed housing development on land at the outskirts of the urban
region
• Also termed as the horizontal growth, which occupies large amount of
land and may expand the
boundary of the city in each
direction
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 7
Source: “wikipedia.com”

8. Trends in Urban Growth
Patterns of Urban Sprawl
2) Leapfrog Development Pattern
• Development by skipping over parcels of land
• Occurs due to various reasons such as difference in property
value etc.
• An unplanned growth that occurs spontaneously in the from of
settlements located apart from each other
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 8
Source: Urban Toronto;“http://urbantoronto.ca/forum/threads/toronto-urban-sprawl-compared-to-other-cities.20287/page-24”

9. Trends in Urban Growth
Patterns of Urban Sprawl
3) Ribbon development
• Development that follows transportation routes like highways, bus routes,
railway lines etc.
• May appear like rows of houses, shops and other buildings
• Following of routes may leave the interstices (spaces between houses)
undeveloped
• Mostly occur in newly developing towns where
zoning rules and regulations
have not been strictly enforced
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 9
Source: 14 Dunswell;;“http://eastriding.limehouse.co.uk/portal/forward_planning/allocations_dpd/suballoc?pointId=1362398798994”

10. Trends in Urban Growth
Urbanization
• The physical growth of rural or natural land into urban areas as a result
of population increase of the existing urban area
• Can be attributed to the growth of cities
• Trend in Urbanization:
o In 1950, less than 30% of the world’s population lived in cities
o In 2000, grew to 47%
o By 2025, expected to grow to 60%
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 10

11. Trends in Urban Growth
Reason for Urban Growth
• Result of two factors
a) Natural increase in population (birth rate to death rate)
b) Migration to urban areas
• Migration is the bigger factor
o The long-term relocation of an individual, household or a group of
people to a new location outside their community of origin
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 11
Source: Tagged Windows XP,“http://www.1e.com/blogs/tag/windows-xp/”

12. Trends in Urban Growth
Migration & Urban Growth
• Both internal & international
o Internal Migration
• Movement of people within the country from rural to urban areas
• Most significant
o International Migration
• The movement of people across the border
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 12
Source: Left Outside,“https://leftoutside.wordpress.com/2009/09/06/migration-is-not-a-crime-but-the-way-its-discussed-is-criminal//”

13. Trends in Urban Growth
Migration & Urban Growth
• Migration can be explained in terms of push and pull factors
o Push factors:
• Conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as detrimental to their well-
being or economic security
• E.g. Unemployment, political persecution etc.
o Pull factors:
• Circumstances in new places that attract individuals to move there
• E.g. Job opportunities, better climate etc.
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 13

14. Trends in Urban Growth
Consequences of Urban Growth
• Increased traffic
• Crowded urban areas
• Squatter settlements (unlawful occupation)
• Pollution (air, water and others)
• Environment destruction (e.g. agricultural land, parks,
open spaces etc. transformed into residential areas)
• Cost of new infrastructure (e.g. new housing, schools,
water and sewer lines etc.)
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 14

15. Trends in Urban Growth
Stages of a Town
• A town passes through four stages (Mr. Griffith Taylor)
1) Infantile
• The first stage of town in which a town is not yet divided in
separate zones, “Or”
• The town in which zoning regulations have not being
implemented yet
2) Juvenile
• At this stage, shops are being separated from the houses or
residential areas
• Some factories or an industry has also been established in
the town at a minimal level
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 15

16. Trends in Urban Growth
Stages of a Town
3) Mature
• This stage of town shows the divisions of proper residential,
commercial and industrial zones, “Or”
• The implementation of land use and zoning regulations in
the town
4) Senile
• This stage indicates the physical decay in most portions of
the town, “Or”
• The physical, social & economic degradation is evident in
the built environment of town
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 16

17. Trends in Urban Growth
Stages of Urban Growth
• Urban growth takes place in six stages (Lewis Mumford)
1) Eopolis
• Indicates the first stage of town as a village community whose
economic base is agriculture
2) Polis
• Indicates an association of population with some
mechanization and specialization
3) Metropolis
• The metropolis is a city or town which serves as a capital of a
state or region
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 17

18. Trends in Urban Growth
Stages of Urban Growth
4) Megalopolis
• Indicates the first stage of decline in town or city due to mega
problems & issues
5) Tyranopolis
• The town or city which shows drastic deteriorating situation
(e.g. trade depression, small skirmishes between leaders)
6) Necropolis
• The worst stage of a town or city
• For example the citizens are moving to rural areas or hinter
land or village due to war, disease or economic break down
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 18

19. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
o Theories explain that how an urban area grows and
what land use changes occur in it
o Also describe the basic urban structure of a town &
dynamics of urban growth in a town or city
o Some theories are listed below;
1) Concentric Zone/ Ring Theory
2) Axial Development Theory
3) Sector Theory
4) Multiple Nuclei Theory
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 19

20. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
1) Concentric Zone/ Ring Theory
o Also called Burgess Model
o Represents convergence to a focal point
o Basic concept: similar activities will be located at same
distance from the center of an urban area
o In this growth model each zone would have a homogeneous
landuse as the physical growth proceeds outward from the
center
o From economic point of view the concentric zone is only
possible when the site of growth will be located equidistant
from center irrespective of direction
o May limit the growth of urban zones
•Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 20

21. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
1) Concentric Zone/ Ring Theory
o Six Zones of land use in a Town
• Central Business District (CBD): represents the center of
activity i.e. the town expands and rings around it with different
land uses
• Factory Zone: Industrial area used for manufacturing
• Transition Zone: Comprising of mixed residential, industrial and
commercial landuses
• Working Class Zone: Low income housing which contains
housing of CBD workers for easy access to job
• Residential Zone: Better middle class income housing
• Commuters Zone: High income housing for the people who can
afford to take long travel times to CBD
•Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 21

22. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
Concentric Zone/ Ring Theory
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 22
Source: “wikipedia.com”

23. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
2) Axial Development Theory
o Shares the premise of concentric zone i.e. accessibility to a
single focal point
o However the accessibility is measured in terms of time and
the focus is on transport facilities in an urban area
o The development takes place along transportation routes,
hence urban expansion can be controlled by available
transport facilities
o Land is used along major transport routes and as a result a
star shape pattern of development appears (legs of star define
the development of town)
•Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 23

24. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
2) Axial Development Theory
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 24
Source:“RealEstateCE,;”http:www.realestatece.comcgibiz_course.plpurchaseid=1130401144504526_g&dlo_id=1130401144504526_g_c441_6&mode=

25. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
3) Sector Theory
o Refinement of both concentric and axial theories
o It suggests the cities grow not in strict concentric zones but
rather in sectors having similar type of development
o In addition, this theory explains that the growth takes place
along a particular axis of transport route with mainly similar
type of landuse
o Each sector contains a homogeneous landuse which
expands outward in a particular direction away from the CBD
o Allows for outward progression of growth
•
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 25

26. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
3) Sector Theory
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 26
Source:wikipedia.com

27. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
4) Multiple Nuclei Theory
o Different from previous theories which explained that CBD is
the only focal point or nucleus of the town
o It advocates that in urban area there may be more than one
focal points or multiple nuclei that can affect the location of
certain landuses
o Even though a town may have begun with one CBD, other
smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts to allow for shorter
commutes from outskirts of the town
o This creates nuclei in other parts of the town besides CBD
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 27

28. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
4) Multiple Nuclei Theory
o Multiple Nuclei develop because;
• Various activities need to be kept apart e.g. residential areas
and airports, factories and parks etc.
• Some facilities benefit mutually by siting together e.g.
universities, bookstores, coffee shops etc.
• Some facilities need to be set in specific areas of the town e.g.
CBD requires convenient traffic system, factories may need an
abundant source of water
• Certain people benefit from living adjacent to certain facilities
e.g. position of factories and worker residence
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 28

29. Trends in Urban Growth
Theories of Urban Growth
Multiple Nuclei Theory
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 29
Source:wikipedia.com

30. Trends in Urban Growth
Cellular Growth
• As evident from the term itself the cellular growth is the
growth and expansion of cells
• Settlement blocs can be termed as the cells
• It relates to the repetition of cells in a planned way
• Therefore, a town structure comprises of these planned
settlement blocks
o For example CDA announces approval of housing schemes
in Islamabad
o These housing schemes act as settlement blocs combining
to form a town
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 30

31. Trends in Urban Growth
Linear Growth
• Can also be termed as another version of ribbon development
• Concept: A city should be designed on the principal that a
transport route will be the main determinant to develop physical
shape / form / structure of the town
• In a linear town the development is arranged in a long narrow
belt along both sides of the road
• There may be a series of linear towns along the route to link
existing towns
• Examples: Towns along GT road in Pakistan
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 31

32. Trends in Urban Growth
Suburban Growth
• Suburbs are the compactly developed / developing areas in the
surroundings of a city
• There is no identifiable boundary between a city and its
suburban area, as cities merge in them without any break
• However, they are distinguished by their socio-economic and
physical characteristics
• Reasons for suburban growth;
o Low rate of land
o Abundant open space
o Increased city congestion
o Development of transport routes that provide quick access to the
city
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 32

33. Questions ???
Department of Civil Engineering, MUST 33