1) Organisms are interdependent as the bee depends on flowers for nectar and flowers depend on bees for pollination. Food chains also demonstrate interdependence as organisms rely on others for food.
2) Photosynthesis by plants provides food for animals, while respiration and decay recycle carbon dioxide and nutrients in a carbon cycle.
3) Bacteria and fungi are decomposers that break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients and preventing a build up of waste. All organisms depend on this recycling.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
In biology and ecology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost at this point.
In biology and ecology, extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost at this point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. The picture shows a bee visiting a sage flower
It provides an example of interdependence
The bee is dependent on the flower for its nectar
The flower is dependent on the bee for pollination
(You will need to have an understanding of respiration
and photosynthesis to follow this slide show)
2
3. A food chain
(1) The caterpillar eats
the leaf….
(2)....the blue tit eats the
caterpillar...
(3)....the kestrel eats the
blue tit.
This is an example of
a food chain
3
1
2
3
4. Animals depend on plants for food
The food chain
Cabbage
Snail
Thrush
Sparrow hawk
4
5. The sparrow hawk does not depend directly on plants
but it does depend on thrushes, which eat snails, which
eat cabbages.
So the sparrow hawk is indirectly dependent on plants
Food chains are never so simple as the ones in slides
3 and 4
Sparrow hawks do not feed exclusively on thrushes;
thrushes eat worms as well as snails; snails eat many
plants, not just cabbages
A more accurate picture is given by a food web
5
7. Question
What is the most likely outcome of a severe fall in the
numbers of foxes?
(a) Increase in rabbits, decrease in rats, increase
in owls
(b) Increase in rabbits,increase in stoats, increase
in vegetation
(c) Decrease in rabbits, increase in beetles, increase
in vegetation
(d) Increase in rabbits, increase in owls, decrease in
vegetation.
7
8. All organisms depend on sunlight
SUNLIGHT
Wheat grains
Flour
Bread
Cow
Milk
Cheese
Nectar
Bees
Honey
Photosynthesis
in wheat
Photosynthesis
in grass
Photosynthesis in
flowering plants
8
9. Pyramid of numbers
Example of a food pyramid
The width of each band represents the
number of organisms
Plant leaves
Caterpillars
Blue tits
Owl
9
10. Dependence on oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Animals need oxygen for respiration
Plants produce oxygen in photosynthesis
Animals produce carbon dioxide in respiration
Plants use up carbon dioxide in photosynthesis
The process of decay uses up oxygen and
produces carbon dioxide
This interdependence is represented by the
Carbon Cycle
10
11. Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Production of carbon
dioxide
Uptake of carbon
dioxide
Burning of fuel: wood,
coal, oil and gas.
Respiration in all
organisms
Decay of organic
matter
Photosynthesis in
plants
Absorption by the
oceans
11
13. Dependence on bacteria
Most bacteria are beneficial
They break down dead organisms into simpler
substances
Soil bacteria make mineral salts available
to plants
Bacteria and fungi are called decomposers
13
14. Recycling and the role of decomposers
PRODUCERS
green plants
CONSUMERS
animals
DECOMPOSERS
bacteria and fungi
SOIL
minerals and
humus
sunlight
14
15. Decomposers
• If it were not for bacterial and fungal decomposition, we
would be knee deep in dead leaves after a few years
15
16. Conclusion
The inter-relationships between all
living organisms are so complex that
any disturbance in the patterns of
interdependence can have far-
reaching consequences
16
18. Question 2
Which of these organisms might be classed as ‘producers’?
(a) mosses
(b) fungi
(c) trees
(d) earthworms
19. Question 3
Which of these statements is most accurate?
In bright sunlight a green plant will be...
(a) photosynthesising only
(b) respiring only
(c) photosynthesising and respiring
(d) taking in oxygen and giving out CO2
20. Question 4
Which of these increase the concentration of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere?
(a) respiration
(b) photosynthesis
(c) combustion
(d) decay
The kestrel depends on the blue tit as a source of food.
The blue tit depends on the caterpillar. The caterpillar depends on the leaf.
In a food chain such as this, the plants are called the producers and the caterpillar, blue tit and kestrel are the consumers.
A decrease in the fox population would allow beetles, rats and rabbits to increase.
As a result, the vegetation that these animals eat would decrease.
An increase in the numbers of beetles, rats and rabbits would deplete the vegetation but provide more prey for the owl and stoat.
The slide shows how three items of the human diet are indirectly dependent on sunlight. The first step in these food chains is the trapping of the sun’s energy by the chlorophyll in green plants.
The green plants, or their products, may be eaten directly or they may pass their energy and raw materials on to the next organism in the food chain.
In many food chains, the organisms at the beginning of the chain are very numerous. At each stage in the chain the numbers get fewer.
One barn owl might feed on 10 blue tits; each blue tit might consume dozens of caterpillars.
In fact, plants and animals both use up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in the process of respiration but, in sunlight, plants use up all their carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. In darkness, photosynthesis stops but respiration continues, using up oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide.
When these processes are in balance, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide does not change
When fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide production exceeds its uptake by plants and the oceans.
If only plants and animals were involved, the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would stay in balance. It is the burning of fossil fuels that unbalances the system
We tend to think only of disease-causing bacteria, but these are in a minority.
Most bacteria are either harmless or directly or indirectly beneficial.
For example, cattle and sheep have a large population of bacteria in their stomachs where these beneficial bacteria help to digest the cellulose cell walls in grass.
Plants depend on soil bacteria for making minerals available from dead remains
Since animals depend on plants, they too depend on soil bacteria
In fact we would be buried more than knee deep in all sorts of dead matter that failed to decompose. Leaves are only one example.
Example. When, in 1954, myxomatosis nearly wiped out the rabbit population, some grassland became woody scrub because rabbits were not there to nibble off the tree seedlings.
The numbers of buzzards, which fed mainly on rabbits, went into steep decline