1. The document discusses various concepts related to ecosystems including producers, consumers, energy flow, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic ecosystems.
2. Key components of ecosystems are discussed including producers such as plants that produce energy, consumers such as herbivores and carnivores, decomposers, food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids.
3. Different types of ecosystems are described like forest ecosystems dominated by trees, grassland ecosystems dominated by grasses, desert ecosystems with low rainfall and vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems including freshwater and marine ecosystems.
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
Ecosystems:
Concept and components of an ecosystem -structural and functional features – Functional attributes (Food chain and Food web only).
Biodiversity:
Introduction – Classification – Bio-geographical classification of India- Value of biodiversity – Threats and Conservation of biodiversity - case studies.
ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
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n somatoform disorders, physical symptoms suggest a physical disorder, but there are no demonstrable organic findings and there is strong evidence for link to psychological factors or conflicts. The term is from Greek, “soma” for body
conversion and dissociation disorder were synonymously used. in these disorder, ability to exercise conscious and selective control is impaired to a degree that can vary from day to day or even from hour to hour.
Ecosystems:
Concept and components of an ecosystem -structural and functional features – Functional attributes (Food chain and Food web only).
Biodiversity:
Introduction – Classification – Bio-geographical classification of India- Value of biodiversity – Threats and Conservation of biodiversity - case studies.
ecosystem of environment.
An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
are some examples of terrestrial ecosystems; pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary are some examples of aquatic
ecosystems. Crop fields and an aquarium may also be
considered as man-made ecosystems.An ecosystem can be visualised as a functional unit of
nature, where living organisms interact among themselves
and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a small pond to a
large forest or a sea. Many ecologists regard the entire
biosphere as a global ecosystem, as a composite of all
local ecosystems on Earth. Since this system is too much
big and complex to be studied at one time, it is convenient
to divide it into two basic categories, namely the
terrestrial and the aquatic. Forest, grassland and desert
arebcvbcvbcvbcvbhgfhygfhgfhgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
n somatoform disorders, physical symptoms suggest a physical disorder, but there are no demonstrable organic findings and there is strong evidence for link to psychological factors or conflicts. The term is from Greek, “soma” for body
conversion and dissociation disorder were synonymously used. in these disorder, ability to exercise conscious and selective control is impaired to a degree that can vary from day to day or even from hour to hour.
it is completely covered according to INC NEW syllabus in Nursing for B.Sc. Nursing Ist year students and and other students who read and having interest in psychology.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING, psychology, Psychiatric Nursing, Communication Education and technology, Society Improvement, Family Problems, Students Counselling and other financial problems
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Concept of Ecosystem.pptx
1. JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SEEDLING SCHOOL OF NURSING
PREPARED BY-
(Prof.) Dr. Rahul Sharma
HOD of Mental Health Nursing
Ph.D. Coordinator
Seedling School of Nursing
5. The autotrophs
These are green plants and certain photosynthetic
or chemosynthetic bacteria which can convert the
light energy of sun into potential chemical energy in
the form of organic compounds needed by plants
for their own growth and development
Oxygen is produced as a by-product of
photosynthesis, needed by all living organisms for
respiration
These green plants are also known as producers
because they produce food for all the other
organisms
7. The
heterotrophs
Climate regime: Precipitation,
temperature, light, and other physical
factors
Inorganic substances: Elements such
as C, N, H, O, P, S, etc., involved in
material cycles
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and humic substances
that link the abiotic components with
the biotic components
8. Function of
ecosystem
The function of the ecosystem is to allow flow of
energy and cycling of materials which ensures
stability of the system and continuity of life
These two ecological processes including
interaction between the abiotic environment and
the communities
For the sake of convenience, the ecosystem
dynamics may be analysed in terms of the
following
9. Producers of
ecosystem
Producers or autotrophs are organisms that
produce food for themselves and other
organisms
Algae are protists, as a particular type of single-
celled organism with a cellular structure
different from that of plants can also make their
food
Producers make food not only for their
reproduction and growth but also for nourishing
the rest of the ecosystem
10. Types of Producers
Phototrophs – Phototrophs are the
ones that use the energy from the sun
to convert carbon dioxide into
carbohydrates
Chemotrophs – Chemotrophs go
through a similar process, except that
the energy source is inorganic
oxidation and reduction reactions
11. Characteristics of Producers
Producers can make their food
They are found at the lowest trophic level in an
ecosystem and serve as the basis for the survival of
higher animals
Producers have a type of pigment in their bodies called
chlorophyll
These producers can also bind solar energy to their
bodies
They release oxygen while making food
Producers occupy a large part of the world’s biomass
13. Consumers of
Ecosystem
Consumers or heterotrophs are
organisms that feed on other
organisms to obtain energy
Animals and birds are the most
commonly known consumers and the
lesser-known ones are fungi
The bacteria in the soil act as
decomposers, consuming dead organic
matter and breaking it down to be
recycled into the ecosystem
14. Types of
Consumers
Primary consumers –
Herbivores that only
eat plants,
vegetables, grass, or
other vegetation
types are the majority
of primary
consumers
Secondary
consumers –
Secondary
consumers are
organisms that eat
other consumers or
organisms
Tertiary consumers –
Tertiary consumers
are also called
omnivores
Decomposers –
Decomposers feed
on the remains of
dead plants and
animals
15. Characteristics of
Consumers
Consumers cannot prepare their food
They breathe oxygen and emit carbon dioxide into
the environment during respiration
The energy they obtain from food is used for a
variety of physiological functions
Consumers are located in the second to highest
trophic levels in the ecosystem
Consumers are only a small part of the world’s
biomass
16. Examples of
Consumers
Primary consumers: Sheep,
cows, and goats
Secondary consumers: Lion,
tiger, jaguar, and puma
Tertiary consumers: Humans
Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi
17. Energy flow in
Ecosystem
The behaviour of energy in ecosystem can be
conveniently termed as energy flow because of
unidirectional energy transformations
Total energy flow that constitutes the energy
environment has already been dealt in detail,
and now we take up the study of that portion of
the total energy flow that passes through the
biotic components of the ecosystem
According to the first law, the law of
conservation of energy, in a closed system, no
energy comes in or escapes out and not created
or destroyed but may be altered from one form
to another
18. Energy flow in
Ecosystem
The second law of thermodynamics, the
law of entropy, states that there is always
a tendency for increase in entropy or
degradation from a concentrated to a
dispersed form leading to dissipation of
heat
Energy flow is based on two different
laws of thermodynamics: The first law of
thermodynamics states that energy can
neither be created nor destroyed
19. Figure of Energy flow in Ecosystem
Ecological SuccessionEcological succession is the
phenomenon or process by which an ecological
community undergoes more or less orderly and
predictable changes following disturbance or initial
colonization of new habitat
• Soil is already present, so there is no need for pioneer
species
• Seeds, roots and underground vegetative organs of
plants may still survive in the soil
20. Food Chain
The transfer of food energy from the source in plants through
a series of organisms with repeated stages of eating and
being eaten is known as the food chain
The green plants, in the food chain, occupy the first trophic -
the producer level, the herbivores that eat the plants the
second trophic - the primary consumer level, the carnivores
that eat the herbivores the third trophic - the secondary
consumer level and perhaps even a fourth- the tertiary
consumer level
Some organisms are omnivores that eat the plant as well as
animals at their lower level in the food chain and they may
occupy more than one trophic level in the food chain
21. Grazing food chain
The consumers which utilise the living
plant parts as their food or energy source
constitute the grazing food chain
The food chain, thus begins from a green
plant base
It is common in the terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems where most of the primary
production is edible by herbivores
22. Parasitic food chain
It also begins from a green plant
base and goes to herbivores,
which may be the host of a huge
number of lice living as
ectoparasites
23. Detritus food
chain
The food chain goes from dead organic
matters of decaying animal and plant bodies
to the microorganisms and then to detritus
feeding organisms and their predators is
known as “detritus food chain”
Soil organisms are thus less dependent on
direct solar energy and depend chiefly on the
influx of organic matter produced in another
system
Mangrove leaves, through detritus food chain
make substantial contribution to the food
chain that is upto 90% of the stored energy in
the dead organic material is consumed
through detritus food chain
24. Food Web and
Ecological Pyramid
All processes in this world, whether living or
non-living, need energy
Living organisms are capable of producing
energy or getting it through predation
It is also required for supporting voluntary and
involuntary actions of the human body and
other multiple processes within the body like
reproduction, cell division, metabolism,
digestion, circulation, excretion, and much more
25. What is Food Web?
There are unique interactions
and relationships which are
involved in the transportation
of energy
The energy, once produced
and captured, is distributed
throughout the various living
organisms
This transfer of energy is
termed as the food web
26. Ecological pyramid
It can be observed that these pyramids are in the
shape of actual pyramids, with the base being the
broadest, which is covered by the lowest trophic
level, i.e., producers
The next level is occupied by the next trophic level,
i.e., the primary consumers and so on
All the calculations for construction of these types
of ecological pyramids must take into account all
the organisms in a particular trophic level because
a sample space of a few numbers or a few species
will end up giving a huge level of errors
27. Types of
Ecological
Pyramid
The pyramid of numbers is usually upright
except for some situations like that of the
detritus food chain, where many organisms
feed on one dead plant or animal
The pyramid of biomass is also upright except
for that observed in oceans where large
numbers of zooplanktons depend on a
relatively smaller amount of phytoplankton
Pyramid of energy is the only type of
ecological pyramid, which is always upright as
the energy flow in a food chain is always
unidirectional
28. Importance of
Ecological Pyramid
•The importance of ecological
pyramid can be explained in the
following points: •They show the
feeding of different organisms in
different ecosystems
29. Limitations of
Ecological Pyramid
•More than one species may occupy
multiple trophic levels as in case of the
food web
Thus, this system does not take into
account food webs
•The saprophytes are not considered
in any of the pyramids even though
they form an important part of the
various ecosystem
30. Types of
Ecosystems
An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a
desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning
thousands of miles
There are two types of ecosystems: Aquatic
Ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystems are
exclusively land-based ecosystems
There are different types of terrestrial
ecosystems distributed around various
geological zones
31. Forest Ecosystem
A forest ecosystem consists of several
plants, particularly trees, animals and
microorganisms that live in
coordination with the abiotic factors of
the environment
Forests help in maintaining the
temperature of the earth and are the
major carbon sink
32. Grassland
Ecosystem
In a grassland
ecosystem, the
vegetation is dominated
by grasses and herbs
Temperate grasslands
and tropical or savanna
grasslands are examples
of grassland ecosystems
33. Tundra
Ecosystem
Tundra ecosystems are devoid of
trees and are found in cold
climates or where rainfall is scarce
These are covered with snow for
most of the year
Tundra type of ecosystem is found
in the Arctic or mountain tops
34. Desert
Ecosystem
Deserts are found throughout
the world
These are regions with little
rainfall and scarce vegetation
The days are hot, and the
nights are cold
35. Aquatic Ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystems are
ecosystems present in a body of
water
These can be further divided into
two types, namely: Freshwater
Ecosystem
36. Freshwater
Ecosystem
The freshwater ecosystem is an
aquatic ecosystem that includes
lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and
wetlands
These have no salt content in
contrast with the marine
ecosystem
37. Marine Ecosystem
The marine ecosystem includes
seas and oceans
These have a more substantial
salt content and greater
biodiversity in comparison to the
freshwater ecosystem
38. Forest
Ecosystem
Study of interdependent relations of
flora and fauna in a forest is termed as
Forest Ecosystem
In such ecosystems, the entire
interaction happens naturally between
all abiotic and biotic components
The ecological potential of any species
depends on their habitat requirements
like temperature, climate, frugality, their
lifespan and, reproducing capacity
39. Forest Biome
Forests can be divided into 5
main categories, depending on
the types of trees found in them
They are
40. 1) Coniferous
Forest
As the name suggests, the
trees found in these forests
mainly consists of cone-
bearing trees like the spruce,
pine, fir, and hemlock
These are found mostly in the
northern parts of North
America, Asia, and Europe
41. 2) Deciduous
Forest
The trees of these forests are
broadleaved and are shed between
late summer to early autumn
The leaves are usually green but later
acquires yellow, red and orange
colours gradually
These forests are found in America,
Western and Central Europe, and
Northeastern Asia where the winters
are cold and summers are warm
42. 3) Mixed Forests
Deciduous and Coniferous trees
as both types constitute mixed
forests, which are mostly found in
mountainous areas
These are found almost every
part of the world
43. 4)
Mediterranean
Forests
They are also called scrublands as
its temperature is suitable for short
oaks and pines to grow
The Mediterranean Forest
contains a wide variety of
wildflowers and insect-eating birds
This forest is also termed as
“maquis”
44. 5) Tropical
Rainforest
These forests are situated in the
areas with hot temperatures like
South America, Africa, Asia and
Australia
Thus, they are called Tropical and
due to continuous rainfall throughout
the year, they are called Rainforests
It is a habitat for various insects,
colorful birds and mammals
45. Grassland
Ecosystem
The grassland ecosystem is called the largest
biomes on earth and it covers about 10 per cent
of the earth’s surface
It is mainly found where rainfall is about 15-75
cm per year, not enough to support a forest, but
more than that of a true desert
The Grassland ecosystems are called by various
names in several regions, such as pampas in
South America, Veldt in South Africa, Steppes in
Europe and Asia, and Downs in Australia
47. Importance of
grassland
Ecosystem
A Grassland Ecosystem is a mixture of small
herbs, weeds, grass, trefoil, dicotyledonous,
shrubs and other leguminous species,
contributing to a high degree of preservation
The economic importance of the grassland
ecosystem is that it serves in the maintenance
of the crop of many domesticated and wild
herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, ass,
pigs, horses, mules, camels, deer, zebras, etc
These animals provide food, milk, wool and
transportation to man
48. Functions of Grassland Ecosystem
•Energy flow through the food chain •Nutrient cycling
•Homeostasis or feedback control mechanisms •To
reduce the leaching of minerals due to low rainfall
49. Desert
Ecosystem
Deserts are barren areas of land
characterised by extremely high or low
temperatures, with low rainfall and
scarce or no vegetation
Deserts are examples of terrestrial
ecosystems, which are found
throughout the world
Neither all deserts are flat, nor do all
deserts have cacti or oases
50. Types of deserts
Deserts are arid regions with
especially low or high
temperatures and limited
vegetation
Based on the climate condition,
deserts are classified into two
types – hot deserts and cold
deserts
51. Hot desert
The Sahara is known as the world’s largest
desert, covering over 8.54 million square
kilometres
Sahara Desert is located in tropical regions,
which are 1,000 m above sea level
It covers a huge part of North Africa, and
eleven other countries – Algeria, Tunisia,
Egypt, Mali, Chad, Niger, Western Sahara,
Sudan, Mauritania, Libya and Morocco
52. Cold desert
The cold and dry desert
of Ladakh is famously
known as the cold desert
of India
It is found in the high
altitudes of the
temperate regions, which
lie in the Great
Himalayas within the
eastern parts of Jammu
and Kashmir and located
in the western Himalayas
region, within Himachal
Pradesh in North India
The altitude in Ladakh
ranges from about 3,000
m in Kargil to 8,000 m in
Karakoram
53. Features and Desert
Habitats
The most determining feature of this
terrestrial ecosystem is the amount of
precipitation it receives, which is the
least compared to other ecosystems
A desert is an arid or bone-dry region of
the landscape where there is little
precipitation, hence living conditions are
unfavourable for both flora and fauna
This ecosystem can exist from the Arctic
to the tropics
54. Aquatic Ecosystem
An aquatic ecosystem includes a group
of interacting organisms which are
dependent on one another and their
water environment for nutrients and
shelter
Examples of aquatic ecosystem
include oceans, lakes and rivers
Different types of aquatic ecosystems
are as follows
55. Freshwater Aquatic
Ecosystem
Freshwater involves lakes, ponds,
rivers and streams, wetlands,
swamp, bog and temporary pools
Freshwater habitats are classified
into lotic and lentic habitats
Water bodies such as lakes, ponds,
pools, bogs, and other reservoirs are
standing water and known as lentic
habitats
56. Lotic Ecosystems
They mainly refer to the rapidly flowing
waters that move in a unidirectional way
including the rivers and streams
These environments harbour numerous
species of insects such as beetles,
mayflies, stoneflies and several species of
fishes including trout, eel, minnow, etc
Apart from these aquatic species, these
ecosystems also include various
mammals such as beavers, river dolphins
and otters
57. Lentic Ecosystems
Lakes and ponds are the main examples
of Lentic Ecosystem
The word lentic mainly refers to stationary
or relatively still water
These ecosystems are home to algae,
crabs, shrimps, amphibians such as frogs
and salamanders, for both rooted and
floating-leaved plants and reptiles
including alligators and other water
snakes are also found here
58. Wetlands
Wetlands are marshy areas and are
sometimes covered in water which has
a wide diversity of plants and animals
Swamps, marshes, bogs, black spruce
and water lilies are some examples in
the plant species found in the wetlands
The animal life of this ecosystem
consists of dragonflies and damselflies,
birds such as Green Heron and fishes
such as Northern Pike
59. Marine Aquatic
Ecosystem
Marine ecosystem covers the largest surface
area of the earth
Two third of earth is covered by water and they
constitute of oceans, seas, intertidal zone,
reefs, seabed, estuaries, hydrothermal vents
and rock pools
The marine ecosystem is more concentrated
with salts which make it difficult for freshwater
organisms to live in
60. Ocean
Ecosystems
Our planet earth is gifted with the five major
oceans, namely Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and the
Atlantic Ocean
These oceans serve as a home to more than
five lakh aquatic species
Few creatures of these ecosystems include
shellfish, shark, tube worms, crab small and
large ocean fishes, turtles, crustaceans, blue
whale, reptiles, marine mammals, seabirds,
plankton, corals and other ocean plants
61. Coastal Systems
The coastal ecosystems have a different
structure, and diversity
A wide variety of species of aquatic plants and
algae are found at the bottom of the coastal
ecosystem
Plants and animals in an aquatic ecosystem
show a wide variety of adaptations which may
involve life cycle, physiological, structural and
behavioural adaptations