Rumen
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Evaluation of feed protein
The document discusses various methods used to evaluate the quality of feed proteins for different animal species. For monogastric animals like poultry and swine, measures discussed include digestible protein, protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, and standardized ileal digestibility. For ruminants, measures discussed are crude protein, digestible crude protein, true protein, protein equivalent, metabolizable protein, rumen degradable protein, and rumen undegradable protein. The document provides detailed descriptions and calculation methods for each of these protein quality evaluation measures.
Rumen
- Rumen biotechnology applies knowledge of fore stomach fermentation and management of natural and recombinant microorganisms to improve digestion of fibrous feed by ruminants.
- Ruminants have a four-compartment stomach and digest food in two steps: by initially eating and later regurgitating cud to chew and re-ingest.
- Rumen fermentation by microbes breaks down plant proteins and fibers into volatile fatty acids and microbial protein for absorption. Various microbes digest different nutrients and some produce methane.
4 rumen fermentation
Rumen fermentation is the largest commercial fermentation process. It occurs in the rumens of ruminant animals like cows and goats. The rumen contains billions of microbes that break down plant fibers in feed into volatile fatty acids and microbial protein. This symbiotic relationship provides nutrients to both the microbes and the ruminant animal. Key features of rumen fermentation include attachment of microbes to feed particles, the four steps of rumination, and roles of different microbial populations like bacteria and protozoa.
RUMEN MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM
The document summarizes the establishment and composition of the rumen microbiome in young ruminants. It notes that rumen microbes like bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are primarily established through exposure to an adult animal. The major microbial populations include anaerobic bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and anaerobic fungi. Factors like diet, feeding frequency, and antibiotics can influence rumen microbial concentrations and compositions. Interactions between the different microbes are also important, as removing one group like protozoa can allow the bacterial population to increase.
Digestibility trial
Digestion and metabolism trials are conducted to determine the digestibility and utilization of nutrients from feeds. Digestion trials measure the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract by determining apparent digestibility coefficients. Metabolism trials provide more information by also measuring nutrient balances through the collection of urine, milk, gases, etc. Different methods are used to conduct these trials including direct collection methods using cages and bags, indirect methods using markers, and in vitro laboratory methods.
Partitioning of feed energy
1) The document discusses the partitioning of feed energy as it moves through an animal's digestive system. Gross energy is reduced to digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values as energy is lost through feces, urine, methane, and heat production.
2) Key factors that affect energy values include the composition of the feed, processing methods, animal species, and feeding level. Roughages have lower energy values than concentrates due to greater losses.
3) Several systems are used to evaluate and express the energy value of feeds, including total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch equivalents, gross energy, and net energy. Each system accounts for energy losses in different ways.
ruminant animals
Ruminant animals have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant fibers through microbial fermentation. Food is initially chewed and swallowed, passing to the rumen and reticulum where microbes break down cellulose and other plant matter. Nutrients are absorbed and the remaining cud is regurgitated and rechewed before passing to the omasum and abomasum for further digestion and absorption. This unique digestive system relies on microbes in the rumen to break down plant fibers that the animal cannot digest on its own, extracting nutrients that the ruminant then absorbs in the lower stomach and intestines.
Rdp,udn and kinetics
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Recommended
Evaluation of feed protein
The document discusses various methods used to evaluate the quality of feed proteins for different animal species. For monogastric animals like poultry and swine, measures discussed include digestible protein, protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, and standardized ileal digestibility. For ruminants, measures discussed are crude protein, digestible crude protein, true protein, protein equivalent, metabolizable protein, rumen degradable protein, and rumen undegradable protein. The document provides detailed descriptions and calculation methods for each of these protein quality evaluation measures.
Rumen
- Rumen biotechnology applies knowledge of fore stomach fermentation and management of natural and recombinant microorganisms to improve digestion of fibrous feed by ruminants.
- Ruminants have a four-compartment stomach and digest food in two steps: by initially eating and later regurgitating cud to chew and re-ingest.
- Rumen fermentation by microbes breaks down plant proteins and fibers into volatile fatty acids and microbial protein for absorption. Various microbes digest different nutrients and some produce methane.
4 rumen fermentation
Rumen fermentation is the largest commercial fermentation process. It occurs in the rumens of ruminant animals like cows and goats. The rumen contains billions of microbes that break down plant fibers in feed into volatile fatty acids and microbial protein. This symbiotic relationship provides nutrients to both the microbes and the ruminant animal. Key features of rumen fermentation include attachment of microbes to feed particles, the four steps of rumination, and roles of different microbial populations like bacteria and protozoa.
RUMEN MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM
The document summarizes the establishment and composition of the rumen microbiome in young ruminants. It notes that rumen microbes like bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are primarily established through exposure to an adult animal. The major microbial populations include anaerobic bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and anaerobic fungi. Factors like diet, feeding frequency, and antibiotics can influence rumen microbial concentrations and compositions. Interactions between the different microbes are also important, as removing one group like protozoa can allow the bacterial population to increase.
Digestibility trial
Digestion and metabolism trials are conducted to determine the digestibility and utilization of nutrients from feeds. Digestion trials measure the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract by determining apparent digestibility coefficients. Metabolism trials provide more information by also measuring nutrient balances through the collection of urine, milk, gases, etc. Different methods are used to conduct these trials including direct collection methods using cages and bags, indirect methods using markers, and in vitro laboratory methods.
Partitioning of feed energy
1) The document discusses the partitioning of feed energy as it moves through an animal's digestive system. Gross energy is reduced to digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values as energy is lost through feces, urine, methane, and heat production.
2) Key factors that affect energy values include the composition of the feed, processing methods, animal species, and feeding level. Roughages have lower energy values than concentrates due to greater losses.
3) Several systems are used to evaluate and express the energy value of feeds, including total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch equivalents, gross energy, and net energy. Each system accounts for energy losses in different ways.
ruminant animals
Ruminant animals have a four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest plant fibers through microbial fermentation. Food is initially chewed and swallowed, passing to the rumen and reticulum where microbes break down cellulose and other plant matter. Nutrients are absorbed and the remaining cud is regurgitated and rechewed before passing to the omasum and abomasum for further digestion and absorption. This unique digestive system relies on microbes in the rumen to break down plant fibers that the animal cannot digest on its own, extracting nutrients that the ruminant then absorbs in the lower stomach and intestines.
Rdp,udn and kinetics
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Microbial flora and Feed fermentation
This document summarizes the microbial flora and fermentation process in ruminant digestive systems. It notes that the rumen contains over 50% of the total digestive tract and houses billions of microbes that break down tough plant fibers through fermentation. This produces volatile fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, and propionate as well as gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Specific bacteria, protozoa, and fungi in the rumen each play roles in digesting different components of feed. The fermentation process allows ruminants to derive protein, vitamins, and energy from ingesting roughage.
Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...
Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the protein quality of feeds for ruminants and non-ruminants. For ruminants, crude protein and digestible crude protein are commonly used measures. For non-ruminants, additional measures are needed since they cannot utilize non-protein nitrogen as effectively. These include true protein, protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, essential amino acid index, and biological assays of available amino acids. The quality depends on both digestibility and amino acid composition of the protein source. Non-enzymatic browning reactions like Maillard reaction can also reduce amino acid availability over time.Bovine Digestion
Bovine digestion involves a complex multi-chambered stomach system and microbial fermentation to break down plant fibers. Cattle have teeth adapted for grinding grass and a four-chambered stomach containing microbes that ferment plant fibers into fatty acids and protein through anaerobic digestion. The stomach chambers are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Fermentation produces most of the cow's energy and vitamins. Cattle regurgitate and rechew food to further break it down before it enters the true stomach for additional digestion and nutrient absorption in the intestines.
Precision feeding in livestock
Precision feeding in livestockBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses precision feeding in livestock. It begins by explaining how precision feeding aims to meet the exact nutrient requirements of individual animals through determining the right amount, composition, and timing of feed. This is achieved through tools like precise nutrient analysis, ration formulation based on digestible nutrients, use of additives, and appropriate feeding management methods like phase and split-sex feeding. Phase feeding in particular is described as improving performance and economic return while reducing nutrient excretion compared to single-diet feeding programs. The overall goal of precision feeding is optimizing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.Digestion in Ruminants
Ruminants like cows have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down cellulose. They have a large rumen chamber filled with bacteria that produce cellulase to break down cellulose into glucose. The bacteria ferment the glucose and produce fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide. The fatty acids are absorbed by the ruminant and provide its energy. The bacteria also use non-protein nitrogen sources like urea to synthesize protein, which supplements the ruminant's diet when grazing on low-protein forage.
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i Livestock
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i LivestockBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses methods for determining the energy and protein requirements of livestock for maintenance, growth, and milk production. It describes how basal/fasting metabolism can be measured to determine maintenance energy requirements. Short and long term feeding trials at maintenance levels and regression methods using varying feed intakes are also used. Protein requirements for maintenance are estimated via nitrogen balance trials, long term feeding trials, or using a factorial approach. Requirements for growth can be determined via nitrogen balance, feeding trials, or factorial calculations based on tissue energy and protein content. Milk production requirements are based on milk composition, yield, and conversion efficiency formulas.Application of digestibility values in poultry
Application of digestibility values in poultry and bioassay and analytical procedures using poultry
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university
Animal nutrition
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Vitamins in animals
The document discusses vitamins, specifically fat soluble vitamins. It provides definitions of vitamins and details the history of vitamin A discovery. Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is derived from carotenoids in plants and is essential for vision, epithelial cell maintenance, and bone development. The document outlines the digestion, absorption, transport, storage and excretion of vitamin A as well as requirements for different animal classes.
Manipulation of rumen
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
Unit- I, Lecture- 5 discusses measures of feed energy. It begins by outlining the objectives of imparting knowledge on partitioning of feed energy for livestock. It then defines various measures of feed energy from gross energy to net energy. Gross energy is the total energy in a feed. Digestible energy is gross energy minus energy lost in feces. Metabolizable energy is digestible energy minus losses in urine and gas. Net energy is metabolizable energy minus heat produced during digestion. The lecture provides details on how each form of energy is calculated and factors that can influence energy values.Anti nutritional factors and toxic elements in animal feed
This document discusses anti-nutritional factors and toxic elements found in animal feed. It classifies these substances into four groups based on their chemical properties: proteins, glycosides, phenols, and miscellaneous. Within each group, it provides examples of specific anti-nutritional compounds and describes their negative effects, such as inhibiting nutrient digestion or utilization. Common toxic elements mentioned are protease inhibitors, lectins, saponins, cyanogens, gossypol, tannins, phytic acid, and various antivitamins. The document stresses that these anti-nutritional factors can reduce feed utilization, lower production, and negatively impact animal health if consumed in large amounts.
Rumen development and function
This document discusses rumen development in dairy calves. It explains that the rumen needs to develop papillae on its walls in order to properly absorb nutrients. The introduction of grain-based concentrates stimulates the growth of papillae through production of volatile fatty acids like propionate and butyrate. Fiber is also important for rumen development as it promotes muscular growth and maintains rumen health. Proper nutrient intake through strategic feeding is important for calves to develop a functioning rumen and support steady growth.
Utilization of feedstufs in ruminant
Ruminants like cattle, goats and sheep have a specialized four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest cellulose from plant matter. In the first chamber, the rumen, microbes break down cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids, methane and carbon dioxide. These products are then absorbed. Proteins are also broken down by microbes into amino acids and ammonia. Lipids are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the rumen and small intestine. The end products that are absorbed include volatile fatty acids, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol.
Digestive system
The document summarizes the digestive system of ruminant animals. It describes the four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen and reticulum contain microbes that break down plant fibers into volatile fatty acids. Food then moves to the omasum where water and nutrients are absorbed before entering the abomasum, where gastric juices further digest the food. The small and large intestines then complete the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Key to the ruminant's digestion is the microbial populations that allow for the breakdown of tough plant materials in the rumen.
Feeding of high yielder dairy cows
Feeding of high yielder dairy cowsBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses feeding strategies for high-yielding dairy cows. It notes that milk is synthesized from nutrients absorbed from the bloodstream. High yielders are defined as cows producing over 20 kg/day or buffaloes over 15 kg/day. Feeding strategies for high yielders include providing extra rations of high-quality roughage and concentrates, gradually increasing concentrates, and maintaining 14% crude protein. Challenge feeding involves increasing concentrates before calving to prepare cows for high milk production. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also important to meet requirements and prevent issues like milk fever. Buffers help maintain rumen pH for optimal fiber digestion and milk fat levels.Urea & other NPN sources
Urea and other non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources can be used to improve the nutritive value of low-quality roughages fed to livestock in parts of Pakistan and AJ&K. Urea is the most commonly used NPN source and can increase the crude protein content of straw from 2-4% to 7-12% when applied correctly. Proper urea treatment methods involve dissolving urea in water and spraying it onto stacked straw layers, which are then sealed for 3-4 weeks to allow chemical reactions to occur. Ammonia can also be used but requires specialized equipment. Feeding urea-treated straw can meet livestock nutrient needs and reduce concentrate requirements. Precautions must be taken to avoid
PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RUMINANTS
Ruminants are able to utilize plant proteins through microbial fermentation in the rumen. Microbes in the rumen break down dietary proteins into peptides and amino acids. These microbial proteins are then digested and absorbed by the ruminant. However, under intensive production systems, protein breakdown often exceeds microbial protein synthesis, leading to excess ammonia production. Strategies aim to optimize the balance between protein degradation and utilization in the rumen.
Animal digestive system
The digestive system has three main functions:
1. Mechanical breakdown of food through teeth, stomach contractions, and peristalsis.
2. Chemical digestion of food through enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice.
3. Absorption of digested nutrients in the small intestine and colon.
Enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition
This document discusses enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition. It describes how enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions without being consumed in the process. Exogenous enzymes from sources like bacteria, fungi and yeasts are added to animal feed to help break down nutrients. Specific enzymes discussed include beta-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, amylases and proteases. These enzymes help improve nutrient digestion and absorption, increase growth performance, and reduce nutrient excretion in waste. The document provides details on the chemical nature, modes of action and typical doses of various enzymes used in animal feed supplementation.
Cow Feeding Evaluation
The document discusses feeding and evaluating the nutrient content of cow feed. It outlines several key points:
1) Effective feeding is important to maintain cow fertility, production and profitability. Feeds must meet cow requirements for energy and nutrients.
2) Feed samples should be taken and tested to determine nutrient composition, including dry matter, protein, fiber and energy levels. Factors like weather and quality can impact nutrient content.
3) Various methods are used to analyze feeds chemically and determine digestibility, including proximate analysis, Van Soest method, and digestibility trials using nylon bags or artificial rumens. This helps evaluate the quality and energy value of different feeds.
Biology - chapter 6 ( ruminant and rodent ) form 4..
Ruminant animals have a specialized four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest cellulose. In the first chamber, the rumen, plant matter is broken down by microbes into liquids and solids. The solids are regurgitated and rechewed while liquids pass to subsequent chambers for nutrient absorption. The fourth and final chamber, the abomasum, is similar to non-ruminant stomachs. This specialized digestive system allows ruminants to break down tough plant fibers in their diets.
heterotrophic nutrition
1) The document discusses different types of nutrition including autotrophic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition, and holozoic nutrition. It provides examples of amoeba to illustrate holozoic nutrition.
2) Modes of symbiosis are discussed including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Examples of symbiotic relationships in aquatic organisms and plants are provided.
3) The different types of holozoic nutrition are defined including carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. Examples of organisms that use each type are given along with diagrams of stomach structures.
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Microbial flora and Feed fermentation
This document summarizes the microbial flora and fermentation process in ruminant digestive systems. It notes that the rumen contains over 50% of the total digestive tract and houses billions of microbes that break down tough plant fibers through fermentation. This produces volatile fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, and propionate as well as gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Specific bacteria, protozoa, and fungi in the rumen each play roles in digesting different components of feed. The fermentation process allows ruminants to derive protein, vitamins, and energy from ingesting roughage.
Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...
Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
This document discusses various methods for evaluating the protein quality of feeds for ruminants and non-ruminants. For ruminants, crude protein and digestible crude protein are commonly used measures. For non-ruminants, additional measures are needed since they cannot utilize non-protein nitrogen as effectively. These include true protein, protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, essential amino acid index, and biological assays of available amino acids. The quality depends on both digestibility and amino acid composition of the protein source. Non-enzymatic browning reactions like Maillard reaction can also reduce amino acid availability over time.Bovine Digestion
Bovine digestion involves a complex multi-chambered stomach system and microbial fermentation to break down plant fibers. Cattle have teeth adapted for grinding grass and a four-chambered stomach containing microbes that ferment plant fibers into fatty acids and protein through anaerobic digestion. The stomach chambers are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Fermentation produces most of the cow's energy and vitamins. Cattle regurgitate and rechew food to further break it down before it enters the true stomach for additional digestion and nutrient absorption in the intestines.
Precision feeding in livestock
Precision feeding in livestockBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses precision feeding in livestock. It begins by explaining how precision feeding aims to meet the exact nutrient requirements of individual animals through determining the right amount, composition, and timing of feed. This is achieved through tools like precise nutrient analysis, ration formulation based on digestible nutrients, use of additives, and appropriate feeding management methods like phase and split-sex feeding. Phase feeding in particular is described as improving performance and economic return while reducing nutrient excretion compared to single-diet feeding programs. The overall goal of precision feeding is optimizing production efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.Digestion in Ruminants
Ruminants like cows have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down cellulose. They have a large rumen chamber filled with bacteria that produce cellulase to break down cellulose into glucose. The bacteria ferment the glucose and produce fatty acids, methane, and carbon dioxide. The fatty acids are absorbed by the ruminant and provide its energy. The bacteria also use non-protein nitrogen sources like urea to synthesize protein, which supplements the ruminant's diet when grazing on low-protein forage.
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i Livestock
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i LivestockBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses methods for determining the energy and protein requirements of livestock for maintenance, growth, and milk production. It describes how basal/fasting metabolism can be measured to determine maintenance energy requirements. Short and long term feeding trials at maintenance levels and regression methods using varying feed intakes are also used. Protein requirements for maintenance are estimated via nitrogen balance trials, long term feeding trials, or using a factorial approach. Requirements for growth can be determined via nitrogen balance, feeding trials, or factorial calculations based on tissue energy and protein content. Milk production requirements are based on milk composition, yield, and conversion efficiency formulas.Application of digestibility values in poultry
Application of digestibility values in poultry and bioassay and analytical procedures using poultry
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university
Animal nutrition
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Vitamins in animals
The document discusses vitamins, specifically fat soluble vitamins. It provides definitions of vitamins and details the history of vitamin A discovery. Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is derived from carotenoids in plants and is essential for vision, epithelial cell maintenance, and bone development. The document outlines the digestion, absorption, transport, storage and excretion of vitamin A as well as requirements for different animal classes.
Manipulation of rumen
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
Unit- I, Lecture- 5 discusses measures of feed energy. It begins by outlining the objectives of imparting knowledge on partitioning of feed energy for livestock. It then defines various measures of feed energy from gross energy to net energy. Gross energy is the total energy in a feed. Digestible energy is gross energy minus energy lost in feces. Metabolizable energy is digestible energy minus losses in urine and gas. Net energy is metabolizable energy minus heat produced during digestion. The lecture provides details on how each form of energy is calculated and factors that can influence energy values.Anti nutritional factors and toxic elements in animal feed
This document discusses anti-nutritional factors and toxic elements found in animal feed. It classifies these substances into four groups based on their chemical properties: proteins, glycosides, phenols, and miscellaneous. Within each group, it provides examples of specific anti-nutritional compounds and describes their negative effects, such as inhibiting nutrient digestion or utilization. Common toxic elements mentioned are protease inhibitors, lectins, saponins, cyanogens, gossypol, tannins, phytic acid, and various antivitamins. The document stresses that these anti-nutritional factors can reduce feed utilization, lower production, and negatively impact animal health if consumed in large amounts.
Rumen development and function
This document discusses rumen development in dairy calves. It explains that the rumen needs to develop papillae on its walls in order to properly absorb nutrients. The introduction of grain-based concentrates stimulates the growth of papillae through production of volatile fatty acids like propionate and butyrate. Fiber is also important for rumen development as it promotes muscular growth and maintains rumen health. Proper nutrient intake through strategic feeding is important for calves to develop a functioning rumen and support steady growth.
Utilization of feedstufs in ruminant
Ruminants like cattle, goats and sheep have a specialized four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest cellulose from plant matter. In the first chamber, the rumen, microbes break down cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids, methane and carbon dioxide. These products are then absorbed. Proteins are also broken down by microbes into amino acids and ammonia. Lipids are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol. Absorption of nutrients occurs in the rumen and small intestine. The end products that are absorbed include volatile fatty acids, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol.
Digestive system
The document summarizes the digestive system of ruminant animals. It describes the four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen and reticulum contain microbes that break down plant fibers into volatile fatty acids. Food then moves to the omasum where water and nutrients are absorbed before entering the abomasum, where gastric juices further digest the food. The small and large intestines then complete the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Key to the ruminant's digestion is the microbial populations that allow for the breakdown of tough plant materials in the rumen.
Feeding of high yielder dairy cows
Feeding of high yielder dairy cowsBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, India
This document discusses feeding strategies for high-yielding dairy cows. It notes that milk is synthesized from nutrients absorbed from the bloodstream. High yielders are defined as cows producing over 20 kg/day or buffaloes over 15 kg/day. Feeding strategies for high yielders include providing extra rations of high-quality roughage and concentrates, gradually increasing concentrates, and maintaining 14% crude protein. Challenge feeding involves increasing concentrates before calving to prepare cows for high milk production. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are also important to meet requirements and prevent issues like milk fever. Buffers help maintain rumen pH for optimal fiber digestion and milk fat levels.Urea & other NPN sources
Urea and other non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources can be used to improve the nutritive value of low-quality roughages fed to livestock in parts of Pakistan and AJ&K. Urea is the most commonly used NPN source and can increase the crude protein content of straw from 2-4% to 7-12% when applied correctly. Proper urea treatment methods involve dissolving urea in water and spraying it onto stacked straw layers, which are then sealed for 3-4 weeks to allow chemical reactions to occur. Ammonia can also be used but requires specialized equipment. Feeding urea-treated straw can meet livestock nutrient needs and reduce concentrate requirements. Precautions must be taken to avoid
PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RUMINANTS
Ruminants are able to utilize plant proteins through microbial fermentation in the rumen. Microbes in the rumen break down dietary proteins into peptides and amino acids. These microbial proteins are then digested and absorbed by the ruminant. However, under intensive production systems, protein breakdown often exceeds microbial protein synthesis, leading to excess ammonia production. Strategies aim to optimize the balance between protein degradation and utilization in the rumen.
Animal digestive system
The digestive system has three main functions:
1. Mechanical breakdown of food through teeth, stomach contractions, and peristalsis.
2. Chemical digestion of food through enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice.
3. Absorption of digested nutrients in the small intestine and colon.
Enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition
This document discusses enzymes used in poultry and ruminant nutrition. It describes how enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions without being consumed in the process. Exogenous enzymes from sources like bacteria, fungi and yeasts are added to animal feed to help break down nutrients. Specific enzymes discussed include beta-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, amylases and proteases. These enzymes help improve nutrient digestion and absorption, increase growth performance, and reduce nutrient excretion in waste. The document provides details on the chemical nature, modes of action and typical doses of various enzymes used in animal feed supplementation.
Cow Feeding Evaluation
The document discusses feeding and evaluating the nutrient content of cow feed. It outlines several key points:
1) Effective feeding is important to maintain cow fertility, production and profitability. Feeds must meet cow requirements for energy and nutrients.
2) Feed samples should be taken and tested to determine nutrient composition, including dry matter, protein, fiber and energy levels. Factors like weather and quality can impact nutrient content.
3) Various methods are used to analyze feeds chemically and determine digestibility, including proximate analysis, Van Soest method, and digestibility trials using nylon bags or artificial rumens. This helps evaluate the quality and energy value of different feeds.
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Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...
Evaluation of feed for protein for ruminants and non-ruminants by Abhishek Sh...
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i Livestock
Methods Adopted to Assess Nutrient Requirement i Livestock
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...
Measures of Feed Energy- Gross Energy, Digestible Energy, Metabolisable energ...
Anti nutritional factors and toxic elements in animal feed
Anti nutritional factors and toxic elements in animal feed
Similar to Rumen
Biology - chapter 6 ( ruminant and rodent ) form 4..
Ruminant animals have a specialized four-chambered stomach that allows them to digest cellulose. In the first chamber, the rumen, plant matter is broken down by microbes into liquids and solids. The solids are regurgitated and rechewed while liquids pass to subsequent chambers for nutrient absorption. The fourth and final chamber, the abomasum, is similar to non-ruminant stomachs. This specialized digestive system allows ruminants to break down tough plant fibers in their diets.
heterotrophic nutrition
1) The document discusses different types of nutrition including autotrophic nutrition, heterotrophic nutrition, and holozoic nutrition. It provides examples of amoeba to illustrate holozoic nutrition.
2) Modes of symbiosis are discussed including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Examples of symbiotic relationships in aquatic organisms and plants are provided.
3) The different types of holozoic nutrition are defined including carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. Examples of organisms that use each type are given along with diagrams of stomach structures.
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The Ruminant Digestive System INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THEI...
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TheRuminantDigestiveSystemDay2.ppt
The document discusses the digestive system of ruminant animals. It defines ruminants as animals with a multi-chambered stomach that allows them to break down forages and roughages. The ruminant digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum. The reticulum helps remove foreign matter while the rumen contains bacteria that break down cellulose and fiber through fermentation. Ruminants are able to regurgitate partially digested food and further break it down by chewing their cud.
Digestive system Lecture.pdf
The document discusses the digestive systems of various animal groups. It notes that herbivores have evolved modifications like foregut or hindgut fermentation to break down hard to digest plant materials. Ruminants in particular have a complex, multi-chambered stomach adapted for bacterial fermentation. Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts than herbivores as meat is more easily digested. The document also describes variations in dentition between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores related to their different diets.
pathology of rumen -- Fahad.docx
The rumen is the largest compartment of the ruminant stomach. It is located on the left side of the animal's body and extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. The rumen has several lobes and is responsible for fermenting ingested food with microbes like bacteria and protozoa. This breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler compounds that can be absorbed. The rumen also stores food and regulates nutrient flow. Diseases that can affect the rumen include acidosis from too much grain, inflammation (rumenitis), gas buildup (bloat or tympany), and infections from parasites, fungi or bacteria that can cause abscesses.
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS -2 (CLASS-VII) NCERT
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Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
Ppt stephin
The document discusses nutrition in various lower animals including amoeba, hydra, and planaria. It describes their structures, modes of nutrition, and digestive processes. Amoeba obtains nutrition through holozoic means, ingesting and digesting food intracellularly using food vacuoles. Hydra's mouth opens to a gastrocoel cavity containing glandular cells that secrete enzymes, aiding both extracellular and intracellular digestion. Planaria has a tube-like alimentary canal with a branching intestinal system for digestion, absorption, and distribution of food throughout its body.
12 Comparitive Digestion
The document summarizes different types of digestive systems among herbivores and other animals. It divides herbivores into two categories: hindgut fermenters like non-ruminants which have long intestines containing bacteria to aid digestion, and foregut fermenters like ruminants which have an enlarged rumen in the stomach to break down plant matter. Ruminants digest food through a two-step process of chewing, swallowing, and then regurgitating food to be re-chewed before full digestion.
animal_fermenters.pdf
This document summarizes animal fermentation processes. It discusses how herbivorous animals rely on symbiotic microbes in their digestive tracts to break down cellulose from plant matter. There are two main types of fermentation - hindgut fermentation, which occurs in the cecum and large intestine of animals like horses, and foregut fermentation (rumination) which occurs in the multi-chambered stomachs of ruminants like cows. In both cases, dense microbial communities produce enzymes that digest cellulose and other plant fibers, allowing nutrients to be absorbed higher up in the animal's digestive system.
digestive system of ruminants.pptx
The document discusses the digestive system of ruminants. Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach that helps them digest plant food through a process called rumination. The four chambers are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen stores grass and grain and absorbs nutrients. Food moves between the chambers and intestines through contractions and the esophagus allows bidirectional movement. This unique digestive system allows ruminants to break down and extract nutrition from plant matter.
Animal Digestive System
The document describes three main types of digestive systems - monogastric, avian, and ruminant. The monogastric system has a single stomach and is found in humans, pigs, horses and rabbits. The avian system in birds has no teeth and includes specialized organs like the crop, proventriculus and muscular gizzard. The ruminant system is characterized by its four chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum) that allows ruminants like cattle to digest roughage. Pseudo-ruminants like horses also digest roughage but do not have a multi-chambered stomach.
Gi morphology
The cow's digestive system starts with ingestion of food through the mouth. The food is then swallowed into the first of four compartments of the stomach called the rumen. In the rumen, billions of microbes break down cellulose and other complex carbohydrates in the food through fermentation. Partially digested food is regurgitated and rechewed as cud before being swallowed again for further microbial digestion. Next, food moves to the other stomach compartments for additional digestion and absorption of water and nutrients. Finally, digesta enters the small intestine where most absorption occurs before moving to the large intestine and anus for waste excretion.
Digestive system classifications
This document summarizes the key points from a course on animal nutrition:
- It outlines the course objectives which include understanding digestive systems, nutritional needs, and diseases for various species.
- It lists the required resources and assignments which are two exams, three student projects, and a final exam.
- It describes the two main classifications of digestive systems based on food source and stomach type including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and their digestive features.
Orientation & Animal Classifications
This document summarizes the key points from a course on animal nutrition:
- It outlines the course objectives which include understanding different digestive systems and the nutritional needs of various animal species.
- It lists the required resources and assignments which include textbooks, exams, and student projects.
- It describes the main types of digestive systems based on food source and stomach type, including monogastric and ruminant systems.
- It provides details on the structure and functions of the monogastric stomach and each compartment of the ruminant stomach.
Session 1 Orientation And Animal Classifications
This document summarizes the key points from a course on animal nutrition:
- It outlines the course objectives which include understanding different digestive systems, nutritional needs of various species, and nutritional diseases.
- It describes the textbook and other resources required for the course.
- It provides an overview of the classifications of digestive systems based on food source and stomach type, and describes the monogastric and ruminant digestive systems in particular.
Chapter 27.1
1) Animals obtain food through various methods such as filter feeding, detritivory, carnivory, herbivory, and nutritional symbiosis.
2) Digestion can occur intracellularly through specialized cells or extracellularly through digestive tracts and gastrovascular cavities. Digestive tracts break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion.
3) Mouthparts and digestive systems are specialized for different diets. Herbivores have adaptations for grinding plants while carnivores have sharp teeth for tearing meat. Herbivores also rely on microbial symbionts to aid in digestion.
CLASS 10 CH 5 LIFE PROCESSES NOTES EX.pdf
The document discusses different modes of nutrition in living organisms. It describes heterotrophic nutrition where organisms depend on other organisms for food. The three types of heterotrophic nutrition are parasitic, saprophytic, and holozoic. Parasitic organisms harm their hosts, saprophytes feed on dead and decaying matter, and holozoic organisms ingest complex foods. Holozoic nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. Examples of different organisms and their modes of nutrition are provided, including the human digestive system.
Salamanders and bats by chirag dhankhar hrc
This document provides information about salamanders and bats. It discusses their classification, features, habitats, life cycles, and more. For salamanders, it notes they are amphibians in the order Caudata found in temperate regions. It describes their skin absorption of water and moist habitat needs. For bats, it distinguishes mega and micro bats, with mega bats in tropical areas and micro bats worldwide. It discusses bats roosting in caves, forests, and buildings. Their respiratory, circulatory and other systems are adapted for flight. Both salamanders and bats have adaptations and face threats to their conservation.
Similar to Rumen (20)
Biology - chapter 6 ( ruminant and rodent ) form 4..
Biology - chapter 6 ( ruminant and rodent ) form 4..
The Ruminant Digestive System INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THEI...
The Ruminant Digestive System INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THEI...
More from Dr. sreeremya S
Offf shore wind park
Trends in the geometric size and rated power capacity of offshore wind turbines, the main components of an OWT system, encompassing a typical monopile foundation, the substructure, transition piece, the tower, rotor blades and nacelle (hub). Modern OWTs are installed with either pitch-regulated blades or variable rotational speed systems in order to allow optimisation of the power production over a wide range of prevailing wind speeds. The rotational speed of the main rotor shaft is typically between about 10 and 20 rp. Key electromechanical components of the wind turbine, including the gearbox and the generator (Roberts et al.,2007). The gearbox may cause efficiency losses for the wind turbine and is the particular source of the noise. Recent developments in the design of permanent magnet generators have made it possible to construct some types of wind turbines without the requirement for a gearbox. In this case, the rotor is mainly connected directly to a low-speed multi-pole generator that rotates at the same speed, termed the direct-drive unit. Removing the gearbox mainly removes one of the key components requiring more maintenance, and that is mainly prone to failure. This simplification of the mechanical part allows reductions in size and the mass of the nacelle (Gilling, 2009).
Plant based bifuel
The source of energy captured by plants is the sun, which will be the constant source of energy for the next few billion years. The carbon released from the burning of biofuels is continually cycled rather than being released from the ancient fixed carbon sources, as is the case for fossil petroleum and natural gas. The problem is that the cost of the production of fuels from lignocellulose and plant oils is high and this nascent industry cannot compete with the oil prices. Current progress: For the past two decades, ethanol has been synthesized primarily from cornstarch and cane sugar. Fourteen billion gallons of ethanol were synthesized in the USA from cornstarch in 2014. Approximately 40% of the current USA corn crop is availed to produce ethanol and is not likely to expand anymore, because the remainder of the crop is being availed for animal feed and human food. Ethanol is produced from cane sugar in Brazil at a level of 7.2 billion gallons in the year 2014. The renewable energy source is the major terrain to be considered (Sreeremya, 2019).
Agroforestry
Agroforestry has a high potential for simultaneously satisfying three important objectives viz., protecting and also stabilizing the ecosystems; producing a high level of output of economic goods; and improving the income and basic materials to the rural population. It has helped in the rehabilitation of the degraded lands on the one hand and has increased farm productivity on the other. At present, agroforestry meets almost half of the demand for fuelwood, 2/3 of the small timber, approx. 70-80 per cent wood for plywood, 60 per cent raw material for paper pulp and approx. 9-11 per cent of the green fodder requirement of livestock, besides meeting the subsistence needs of the households for food, fruit, fiber, medicine etc.
Phenylthiocarbamide (ptc)
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a bitter tasting chemical compound that some people can taste while others cannot. The ability to taste PTC is determined by a single gene and is inherited in a dominant fashion, with tasters having the genotype TT and non-tasters having tt. Studies have found differences in the frequency of the tasting allele between different human populations. Characterizing the exact PTC gene could help further examine its associations with food preferences and certain medical disorders.
Initial corrosion behavior of element copper in atmospheric environment
Copper and copper-based alloys encompassing brasses (Cu-Zn) and bronzes (Cu-Sn)are widely used in different industrial and the societal applications. They are common engineering materials in modern architecture and primarily availed for roofing and facade cladding due to their significance of visual appearance (important from an architectural perspective in terms of the design or during renovation of modern or ancient cultural building), ductility, malleability, the atmospheric corrosion resistance and long-term performance. When exposed to air, the copper forms a brownish-green or greenish blue corrosion layer, often denoted as the patina. Copper patina is commonly known as an aesthetically pleasing surface, and one reason for the extensive use of the copper metal and copper-based alloys in both the ancient and modern architecture. One of the most famous examples is the Statue of Liberty in the harbor of the New York, US.
Bronze alloys are the family of copper-based alloys traditionally alloyed with tin. Bronze alloys are of the exceptional historic interest and still finds wide applications.
Green chemistry
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Thermoluminescence
Thermoluminescence is light emission from materials when they are heated after being exposed to radiation. This phenomenon was discovered in photosynthetic materials in the 1950s. The document discusses the use of thermoluminescence to study the effects of various chemicals on photosystem II activity in Chlorella cells. It finds good correlation between reduced photosystem II activity and algal growth inhibition for most chemicals. The document provides an overview of the history and development of using thermoluminescence to study photosynthesis, including identification of components involved in generating the glow curves observed. It describes how cooling and heating photosynthetic membranes in the dark produces light emission at distinct temperatures.
Corona virus current scenario
Corona virus was first identified as the cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 510 patients presented with flu-like symptoms. Virological analyses showed that 3.7% of these cases were positive for the HCoV-NL63 strain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Until 2002, the corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus; however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in the Guangdong province in China, which resulted in spread to many other countries, encompassing Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong Singapore, and the United States of America, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and high mortality rates in over 1000 -1100 patients.
Air purifying plants
In the modern times pollution has become the biggest menace for the survival of the biological species. There are different types of pollution e.g. air, water, soil, sound and mental pollution. Earth was the beautiful landscape but man has ruthlessly exploited for his greed specially, in the last century. With sporadic industrialization and random urbanization environmental pollution has become the serious problem. Over exploitation of open spaces, ever-increasing number of automobiles and the demographic pressure has further aggravated the problem. There are different ways and means to mitigate the urban environmental pollution. Plan-ting of trees and the shrubs for abatement of pollution and improvement of environment is a much effective way and well recognized throughout the world. Earlier, the purpose of planting trees in the urban areas was purely aesthetic (Sheldon et al., 1988a). The incessant increase of urban environmental pollution has necessitated to typically reconsider the whole approach of urban landscaping and its orientation in the order to achieve duel effect i.e. bio-aesthetics and mitigation of pollution.
Relation between haemorrhoids and constipation
Patients frequently complain of bleeding with or without the defecation, a swelling, mild discomfort or irritation. Other symptoms may include soilage or the mucous discharge, pruritis, difficulties with the hygiene, and a sense of incomplete evacuation. Internal hemorrhoids are otherwise painless unless they are mainly thrombosed, prolapsed with edema, or strangulated. External hemorrhoids result in pain when the thrombosis occurs and bleeding if ulceration occurs from pressure necrosis. Skin tags may form from the prior acutely edematous or the thrombosed external haemorrhoids (Johanson et al., 1990
Local food environment and obesity
Given the rapid aggrandize, it has been postulated the environment has a key role in the causation of obesity. Factors such as the neighborhood-scale features (referred to as the built environment) have been mainly identified as influencing diet and physical activity (2). Of particular the importance to this framework are features of the food environment (FE), thus constituting barriers and opportunities to food sources of the varying nutritional quality and energy density (3). The FE is delineated as the physical presence of food that can mainly influence a person’s diet (4). Contributing to the FE is the proximity to food store locations such as mainly the restaurants (fast-food, full service, and bars and pubs) and the retail outlets (food markets/grocery stores and liquor stores). Fast- food establishments generally have foods of lower nutritional quality and higher caloric density than the home-prepared foods (3). Early studies have reported fast-food restaurants to be more common in the neighborhoods with a higher prevalence of obesity. However, more recent studies have been melanged,
Adverse conditon provided for influenza virus (mutated
THIS MUTATED INFLUENZA VIRUS CAN BE TREATED IN PH1-2 . TO CHECK THE LYSIS OF THE VIRUS
SIMULATING THE INTERFERON ACTIVITY HAS TO BE DONE SIMULTANEOUSLY.
Cellulosic bmw
The document discusses cellulosic biomedical waste. It notes that while 76-90% of biomedical waste is non-hazardous, the remaining 10-26% is hazardous to humans, animals, and the environment if not handled properly. Major hospitals generate substantial amounts of biomedical waste, as do smaller facilities like nursing homes and clinics. Common disposal methods like incineration and landfilling are expensive and less environmentally friendly. The Government of India established rules in 1998 to regulate the handling and disposal of biomedical waste, including categories and proper procedures. Key steps for management include segregation by color, storage, transportation, and final treatment or disposal.
Corona virus current scenario (theoretical outlook)
This document discusses the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It provides background on coronaviruses, noting they were first identified in 1960 and can cause respiratory illnesses like SARS. The current coronavirus emerged in China in late 2019 and has since spread globally, killing hundreds daily. While studies on animals are limited, research aims to develop treatments like RNA silencing. Prevention efforts are led by CDC and WHO. Coronaviruses can spread through airborne droplets and contact with infected animals or humans. Further research is needed to fully understand transmission and develop effective treatments.
Kite turbine for wind energy
INTRODUCTION
As people have seen, the giant industrial wind farms, small household wind turbines, and also everything in between are erecting all over the places. In 2012, the electricity capacity from the wind power in the total electric capacity is about 7.2% in EU, 2.0% in China, and 3.6% in US. Nevertheless, most people agree that wind energy should claim much greater share of the future energy supply. For eg:-, the United States is working on an ambitious target of 21% total electricity capacity by 2030. Indeed, wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources today and also in the foreseeable future. However, findings a suitable site to build the wind farm or simply set up the wind turbine is not always easy. The wind must be strong and must be consistent; the tower cannot obstruct the view; and the noise cannot disturb the local residence. Due to the fast growth of the population, it is aggrandizingly difficult to find a suitable place that is proper for a wind turbine yet will not interfere with the people’s everyday life (Srensen et al., 2002).
Electro hybrid system
INTRODUCTION
A lot of basic concepts, technologies and pioneering solutions aiming on very high power densities were mainly developed within the last 20 years. Sometimes this is denoted as the mechatronic system integration or simply as mechatronics. Besides many of the technical aspects, the movings within the value chain represent the great challenge in this process. This is because traditionally defined between electronic device and the power module manufacturers, electronics assemblers, and the metalworking industry will blur or slowly disappear. However, the pressure to go this path increases. If one thinks, e.g., about the hybrid drive as an upgrade option for conventional passenger cars, one is directly faced with the lack of construction space as one of the main serious problems (Alkuhayli et al., 2012).
Excess maize in diet and pellagra
Pellagra may also occur as the result of a variety of (relatively rare) conditions affecting tryptophan metabolism and as a side-effect of the number of drugs that inhibit tryptophan metabolism. In alcoholics, it is unclear whether pellagra is the result of an impairment of tryptophan and the niacin metabolism directly attributable to alcohol, or whether it reflects general under nutrition among the people who obtain a considerable proportion on their energy needs from alcohol, and hence have the low intake of (nutrient rich) foods(Goldberger et al.,1922a).
SYMPTOMS
The major symptoms of pellagra are dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. This is because niacin deficiency is most noticeable in the body parts with high rates of cell turnover, such as the skin or gastrointestinal tract (Goldberger et al., 1923).
Combined effect of walking and forest
The growing interest in the environmental stress has been accompanied by a rapid accumulation of evidence indicating that the environment can elicit substantial stress in people living in urban environments. Furthermore, it is widely conceived that the natural environment can enhance human health. There have been several questionnaire studies and investigations on the psychological effects of forest environments. A previous study found an enhancement of the positive emotions among subjects who were shown pictures of natural environments. Moreover, other researches have also found that forest environments improve the psychological wellbeing of people
Liquid biopsies
As the techniques that have enabled us to analyses and assess a biopsy become ever more sophisticated, we have realised the limitations of looking at the single snap-shot of the tumour. This single-biopsy bias was highlighted in which it was mainly demonstrated that a portion taken from different parts of a primary tumour and its metastases showed and proved extensive intertumoural and intratumoural evolution. This tumoural heterogeneity mainly highlights the difficulty of dictating a therapeutic course of action based on the single biopsy, as it is likely to underestimate the ramification of the genomic landscape of the tumour (Chomczynski et al., 2016).Having established that there is mainly considerable tumour heterogeneity, taking multiple biopsies from the patients‘ primary tumour and the metastases would seem to be the most obvious next step. There are so much difficulties in obtaining the tissue biopsy— including the discomfort suffered by the patient, the inherent clinical risks to the patient
Rivivna humilis berry extract as fungal source
The introduction of the mankind had marked the continuous exploitation of the plants as organisms and their products for the pharmacological prospects and key features (Guha et al., 1999). In most of the agronomic domains around the globe, the conventional modes of the treatment are still in exercise and also in upcoming research (Srivastava et al., 2003).
These approaches most commonly exploit the various dynamics and much specific potential and applications of plant extracts (Bonde et al., 2007) . The distinctions of the first and foremost large-scale screening of the green plants evaluate and also assess the antimicrobial activity of 2,300 plants (Nautiyal et al., 1984).
Dyeing is an ancient and traditional art which predates written records. It was practised specifically during the Bronze Age in Europe (Sreeremya, 2016). Conventional dyeing techniques encompassed sticking plants to fabric or rubbing crushed pigments into cloth.
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Initial corrosion behavior of element copper in atmospheric environment
Initial corrosion behavior of element copper in atmospheric environment
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
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Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyOptimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionRecently uploaded (20)
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Rumen
- 3. Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions. The process typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is calledrumination. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". There are about 150 species of ruminants, which include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, goats,sheep, giraffes, yaks, deer, camels, ll amas, antelope, and some macropods.
- 4. Taxonomically, the suborder Ruminantia (also known as Ruminants) is a lineage of herbivorous artiodactylas that includes the most advanced and widespread of the world's ungulates.The term 'ruminant' is not synonymous with Ruminantia. Suborder Ruminantiaincludes many ruminant species, but does not include tylopods and marsupials, which are technically ruminants.
- 5. Food digestion in the simple stomach of non-ruminant animals versus ruminants
- 6. The primary difference between a ruminant and non-ruminant is that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach. The four parts of the stomach are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud or bolus.
- 7. The cud is then regurgitated and chewed to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Fiber, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down in these chambers by microbes (mostly bacteria, as well as some protozoa, fungi and yeast) into the three volatile fatty acids (VFAs): acetic acid, propionic acid andbutyric acid. Protein and non-structural carbohydrate (pectin, sugars, starches) are also fermented.
- 8. Classification and Taxonomy Hofmann and Stewart divided ruminants into three major categories based on their feed type and feeding habits: concentrate selectors; intermediate types; and grass/roughage eaters, with the assumption that feeding habits in ruminants cause morphological differences in their digestive systems, including salivary glands, rumen size, and rumen papillae
- 9. There are also pseudoruminants, which have a three-compartment stomach instead of four like ruminants. Tylopoda (comprising Camelids) and Hippopotamidae (comprisinghippopotami) are well known examples. Pseudoruminants, like traditional ruminants, are foregut fermentors and most ruminate or chew cud. However, their anatomy and method of digestion differs significantly from that of a four-chambered ruminant.