Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires and allow the safe evacuation of occupants as well as protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. This paper describes the design and development of a fire detection and alert system. Temperature and flame sensors are used to indicate the occurrence of fire. This work consists of two parts, which are transmitter and receiver, both using ZigBee wireless technology. Arduino Uno is used as the microcontroller at the transmitter part to control the sensor nodes and give alert when over temperature and flame are detected. At the transmitter, the collected data from the sensors are transmitted by an XBee module operated as router node. At the receiver side, an XBee coordinator module which is attached to a computer using USB to serial communication captured the data for further processing. In addition, an interactive and user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed. LabVIEW software is used to design the GUI which displays and analyze the possibility of fire happening. The system can display the fire location and provides early warning to allow occupants to escape the building safely.
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM using IR LED and BUZZERShihab Hasnine
This document describes an automatic fire alarm circuit using an IR LED and buzzer. The key components are an IR LED, which transmits infrared radiation, a buzzer to sound the alarm, and a 9V battery. When the IR path is obstructed, such as by smoke in a fire, the buzzer will sound to alert of the potential fire. The circuit works by having the IR LED on one side of a door frame and an IR sensor on the other - under normal conditions the sensor receives the IR radiation, but if the path is blocked the buzzer will activate the alarm.
This document provides an overview of infrared technology and its applications in sensing and remote controls. It describes the basic components of an infrared detection system, including infrared sources like LEDs, transmission media, optical components, infrared detectors, and signal processing. It then discusses the specific components used in an example infrared obstacle detection circuit, including an IR LED, photodiode, op-amp, and potentiometer for threshold adjustment. The circuit detects objects by measuring changes in received infrared light intensity.
This document discusses state-space representation of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It defines system state, state equations, and output equations. The key points are:
1) State equations describe the dynamics of a system using first-order differential equations relating state variables. Output equations relate outputs to state variables and inputs.
2) For LTI systems, the state equations can be written in matrix form as dx/dt = Ax + Bu, and output equations as y = Cx + Du.
3) Block diagrams can be constructed from the state-space model, with integrators for each state variable and blocks representing the A, B, C, and D matrices.
The document describes a voice-based home automation system that uses an Android app and Arduino board. The app recognizes voice commands to control devices connected to the Arduino via relays. The Arduino is connected to lights, fans, and other appliances and can turn them on/off based on the voice commands sent from the Android app via Bluetooth. The system was created as a student project and future enhancements could include using Zigbee wireless technology and controlling actual AC appliances.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
This project report describes the design and components of a 12V DC to 220V AC converter. The key components are an inverter, step-up transformer, rechargeable battery, battery charger, resistors, capacitors, transistors, LED bulb, and MOSFET. The inverter uses an oscillator and amplifier circuit with MOSFETs to generate a 50Hz square wave that is stepped up by the transformer to 220V AC. The battery provides 12V DC power input and can be recharged by the battery charger. The converter effectively powers loads up to 85W by converting stored DC battery power to a 220V AC output.
This document discusses plane wave reflection from a media interface. It begins by introducing the concepts of reflection and transmission coefficients which describe how much of an incident wave is reflected or transmitted at a boundary. It then examines plane wave reflection at normal incidence, deriving expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields in two lossy media. Boundary conditions requiring the tangential field components to be continuous are applied to obtain equations relating the reflection and transmission coefficients to the material properties on either side of the interface.
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM using IR LED and BUZZERShihab Hasnine
This document describes an automatic fire alarm circuit using an IR LED and buzzer. The key components are an IR LED, which transmits infrared radiation, a buzzer to sound the alarm, and a 9V battery. When the IR path is obstructed, such as by smoke in a fire, the buzzer will sound to alert of the potential fire. The circuit works by having the IR LED on one side of a door frame and an IR sensor on the other - under normal conditions the sensor receives the IR radiation, but if the path is blocked the buzzer will activate the alarm.
This document provides an overview of infrared technology and its applications in sensing and remote controls. It describes the basic components of an infrared detection system, including infrared sources like LEDs, transmission media, optical components, infrared detectors, and signal processing. It then discusses the specific components used in an example infrared obstacle detection circuit, including an IR LED, photodiode, op-amp, and potentiometer for threshold adjustment. The circuit detects objects by measuring changes in received infrared light intensity.
This document discusses state-space representation of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It defines system state, state equations, and output equations. The key points are:
1) State equations describe the dynamics of a system using first-order differential equations relating state variables. Output equations relate outputs to state variables and inputs.
2) For LTI systems, the state equations can be written in matrix form as dx/dt = Ax + Bu, and output equations as y = Cx + Du.
3) Block diagrams can be constructed from the state-space model, with integrators for each state variable and blocks representing the A, B, C, and D matrices.
The document describes a voice-based home automation system that uses an Android app and Arduino board. The app recognizes voice commands to control devices connected to the Arduino via relays. The Arduino is connected to lights, fans, and other appliances and can turn them on/off based on the voice commands sent from the Android app via Bluetooth. The system was created as a student project and future enhancements could include using Zigbee wireless technology and controlling actual AC appliances.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
This project report describes the design and components of a 12V DC to 220V AC converter. The key components are an inverter, step-up transformer, rechargeable battery, battery charger, resistors, capacitors, transistors, LED bulb, and MOSFET. The inverter uses an oscillator and amplifier circuit with MOSFETs to generate a 50Hz square wave that is stepped up by the transformer to 220V AC. The battery provides 12V DC power input and can be recharged by the battery charger. The converter effectively powers loads up to 85W by converting stored DC battery power to a 220V AC output.
This document discusses plane wave reflection from a media interface. It begins by introducing the concepts of reflection and transmission coefficients which describe how much of an incident wave is reflected or transmitted at a boundary. It then examines plane wave reflection at normal incidence, deriving expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields in two lossy media. Boundary conditions requiring the tangential field components to be continuous are applied to obtain equations relating the reflection and transmission coefficients to the material properties on either side of the interface.
The document defines a tie-set as a set of branches that form a closed path or loop in a graph containing one link and remaining twigs. A tie-set is also known as a fundamental circuit or f-circuit. The number of tie-sets or loops in a graph equals the number of links. A tie-set matrix describes how branches constitute loops in a graph using an ordered list and reference direction for each loop. Examples of tie-set matrices for different trees are provided.
This document describes the circuit diagram and components of a 100 watt inverter. It uses an IC CD4047 and MOSFET IRF540. The CD4047 produces two out-of-phase pulse trains that control the gates of the MOSFETs, allowing current to alternately flow through the top and bottom halves of the transformer primary. This converts the DC battery power to an AC output. The circuit is simple and low-cost. Resistors prevent the IC from being loaded by the MOSFETs. The document also provides details on the operation and specifications of key components like resistors, capacitors, and the CD4047 IC.
Design and Analysis of PID and Fuzzy-PID Controller for Voltage Control of DC...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
DC microgrids are desired to provide the electricity for the remote areas which are far from the main grid. The microgrid creates the open horizontal environment to interconnect the distributed generation especially photovoltaic (PV). The stochastic nature of the PV output power introduces the large fluctuations of the power and voltage in the microgrid and forced to introduce the controller for voltage stability. There are many control strategies to control the voltage of a DC microgrid in the literature. In this paper the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic PID (FL-PID) controller has been designed and compared in term of performance. Performance measures like maximum overshoot and settling time of FL-PID compared with the PID proved that the former is better controller. The controllers are designed and simulated in the MATLAB programming environment. The controllers has been tested for the real time data obtained from Pecan Street Project, University of Texas at Austin USA.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explore the various semiconductor injection laser diode structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier simulation (with/without filter capacitor)Jaspreet Singh
1) The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor.
2) It explains how the circuit works by using 4 diodes to convert an AC input voltage into a DC output voltage that only contains the positive half of the sinusoidal wave.
3) The summary compares the results with and without a filter capacitor, noting that the capacitor reduces the ripple in the output when used.
Electronics engineering is an important and growing field that impacts everyday life. Electronics engineers design devices like phones, computers, and communication systems using science, math, and engineering techniques. Studying electronics engineering provides opportunities to create electrical systems that help millions of people. Careers in electronics include positions as electronics engineers, communication engineers, design engineers, and more in both government sectors like ISRO and private companies like Samsung. The field of electronics engineering continues to expand with new technologies and remains in high demand.
Oscillators provide a sustained oscillating output signal through the use of positive feedback. There are several types of oscillators including LC oscillators which use an LC tank circuit as a resonator to control the frequency. The design of oscillators involves considerations for frequency control and stability, amplitude limits, isolation of the output, and bias circuits. Simulation methods for analyzing oscillators include examining the open loop gain through AC analysis and observing the closed loop response through transient or harmonic balance simulation.
Arduino based Home Automation System with AndroidSayan Seth
This document describes an Arduino-based home automation system using Android and Bluetooth. The system allows controlling electrical devices like lights and appliances remotely using an Android app over Bluetooth. It uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, Bluetooth module, sensors, relays and can automate functions like security and energy efficiency. The Android app is developed using MIT App Inventor and the Arduino code integrates the different components to enable remote home automation.
Time domain specifications of second order systemSyed Saeed
This document discusses time domain specifications of second order systems, including delay time, rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot, settling time, and steady state error. It provides equations to calculate these specifications for a unit step response. It also includes three examples of determining damping ratio, natural frequency, and percentage overshoot for different second order systems.
This document discusses transmission line theory and equations. It begins by introducing microwave frequencies and transmission lines. It then derives the transmission line equations that relate the voltage and current along the line to the line's per unit length resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance. These equations include the characteristic impedance and propagation constant. The document discusses how waves propagate on lossless transmission lines and the behavior of waves when the line is terminated by an impedance, including definitions of reflection coefficient and power flow.
1) Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time based on how they are defined over time. Continuous-time signals are defined for every instant in time while discrete-time signals are defined at discrete time instances.
2) A system is defined as a set of elements or devices that produce an output response to an input signal. The relationship between input and output signals is represented by a system operator.
3) Signals and systems can be further classified based on their properties, such as being deterministic or random, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and more. Basic operations on signals include time scaling, time reversal, and time shifting.
The document describes the key components of television cameras and how they work. It discusses different types of camera pickup tubes including vidicons and plumbicons. Vidicons use a photoconductive target while plumbicons have faster response times and can produce high quality pictures at low light levels. Later, charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras replaced tubes and allowed for miniaturization. Color cameras use three separate electron guns and a shadow mask or aperture grille to separate the red, green, and blue phosphor dots on the screen. Picture tubes use an electron beam and deflection yoke to display the image on phosphors on the inside of the screen.
The document discusses different types of DC-DC converters, including step-down buck converters which lower voltage, step-up boost converters which raise voltage, and buck-boost converters which can lower or raise voltage. It provides information on buck converters over pages 7-9 and step-up boost converters over pages 10-12 before discussing buck-boost converters from pages 13-15.
The document discusses measuring voltage using an Arduino. An AC voltage is stepped down using a transformer whose primary winding is connected to the power supply and secondary winding to a voltage divider circuit. This further reduces the voltage level. A step-down transformer converts a high AC voltage like 230V to a lower 12V AC. Two voltage divider circuits are then used to step down the 12V to voltages within Arduino's 0-5V range - one produces 1.09V and the other 2.5V. The combined outputs of 3.59V and 1.41V from the voltage dividers fall within Arduino's operating range.
The document compares three common transistor configurations: common base (CB), common emitter (CE), and common collector (CC). It outlines the characteristics of each configuration, including their typical input and output impedances, current and voltage gains, phase inversion, and applications. A table summarizes the main parameters for each configuration, such as their voltage and current gains, power gains, phase inversion, and typical input and output impedances.
Chennai Metro Rail has finally commenced operations. Initially the stretch between Alandur-Koyambedu will be serviced by 9 trains. Routes & fares inside.
This document provides instructions on how to start an LED manufacturing business. It discusses why LED manufacturing is worthwhile due to advantages over traditional lighting like longer lifespan. It outlines the key steps to starting an LED business like obtaining certifications, licenses, permits and registering the business. It also discusses the machinery, materials, facilities and financing required. Finally, it provides an overview of the LED manufacturing process and future risks to consider in the growing but complex LED lighting market.
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER BY SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document describes a density-based traffic light controller that uses image processing and infrared sensors. It enhances traditional traffic lights by adjusting light durations based on detected vehicle density from 0-100% matching. This is done by acquiring images with cameras, converting to grayscale, enhancing the images, and analyzing them with edge detection to match images and control light conditions. The system aims to reduce vehicle wait times and conflicts at intersections in a low-cost way using a microcontroller rather than a PLC. In conclusion, the microcontroller-based design allows for accurate, independent and consistent timing at a lower cost than traditional controllers.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Aman Singh to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Rajkiya Engineering College in Bijnor, India. It provides an overview of Aman's 28 day training at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a state-run telecom company in India. The report acknowledges those who supported his training and provides a preface on the importance of practical exposure and vocational training. It then outlines the table of contents and includes sections on the components that make up telecom infrastructure and power supply systems, such as SMPS power plants, batteries, inverters, air conditioning and fire safety systems. Diagrams and explanations of major subsystems like float rect
Design and implementation smart home alarm system with zig bee transceiverzaidinvisible
This document describes a smart home alarm system designed using an Arduino microcontroller and Zigbee wireless technology. The system design uses various sensors - an LM35 temperature sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor, and infrared radiation sensor - connected to a sensor node that transmits sensor data to a base station using Zigbee. The base station receives the sensor data and can activate an alarm system if the sensor data indicates abnormal conditions. The system was implemented and tested successfully, providing a low-cost and low-power solution for remote home monitoring and alarm functions.
The document defines a tie-set as a set of branches that form a closed path or loop in a graph containing one link and remaining twigs. A tie-set is also known as a fundamental circuit or f-circuit. The number of tie-sets or loops in a graph equals the number of links. A tie-set matrix describes how branches constitute loops in a graph using an ordered list and reference direction for each loop. Examples of tie-set matrices for different trees are provided.
This document describes the circuit diagram and components of a 100 watt inverter. It uses an IC CD4047 and MOSFET IRF540. The CD4047 produces two out-of-phase pulse trains that control the gates of the MOSFETs, allowing current to alternately flow through the top and bottom halves of the transformer primary. This converts the DC battery power to an AC output. The circuit is simple and low-cost. Resistors prevent the IC from being loaded by the MOSFETs. The document also provides details on the operation and specifications of key components like resistors, capacitors, and the CD4047 IC.
Design and Analysis of PID and Fuzzy-PID Controller for Voltage Control of DC...Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
DC microgrids are desired to provide the electricity for the remote areas which are far from the main grid. The microgrid creates the open horizontal environment to interconnect the distributed generation especially photovoltaic (PV). The stochastic nature of the PV output power introduces the large fluctuations of the power and voltage in the microgrid and forced to introduce the controller for voltage stability. There are many control strategies to control the voltage of a DC microgrid in the literature. In this paper the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic PID (FL-PID) controller has been designed and compared in term of performance. Performance measures like maximum overshoot and settling time of FL-PID compared with the PID proved that the former is better controller. The controllers are designed and simulated in the MATLAB programming environment. The controllers has been tested for the real time data obtained from Pecan Street Project, University of Texas at Austin USA.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explore the various semiconductor injection laser diode structures. The material will be useful for KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier simulation (with/without filter capacitor)Jaspreet Singh
1) The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor.
2) It explains how the circuit works by using 4 diodes to convert an AC input voltage into a DC output voltage that only contains the positive half of the sinusoidal wave.
3) The summary compares the results with and without a filter capacitor, noting that the capacitor reduces the ripple in the output when used.
Electronics engineering is an important and growing field that impacts everyday life. Electronics engineers design devices like phones, computers, and communication systems using science, math, and engineering techniques. Studying electronics engineering provides opportunities to create electrical systems that help millions of people. Careers in electronics include positions as electronics engineers, communication engineers, design engineers, and more in both government sectors like ISRO and private companies like Samsung. The field of electronics engineering continues to expand with new technologies and remains in high demand.
Oscillators provide a sustained oscillating output signal through the use of positive feedback. There are several types of oscillators including LC oscillators which use an LC tank circuit as a resonator to control the frequency. The design of oscillators involves considerations for frequency control and stability, amplitude limits, isolation of the output, and bias circuits. Simulation methods for analyzing oscillators include examining the open loop gain through AC analysis and observing the closed loop response through transient or harmonic balance simulation.
Arduino based Home Automation System with AndroidSayan Seth
This document describes an Arduino-based home automation system using Android and Bluetooth. The system allows controlling electrical devices like lights and appliances remotely using an Android app over Bluetooth. It uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, Bluetooth module, sensors, relays and can automate functions like security and energy efficiency. The Android app is developed using MIT App Inventor and the Arduino code integrates the different components to enable remote home automation.
Time domain specifications of second order systemSyed Saeed
This document discusses time domain specifications of second order systems, including delay time, rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot, settling time, and steady state error. It provides equations to calculate these specifications for a unit step response. It also includes three examples of determining damping ratio, natural frequency, and percentage overshoot for different second order systems.
This document discusses transmission line theory and equations. It begins by introducing microwave frequencies and transmission lines. It then derives the transmission line equations that relate the voltage and current along the line to the line's per unit length resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance. These equations include the characteristic impedance and propagation constant. The document discusses how waves propagate on lossless transmission lines and the behavior of waves when the line is terminated by an impedance, including definitions of reflection coefficient and power flow.
1) Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time based on how they are defined over time. Continuous-time signals are defined for every instant in time while discrete-time signals are defined at discrete time instances.
2) A system is defined as a set of elements or devices that produce an output response to an input signal. The relationship between input and output signals is represented by a system operator.
3) Signals and systems can be further classified based on their properties, such as being deterministic or random, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and more. Basic operations on signals include time scaling, time reversal, and time shifting.
The document describes the key components of television cameras and how they work. It discusses different types of camera pickup tubes including vidicons and plumbicons. Vidicons use a photoconductive target while plumbicons have faster response times and can produce high quality pictures at low light levels. Later, charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras replaced tubes and allowed for miniaturization. Color cameras use three separate electron guns and a shadow mask or aperture grille to separate the red, green, and blue phosphor dots on the screen. Picture tubes use an electron beam and deflection yoke to display the image on phosphors on the inside of the screen.
The document discusses different types of DC-DC converters, including step-down buck converters which lower voltage, step-up boost converters which raise voltage, and buck-boost converters which can lower or raise voltage. It provides information on buck converters over pages 7-9 and step-up boost converters over pages 10-12 before discussing buck-boost converters from pages 13-15.
The document discusses measuring voltage using an Arduino. An AC voltage is stepped down using a transformer whose primary winding is connected to the power supply and secondary winding to a voltage divider circuit. This further reduces the voltage level. A step-down transformer converts a high AC voltage like 230V to a lower 12V AC. Two voltage divider circuits are then used to step down the 12V to voltages within Arduino's 0-5V range - one produces 1.09V and the other 2.5V. The combined outputs of 3.59V and 1.41V from the voltage dividers fall within Arduino's operating range.
The document compares three common transistor configurations: common base (CB), common emitter (CE), and common collector (CC). It outlines the characteristics of each configuration, including their typical input and output impedances, current and voltage gains, phase inversion, and applications. A table summarizes the main parameters for each configuration, such as their voltage and current gains, power gains, phase inversion, and typical input and output impedances.
Chennai Metro Rail has finally commenced operations. Initially the stretch between Alandur-Koyambedu will be serviced by 9 trains. Routes & fares inside.
This document provides instructions on how to start an LED manufacturing business. It discusses why LED manufacturing is worthwhile due to advantages over traditional lighting like longer lifespan. It outlines the key steps to starting an LED business like obtaining certifications, licenses, permits and registering the business. It also discusses the machinery, materials, facilities and financing required. Finally, it provides an overview of the LED manufacturing process and future risks to consider in the growing but complex LED lighting market.
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER BY SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document describes a density-based traffic light controller that uses image processing and infrared sensors. It enhances traditional traffic lights by adjusting light durations based on detected vehicle density from 0-100% matching. This is done by acquiring images with cameras, converting to grayscale, enhancing the images, and analyzing them with edge detection to match images and control light conditions. The system aims to reduce vehicle wait times and conflicts at intersections in a low-cost way using a microcontroller rather than a PLC. In conclusion, the microcontroller-based design allows for accurate, independent and consistent timing at a lower cost than traditional controllers.
The document is a summer training report submitted by Aman Singh to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Rajkiya Engineering College in Bijnor, India. It provides an overview of Aman's 28 day training at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a state-run telecom company in India. The report acknowledges those who supported his training and provides a preface on the importance of practical exposure and vocational training. It then outlines the table of contents and includes sections on the components that make up telecom infrastructure and power supply systems, such as SMPS power plants, batteries, inverters, air conditioning and fire safety systems. Diagrams and explanations of major subsystems like float rect
Design and implementation smart home alarm system with zig bee transceiverzaidinvisible
This document describes a smart home alarm system designed using an Arduino microcontroller and Zigbee wireless technology. The system design uses various sensors - an LM35 temperature sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor, and infrared radiation sensor - connected to a sensor node that transmits sensor data to a base station using Zigbee. The base station receives the sensor data and can activate an alarm system if the sensor data indicates abnormal conditions. The system was implemented and tested successfully, providing a low-cost and low-power solution for remote home monitoring and alarm functions.
Design and implementation smart home alarm system with zigbee transceiverzaidinvisible
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a smart home alarm system using Zigbee wireless technology. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller as the central controller connected to various sensor nodes to monitor temperature, gas levels, and security using an infrared sensor. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly between the nodes and controller using XBee Zigbee modules. The system provides remote monitoring capabilities and was tested to work effectively with a simple and achievable design that could be used to monitor and control smart home devices.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM BASED ON MCU FOR INDUSTRY APPLICATIONIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a proposed wireless fire alarm system based on Internet of Things technology using a microcontroller and infrared flame sensor.
2. When a fire is detected by the sensor, the system activates a local alarm, sends an SMS to the user, and calls the user. It also allows the user to check the home's status by sending an SMS to the system.
3. A prototype of the proposed system was created that successfully implemented the intended functionalities of detecting fire and alerting the user with an average latency of less than 30 seconds.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this
wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller.
DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WIRELESS FIRE SECURITY SENSOR NODES ijesajournal
A design of simple hardware circuit with different kind of fire sensors enables every user to use this wireless fire security system. The challenges in designing the nodes with various types of fire sensors are
discussed and the methods to overcome design problems are also analyzed. The circuit is interfaced with
the different types of sensor to sense different fire sources such as gas leakage, smoke, and heat. The cost,
circuit components, design requirements, power requirements of sensor node are minimized. The methods
to improve the quality of system to detect fire are analyzed. The system is fully controlled by the PIC
microcontroller. All the sensors and detectors are interconnected to PIC microcontroller by using various
types of interface circuits. The PIC microcontroller will continuously monitor all the sensors and if it senses
any security problem then the microcontroller will send the information to the PC central monitoring station wirelessly for a short distance of 300m indoor/1500m outdoor using zigbee technology. The gas
sensor, light sensor, smoke detector sensor, IR sensor, temperature & humidity sensor, fire sensor are interfaced with microcontroller to detect abnormal fire conditions in the environment in all possible ways.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and zig beezaidinvisible
1) The document presents a low-cost smart weather station system using Arduino, ZigBee wireless communication, and various sensors.
2) The weather station hardware includes an Arduino board, ZigBee modules, sensors for temperature, humidity, wind, pressure, rain, and dust. It transmits real-time sensor data via ZigBee to a receiving node.
3) The receiving node stores the data on an SD card and displays it on a touchscreen. Experimental results showed data transmission with minimal delay and accurate readings compared to online weather reports.
Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBeeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.
Low cost smart weather station using arduino and zig beezaidinvisible
This document presents the design and implementation of a low-cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBee technology. The weather station system includes an Arduino Uno board connected to sensors to measure temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, dust levels, and rainfall. The sensor data is transmitted using ZigBee modules from the weather station transmitter to the receiver. The receiver stores the real-time sensor readings on an SD card every second. The system provides wireless monitoring of weather conditions without internet connectivity over distances of up to 64 km using the ZigBee network.
The research team designed and built a proof-of-concept mesh network to collect environmental data from two sensors - a light sensor and a piezoelectric sensor - and display it to a base station laptop. The network connects the sensors to Arduino platforms which communicate wirelessly via XBee radios. A Python program formats and displays the sensor data for the user. While the network was able to successfully transmit sensor data, further work is needed to improve sensor reliability and network scalability for practical home implementation.
Design and implement a smart system to detect intruders and firing using IoT IJECEIAES
The security system is essential for occupants' convenience and protection from intruders and fire. Theft and fire are the most important requirement for the security system. The advancement of wireless sensor networks using IoTs increased the features in a security system and play an important role in daily life. In this paper, the proposed system is divided into two units. The first one about security which use to take snapshots by a camera whenever there is fire or intruders in the security zone and mail it to the owner every three seconds by using Arduino configured with MATLAB program. MATLAB program plays the main role to coordinate between sensors and to turn on/off the cameras. The second unit is about controlling the appliances and also the main door by using AVR microcontroller configured by CVAVR software that connected with Bluetooth sensor and controlled by a smartphone by using the implementation software built-up in the smartphone. To arrival of the control unit, the user should send code from the software implementation to the framework that use to turn on/off the devices or open/close the door. This proposed system is designed and implemented in details in this paper.
The document describes a project report for an IoT based fire alarm system using ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules and MQTT. The system uses temperature and flame sensors to detect fire outbreaks and sends alerts to a control station over Wi-Fi to trigger actuators like buzzers for response. The sensors monitor physical quantities which are processed by an ESP8266 microcontroller and sent via MQTT to notify authorities and allow remote monitoring and control of the system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Home Automation using IoT: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for home automation and security. It discusses how IoT allows devices in the home to be controlled remotely through a smartphone app and can automate tasks. The document also reviews different approaches others have taken to implement smart home security systems using sensors and microcontrollers connected to the Internet. It describes the typical architecture of an IoT system including sensor, network, and application layers. Finally, it summarizes several research papers on developing smart home and kitchen monitoring systems using technologies like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and sensors for functions like detecting fires, gas leaks, and intruders.
Earlier Detection of Forest Fire Using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for the earlier detection of forest fires using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses sensors like a temperature sensor and flame sensor connected to an Arduino Nano microcontroller. When the temperature rises above a threshold or a flame is detected, the data is sent via a GSM module to a cloud server. This allows for fires to be detected sooner compared to existing manual monitoring methods. A literature review discusses several previous studies that used techniques like wireless sensor networks, image processing, and LoRa technology for forest fire detection and monitoring. The proposed system aims to provide faster and more accurate detection of fires to help reduce damage and inform firefighters.
Design of a prototype for sending fire notifications in homes using fuzzy log...IJECEIAES
This paper highlights the need to address fire monitoring in densely populated urban areas using innovative technology, in particular, the internet of things (IoT). The proposed methodology combines data collection through sensors with instant notifications via text messages and images through the user’s email. This strategy allows a fast and efficient response, with message delivery times varying from 1 to 4 seconds on Internet connections. It was observed that the time to send notifications on 3G networks is three times longer compared to Wi-Fi networks, and in some 3G tests, the connection was interrupted. Therefore, the use of Wi-Fi is recommended to avoid significant delays and possible bandwidth issues. The implementation of fuzzy logic in the ESP32 microcontroller facilitates the identification of critical parameters to classify notifications of possible fires and the sending of evidence through images via email. This approach successfully validated the results of the algorithm by providing end users with detailed emails containing information on temperature, humidity, gas presence and a corresponding image as evidence. Taken together, these findings support the effectiveness and potential of this innovative solution for fire monitoring and prevention in densely populated urban areas.
Design and implementation home security system and monitoring by using wirele...IJECEIAES
The dramatic advancments on communication and networking technologies have led to the emergence of Internet-of-Things (IoT). IoT technology has opened the door for various applications. In particular, the home automation was one of the common applications that took the advantage of IoT. Several research efforts have addressed the home automation system using IoT covering wide range of functionalities. One of the concerning tasks is providing a secure system that can give alarms for suspicious activities within the house. This paper presents a secure house system based on IoT where several activities are being sensed and detected. Specifically, gas, humidity, body temperature and motion have been considered within the sensing based on two main types of micro-controller including Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Consequentially, an Android prototype has bene developed in order to give an interactive interface for warning the house owner regarding any suscpicious activities. Results of simulation demonstrated the efficancy of the proposed system.
Abstract: A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.(or) The concept of internetworking of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data is defined as “Internet of things”.It is the basic necessity for developing a smart environment in which all the physical appliances communicate with each other to deliver ease of living reducing the manual work up to a great extent. This inter-connected smart environment is the future of electronic universe enabling sophistication to all the time consuming manual data transfers and instructions carried out by the mankind. The infrastructure of information society depends up on IOT, enhancing the opportunities for more direct integration between physical and cyber world. Therefore, ultimately providing improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefits.
Keywords: Internet of things, sensors, worldwide controlling, windows application, Internet monitoring, smart sensor calibration.
Title: Smart Home Automation Using IOT (Internet OF Things)
Author: Mr. Jawwad Khizar Patel, Mr. Mohammed Abdul Moyeed, Mr. Syed Ahmed Zayaanuddin, Mr. Mohammed, Mrs E. Shilpa
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
Performance Evaluation of Smart Home System using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Nowadays, many researches have been conducted on smart home. Smart home control system (SHCS) can be integrated into an existing home appliances to reduce the need for human intervention, increase security and energy efficiency. We have proposed a smart home system using internet of things and four types of sensors, including PIR, temperature, ultrasonic, and smoke gas sensor for automatic environmental control and intrustion detection. In this paper, the performance of the previously developed prototype of smart home system will be evaluated. First, experiments on various sensors will be conducted. Next, the communicaton channel using wireless and Ethernet modules will be discussed. Moreover, the overall SHCS will be evaluated in terms of hardware and software performance. Additionaly, solar charger enhances the availability of our prototype system. Results showed the effectiveness of our proposed smart home system in the prototype and real life experiments.
Similar to Intelligent fire detection and alert system using labVIEW (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Intelligent fire detection and alert system using labVIEW (Fakrulradzi Idris)
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wireless system is its portability. This means that it can be installed anywhereand easy to modify when there
is need to update the layout of the building. Wireless fire alarms can also be moved around as required to
obtain the best protection possible. However, wireless fire alarms have range restrictions. For large building
or areas, a wireless system can have an issue with transmitting information to the main control panel.
There are many works that investigated fire detection system utilizing different technologies and
components [6]-[10]. In [6], ZigBee is used as the wireless technology in a fire detection system. The work in
[7] developeda low power and multi-parameter composite fire detection node to detect temperature, smoke
concentration and CO gas concentration. The hardware and software implementation are based on 2.4GHz
wireless communication chip, CC2430. ZigBee is adopted in the system to form reliable wireless
communication. This system uses fusion theory to handle the data to determine the possibility
of fire happening.
A wireless fire detection node based on wireless sensor network (WSN) which can detect
temperature, humidity and smoke concentration is proposed in [8]. Shortest path routing algorithm is
proposed according to multi-hop transmission based on CSMA/CA principle. The sensor nodes can connect
each other automatically and the sensor data can be transmitted within minimum hops to build a real-time fire
monitoring system.
The work in [9] proposed WSN technology to the fire safety which can actualize wireless
requirement, network, and intelligent fire monitoring. This system acquired data of temperature and smoke
concentration. Fire detection nodes using SOC CC2430 as the control unit to realize the communication
between nodes. The software running on the nodes applies CSMA/CA Medium Access Control (MAC)
protocol and a shortest path routing algorithm for data-transmission in multi-hop. Agateway is designed and
implemented based on ARM9 and Linux, which connects wireless fire detection network and the Internet. It
has a strong processing, storage and network communication capabilities, Remote users may share real-time
fire parameter from Internet which connects with the wireless fire data acquisition network
through the gateway.
A fire monitoring system is designed in [10]. The hardware part includes the fire detection trigger
module, the control module and the monitoring center module. The fire detection trigger module transmits
the smoke and temperature parameters to the control module through CC2430. The control module analyzes
the information coming from the detector and transmits the fire information to the monitoring center. The
monitoring center module is responsible for monitoring the whole operation condition of the system and
making decision. The software design of the system is mainly used to initialize the device and revive or send
the parameters or command.
In this work, an intelligent fire detection and alert system based on ZigBee technology [11], [12]
which are using temperature and flame sensors are designed. ZigBee is a typical wireless communication
technology which is widely used in wireless sensing network. The reason of using two types of sensor is to
reduce the possibility of false alarms. In addition, an interactive and user friendly Graphical User Interface
(GUI) is designed to provide the temperature values, and alert the occupants when fire is discovered.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides the research method. Result and
discussions is explained in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 concludes this paper.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The proposed system consists of two parts which are transmitter and receiver parts. The transmitter
will be controlled by an Arduino board while the receiver part will be controlled by LabVIEW GUI. Figure 1
shows the block diagram of the system. To ensure the expandability of the system, two transmitters nodes
and a single receiver node are designed.
2.1. Transmitter
Each transmitter has the same hardware configurations. It consists of an Arduino UNO board, LM35
temperature sensor, flame sensor, a liquid crystal display, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and a buzzer.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. Thus, LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin. The flame sensor module comes with flame sensor, adjustable digital filter for digital
output and it also reserve the original analog output. The flame sensor can be used to detect fire or other light
source with wavelength of 760 nm ~ 1100 nm light.
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Figure 1. Block diagram of overall system
An 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. This LCD is economical, easily programmable and no limitation of displaying special and custom
characters. It can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. Three LEDs are used to provide the
status of the system to end users. One LED is used to display a warning if the temperature exceeds a
predefined threshold value while another one provides status for the flame sensor. The third LED is the most
important one as it shows that fire is detected by the system which causes the buzzer to be turned on.
A detailed wiring of the components in the transmitter is provided in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Connection diagram for the transmitter
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The first and the second transmitter are designated as XBee1 and XBee2 respectively. When the
transmitters are turned on, the serial monitor application will display the value of the temperature sensor and
the voltage of the flame sensor. In order for receiver to differentiate between two different transmitters,
offsets are assigned in the program as shown in Figure 3. Offset of “01” for temperature sensor and ”03” for
flame sensor are used in XBee1 while offset of “02” for temperature sensor and ”04” for flame sensor are
used in XBee2.
Figure 3. Offset used to differentiate the XBee transmitters
2.2. Receiver
The receiver consists of a Digi Xbee module series 2 attached to Explorer USB board [12]. The
board is used to provide the USB-to-serial interface between the Xbee module and the computer. The Xbee
module is configured to operate act as a coordinator and receives data from the transmitters which have been
set as routers.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section provides the prototype of the intelligent fire detection and alert system and
its operation.
3.1. Transmitter
The prototype of one of the transmitters for the fire detection and alert system is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows the system status at the transmitter side whenfire is detectedand the temperature exceeds a
predefined warning threshold. The yellow warning LED will turn on and the LCD displays the status. If the
temperature exceeds the value set as over temperature, the red LED and buzzer will be turned on as presented
in Figure6. Similarly, the LCD displays the current status of the system and alert occupants so that they can
escape the building safely.
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Figure 4. Product prototype
Figure 5. Temperature warning and fire detection
Figure 6. Over temperature and fire alert notification
3.2. Receiver
An XBee coordinator is connected to a computer to receive data from the transmitter and displayed
them using LabVIEW GUI. Using the built-in serial monitor application in Arduino, the data forwarded by
the transmitter e.g. XBee2 can be viewed as shown in Figure7. Figure 8 shows the front panel of the system’s
GUI that has been designed using LabVIEW 2012 software. There are few sections in this system which is
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Current Reading, On and Reset switch, Temperature Range, Analysis Data, Alert System, and History Graph.
User can choose to view the status of transmitter 1 or transmitter 2 by selecting XBee1 or XBee2 respectively
on the tab control on top of the front panel.
Figure 7. Serial monitor
When the switch is turned on, the system starts to display the current reading of the temperature and
calculates the mean, minimum and maximum values received from the serial port. Figure 9 shows the
warning alert when the current temperature value surpasses the low limit of the temperature range that has
been set.
Figure 8. LabVIEW GUI
Figure 9. Temperature warning Figure 10. Over temperature
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Figure 10 shows the over temperature alert when the current temperature exceeds the high limit of
the range. Figure 11 presents the system status when over temperature and flame is detected. The location on
fire will be notified so that the emergency response professionals can take charge of controlling the fire as
quickly as possible.
Figure 11. Over temperature and flame detected
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have designed an intelligent fire detection and alert system which using multiple
sensors to discover fires in their early stage. ZigBee technology is used to provide the wireless connection
between the transmitters and the receiver. In addition, using a LabVIEW based GUI, the system can provide
alert when the temperature value surpasses the warning and over temperature ranges. One advantage of this
system is that the alerts are provided at both the transmitter and receiver sides which allow occupants to
escape the building safely. Furthermore, the exact location on fire is provided by the system so that
emergency response team can locate and control the fire as quickly as possible.
1TACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and Ministry of Higher
Education for sponsoring this research under RAGS/1/2015/ICT01/UTEM/03/B00121.
1TREFERENCES
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[3] N. Hashim, N. F. A. M. Azmi, F. Idris and N. Rahim, “Smartphone Activated Door Lock Using WiFi,” ARPN
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1TBIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Fakrulradzi Idris received the B.Eng. and the M.Eng. degrees from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
in 2007 and 2008 respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, U.K. His research interests
include Device-to-Device communications, non-orthogonal multiple access and 5G networks.
Norlezah Hashim obtained her first degree in 2006 from University of Malaya and her master
degree from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2014. In the past, she worked in Qimonda and
Panasonic as a project and R&D engineer. Currently she is serving UTeM as a lecturer in Faculty of
Engineering Technology. Her current publications and research interest are based on wireless
communication and LoRa.
Currently attached with UTeM as a researcher, Ahmad Fauzan B. Kadmin CEng. P.Tech. has over
14 years of experience in electronic & computer engineering field with technical expert in R&D
engineering, computer vision & medical electronics. He Graduated with a Bachelor Degree in
Electronics Engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia and Master Degree in Computer &
Communication Engineering from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Previously, he worked with
Megasteel Sdn. Bhd., Samsung SDI(M) Sdn. Bhd. and Agensi Angkasa Negara. He published
several technical and engineering paperworks in image processing and medical electronics.