Intelligence can be understood as the capacity for rational thought and problem solving. Early theories proposed a general intelligence factor ("g-factor") underlying mental abilities, while newer concepts distinguish between fluid intelligence involving reasoning and memory, and crystallized intelligence involving learned skills and knowledge. Gardner's theory proposes eight distinct types of intelligence. Tests of intelligence aim to reliably and validly measure mental abilities, with IQ scores representing a person's mental age relative to their peers. Factors like practice, preparation, and minimizing guessing can help maximize performance on intelligence tests.

1. Intelligence
Session 10
BBA III
15-12-15
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

2. Intelligence
The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and
use resources effectively when faced
with challenges

3. g -factor
The single, general factor
for mental ability assumed to
underlie
intelligence in some early theories
of
intelligence.
.
Earlier Concept
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

4. Fluid
intelligence
Intelligence that
reflects information-
processing
capabilities, reasoning, and
memory
Recent Concepts
The accumulation of information, skills, and
strategies that people have
learned through experience and that they can
apply in
problem-solving situations.
Crystallized
intelligence
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

5. Gardener’s Multiple Intelligence
Theory
Eight different forms of intelligence,
each relatively independent of the others
1. Musical
2. Bodily kinesthetic
3. Logical mathematical
4. Linguistic
5. Spatial
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalist.
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

6. Intelligence for Career Success
Practical Intelligence
According to
Sternberg, intelligence related
to
overall success in living
Creative Intelligence
Creative intelligence involves
the generation of novel ideas
and products
Analytical Intelligence
Focuses on abstract but traditional
types of problems measured on
IQ tests
Emotional intelligence
The set of
skills that underlie the accurate
assessment, evaluation, expression,
and regulation of emotions.
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

7. Testing for Intelligence
• French psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911).
If performance on certain tasks or test items improved with
chronological, or physical age, performance could be used to
distinguish more intelligent people from less intelligent ones within
a particular age group.
Commonly Used Tests :
1. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV (WAIS-IV )
2. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–IV, (WISC-IV ).
3. Stanford-Binet Test
Reliability
The property by which
tests measure consistently what they
are trying to measure.
Validity
The property by which tests
actually measure what they are
supposed to measure.
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

8. IQ
Mental age
The age for which a given level of performance
is average or typical
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

9. Tips for Taking the Tests
• Learn as much as you can about the test before you take it. Know what sections
will be on the test and how much each section is worth
• Practice. Try as many practice tests as you can find. The more practice you have,
the easier it will be when you actually take the test
• If the test is administered on a computer, as it probably will be, take practice tests
on a
computer.
• Time yourself carefully. Don’t spend too much time on early items at the expense
of later ones. Your goal should be not perfection but maximization of the number
of correct responses you get.
• Be aware of the scoring policy. If you are not penalized for wrong answers, guess. If
there are penalties, be more conservative about guessing.
• If it is a paper-and-pencil test, complete answer sheets accurately.
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

10. Intellectual Disability
A condition characterized by significant
limitations both in intellectual functioning and
in conceptual, social, and practical
adaptive skills.
Also called
Mental retardation
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company

11. Intellectually Gifted
The 2%–4%
segment of the population who have
IQ scores greater than 130.
Robert Feldman Understanding Psychology
10th Edition, McGraw Hill Company