The document discusses three major intellectual revolutions:
1. The Copernican Revolution shifted views of the solar system from geocentric to heliocentric, with Copernicus proving the sun is at the center.
2. The Darwinian Revolution provided evidence of evolution through natural selection, challenging religious views of creationism.
3. The Freudian Revolution developed psychoanalysis to understand the unconscious mind, though Freud's theories were controversial and criticized for a lack of empirical evidence.
These slides are about the science and technology in the 20th century. This presentation also discusses the changes in the society particularly in the Western countries. It is based on the works of Peter Drucker's "Technology and Society in the 20th century" and Alvin Toffer's "The First, Second and Third Wave"
These slides are about the science and technology in the 20th century. This presentation also discusses the changes in the society particularly in the Western countries. It is based on the works of Peter Drucker's "Technology and Society in the 20th century" and Alvin Toffer's "The First, Second and Third Wave"
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Why is it that everyone is in the pursuit of the good life? One must find the truth what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
the topic is all about the intellectual revolution and how the earth evolves every century and how the ancient or the philosopher used the technology and science in the past, what is the science.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Why is it that everyone is in the pursuit of the good life? One must find the truth what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
the topic is all about the intellectual revolution and how the earth evolves every century and how the ancient or the philosopher used the technology and science in the past, what is the science.
Philosophy of science paper_A Melodrama of Politics, Science and ReligionMahesh Jakhotia
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ABSTRACT: The aim of my project is to understand how religious, scientific and political
reasons shaped and inspired the theory of âOrigin of life and universeâ in a progressive way
and to look it from a philosopherâs point of view. I also want to explore the aspect on what makes a radical idea like Darwinâs evolutionary theory which was different from the existing paradigm to be accepted amongst the scientific community.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), NiĹĄ, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called âsmallâ because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical marketâwhich includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutritionâis growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
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Intellectual Revolution.docx
1. Science, Technology, and Society
Chapter III. The IntellectualRevolution
IntellectualRevolution (scienceapproach)-also termed as scientific
revolution - refers to the series of events that led to the emergenceof
modern science and the progressof scientific thinking across critical
periods in history. Also describedas a new way of thinking about the
natural world and society that challenged traditional views and instead
relied upon experimentation and new science. - developments in
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and
chemistry transformed societalviews about nature. Although there are
many intellectual revolutions, this discussionfocuseson three of the most
important ones that altered the way humans view science and its impacts
on society:1. Copernican Revolution 2. Darwinian Revolution 3. Freudian
Revolution
A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION- Refers to the 16th century paradigm
shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus. - This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and the sun
were placed in the universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model,
the earth as the center of the solar system and proved the heliocentric
model,the sun as the center of the solar system having the earth revolving
around it. - Claudius Ptolemy formulated the geocentric modelof the
universe in the 2nd century CE - Nicolaus Copernicus (born February 19,
1473,ToruĹ, Royal Prussia, Polandâ died May 24, 1543,Frauenburg,
East Prussia [now Frombork,Poland]) formulated the heliocentric modelof
the universe. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime
between 1508 and 1514,and during those years he wrote a manuscript
usually called the Commentariolus (âLittle Commentaryâ).However, the
book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium libri vi (âSix Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Orbsâ),did not appear in print until 1543,the year of his death. Geocentric
Model Two commonlymade observations supported the idea that Earth
was the center of the Universe. The first observation was that the stars, the
sun, and planets appear to revolve around Earth each day, making Earth
2. the center of that system. Further, every star was on a "stellar" or "celestial"
sphere,of which the earth was the center, that rotated each day, using a
line through the north and south poles as an axis. The stars closestto the
equator appeared to rise and fall the greatest distance, but each star
circled back to its rising point each day. The second commonnotion
supporting the geocentric modelwas that the Earth does not seem to move
from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer,and that it is solid, stable,
and unmoving. Heliocentric Model In his model, Copernicus repositioned
the earth from the center of the solar system and introduced the idea that
the Earth rotates on its own axis. The model illustrated the earth, along with
other heavenly bodies to be rotating around the sun. The heliocentric
modelmet huge resistance, primarily from the church accusing Copernicus
of heresy. Copernicus faced persecutionfrom the church because of his
idea. Although far more sensible than the Ptolemaic model,which as early
as the 13th century had been criticized for its shortcomings,the Copernican
modelalso had multiple inadequacies that were later filled in by
astronomers who participated in the revolution. Nonetheless, despite
problems with the modeland the persecutionof the church, the heliocentric
modelwas soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly
by Galileo Galilei, father of the modern science.The contribution of the
Copernican Revolution is far-reaching. It served as a catalyst to sway
scientific thinking away from age-long views about the positionof the earth
relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. This marked the
beginning of modernastronomy.
B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION- The English naturalist, geologistand
biologist,Charles Darwin (father of evolution ) is credited forstirring
another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century . This
revolution provided a differentidea than the Creation theory. His treatise on
the science of evolution, âOn the Origin of Speciesâ was published in 1859
and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual
discovery. - Darwin gathered evidences pointing to what is now known as
natural selection,an evolutionary process by which organism including
humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favored survival and
reproduction.These traits are manifested in offspring that are more fit and
well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction. - Darwinâs theory
of evolution, met resistance and consideredto be controversial. Critics
3. accused the theory of being either short in accounting forthe broad and
complexevolutionary processor dismissive of the idea that the functional
designof organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.The
Darwinian revolution can be likened to the Copernican revolution in its
demonstration of the power of the laws of nature in explaining biological
phenomenonof survival and reproduction. - The place of the Darwinian
revolution in modernscience cannot be underestimated.Through this
revolution, the developmentof organisms and the origin of unique forms of
life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful system or an orderly
process ofchange underpinned by laws of nature.
C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION- Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud is
credited for stirring a 20th -century intellectual revolution named after him. -
Freud developedpsychoanalysis,a scientific method of understanding
inner and unconscious conflicts embeddedwithin oneâs personality,
springing from free associations,dreams and fantasies of the individual.
Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversyfor it emphasized the
existence of the unconscious where feelings,thoughts, urges, emotions
and memories are contained outside of oneâs conscious mind. Freud
suggestedthat humans are inherently pleasure-seeking individuals. These
notions were particularly caught in the crossfireof whether Freudâs
psychoanalysis fit in the scientific study of the brain and mind. - Scientists
working on a biologicalapproach in studying human behavior criticized
psychoanalysis for lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a
theory. Particularly the notion that all humans are destined to exhibit
Oedipus and Electra complexes (i.e, sexual desire towards the parent of
the opposite sexand exclusion of the parent of the same sex) did not seem
to be supported by empirical data. It appeared to critics that psychoanalysis
then, was more of an ideologicalstance than a scientific one. - Amidst
controversy, Freudâs psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating
psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century. Psychodynamic
therapies that treat a myriad of psychologicaldisorders still remain largely
informed by Freudâs work on psychoanalysis.