The document discusses classical frameworks for understanding society and how ideas have evolved over time. It examines perspectives from figures like Vitruvius, Darwin, and others on topics like human evolution, proportions, and the development of social theories. The key frameworks discussed are: 1) Classical theories providing foundations for understanding society through lenses like nature and culture. 2) Ideas from Vitruvius and da Vinci on ideal human proportions and their influence on architecture. 3) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and its revolutionary impact on understanding life's development.

1. Perspectives: How Do Ideas
of and about Society Shape
the Way We Look at the
World?

4. At the end of this chapter, you should be
able to:
 Examine the legacy of the classical frameworks in
the development of the academic study of
society;
 Discuss about the founding fathers of Social
Science and how their ideas impact present
theorizing about society; and
 Operationalize the meaning of stuctures in terms
of how they help us understand social reality

6. Today, Selfies are common
phenomenon among us, especially the
youth. Selfies are generally portraits
of and about oneself, aided by
information and communication
technology, which enables the
photographer to easily take, record,
and document aspects of his or her
social life and instantly show it to the
“world” via the internet and social
media.

7. How do we see social reality? How
should we see it? How do we intend
to change or reform it?
 Theories are our explanatory models where we could
analyse, examine and interpret what we see and
experience about life, society and humaninty
 Across many decades since the formal founding og Social
Science as an academic discipline in the West, there have
been many forms of social science.

9. Classical Frameworks: Evolution and
Function

10.  The Vitruvian Man (Italian: Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio,
which is translated to "The proportions of the human body according to
Vitruvius"), or simply L'Uomo Vitruviano ([ˈlwɔːmo vitruˈvjaːno]), is a drawing
by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490.[1] It is accompanied by notes based on the
work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on
paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs
apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are
sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man.
It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie
dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on
paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally.
 The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with
geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his
treatise De architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the
principal source of proportion among the classical orders of architecture.
Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high.
Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect.

11. Understanding Society Based on
Nature
 Classical social Theories do provide the foundation. Drawing from a long and
rich intellectual tradition in philosophy centuries before the age of modernity
particular, the 18th to the early 19th century those ideas developed mainly as a
response to the most important discourse of the time: MODERNITY
 MODERNITY in Nature Science:
It takes up the side of what is really happening on the empirical, material,
and sensory levels of people; and suggest a universal character for all human
societies and calls for a positivists, natural, science-based approach.
 MODERNITY in Culture:
Highlights the capacity of the human mind to create meanings and abstact
thoughts that, in turn, spurred the birth of modern society; and believes in
cultural diversity of humanity, thus, necessitating not a rigid scientific approach
but an imaginative and interpretative paradigm.

12. Human Evolution

13.  Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to
the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning
with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular
genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo
sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the
great apes.
 The study of human evolution involves many scientific
disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology,
archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology,
linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and
genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged
from other mammals about 85 million years ago, in the
Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in
the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.

16. Charles Darwin

17.  Charles Robert Darwin, (February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist
and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established
that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestor] and, in a joint
publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching
pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the
struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective
breeding.
 Theory of Evolution
Darwin's exposure to specimens all over the globe raised important questions. Other
naturalists believed that all species either came into being at the start of the world, or were
created over the course of natural history. In either case, the species were believed to remain
much the same throughout time. Darwin, however, noticed similarities among species all over the
globe, along with variations based on specific locations, leading him to believe that they had
gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to believe that species survived through a
process called "natural selection," where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing
requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce
died off.
 In 1858, after years of further scientific investigation, Darwin publically introduced his
revolutionary theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On
November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

18. Classical evolutionism states that
living oraganisms, over time, develop
from simple of existence to complex
states of life. The general trend of
evolution, thus, is from classify to
complexity. The premise was that the
more complex an organism, the better
us to survive and the greater its
capacity to adapt to a changing
environment.

19. That’s All.
Thank You for
Listening 