Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
This reduction in supply along with the support by a number of Government schemes, including MGNREGA has led to an escalation in farm wages which is adversely impacting the profitability of the farmer. Rural wages have been growing by 17% on average since 2006-07 outstripping urban wages. At the same time, the increase in wages, without an increase in productivity, is fueling inflation.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
CAS-IP's Francesca Re Manning gave a presentation at the Cambridge University International Development Society. The talk gave an overview on the importance and the use of intellectual property in the development of the economy of many countries, in particular securing food and animal feed. Francesca therefore also discussed the role of the CGIAR and of CAS-IP. The presentation was very well received and raised interest especially as many had not associated food to intellectual property rights before.
Innovation Systems is a concept to help reveal and deal with the partnership and institutional issues that shape innovation processes and shape the contribution of research to that process. It recognises multiple knowledge bases, including research but also others. It is a capability to innovate, not just today but in ever-changing environments — i.e., it is a dynamic, adaptive capability. It is embedded in and defined by the institutional and policy contexts that shape the ways actors and organisations behave
This reduction in supply along with the support by a number of Government schemes, including MGNREGA has led to an escalation in farm wages which is adversely impacting the profitability of the farmer. Rural wages have been growing by 17% on average since 2006-07 outstripping urban wages. At the same time, the increase in wages, without an increase in productivity, is fueling inflation.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
CAS-IP's Francesca Re Manning gave a presentation at the Cambridge University International Development Society. The talk gave an overview on the importance and the use of intellectual property in the development of the economy of many countries, in particular securing food and animal feed. Francesca therefore also discussed the role of the CGIAR and of CAS-IP. The presentation was very well received and raised interest especially as many had not associated food to intellectual property rights before.
Challenges to commodity markets in india.pptxAbha Mahapatra
o This project lists the numerous bottlenecks and hurdles in the way of a smoothly operating commodity markets. It covers Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act and its amendments in recent years, the role of Forward Market Commission in the market, various legal, regulatory, infrastructural challenges along with major initiatives taken in 2010-11
This project lists the numerous bottlenecks and hurdles in the way of a smoothly operating commodity markets. It covers Forward Contracts (Regulations) Act and its amendments in recent years, the role of Forward Market Commission in the market, various legal, regulatory, infrastructural challenges along with major initiatives taken in 2010-11
the slide include all aspects of IPR in india.
-Basics of IPR
-IPR regime in Indian Constitution
-procedure of application
-Current issues related to IPR
-India's Changing IPR and Effects
-Personalities of Indian IPR
anything novel created by virtue of your intellectual power can be patented, which will be useful for mankind. this ppt. presents the property which can be patented and how to be patented .
Introduction To Intellectual Property: Role of IP in the Economic and Cultural Development of the Society,
IP Governance, IP as a Global Indicator of Innovation, Origin of IP History of IP in India. Major Amendments in
IP Laws and Acts in India.
Patents: Conditions for Obtaining a Patent Protection, To Patent or Not to Patent an Invention. Rights
Associated with Patents. Enforcement of Patent Rights. Inventions Eligible for Patenting. Non-Patentable
Matters. Patent Infringements. Avoid Public Disclosure of an Invention before Patenting. Process of Patenting.
Prior Art Search. Choice of Application to be Filed. Patent Application Forms. Jurisdiction of Filing Patent
Application. Publication. Pre-grant Opposition. Examination. Grant of a Patent. Validity of Patent Protection.
Post-grant Opposition. Commercialization of a Patent. Need for a Patent Attorney/Agent. Can a Worldwide
Patent be Obtained. Do I Need First to File a Patent in India. Patent Related Forms. Fee Structure. Types of
Patent Applications. Commonly Used Terms in Patenting. National Bodies Dealing with Patent Affairs. Utility
Models.
Process of Patenting. Prior Art Search. Choice of Application to be Filed. Patent Application Forms.
Jurisdiction of Filing Patent Application. Publication. Pre-grant Opposition. Examination. Grant of a Patent.
Validity of Patent Protection. Post-grant Opposition. Commercialization of a Patent. Need for a Patent
Attorney/Agent. Can a Worldwide Patent be Obtained. Do I Need First to File a Patent in India. Patent Related
Forms. Fee Structure. Types of Patent Applications. Commonly Used Terms in Patenting. National Bodies
Dealing with Patent Affairs. Utility Models.
IN THIS PRESENTATION WE DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:-
-Concept of IPR
-History of IPR
-Rights related to IPR
-Branches of IPR
-Emerging issues in IPR
-Benefits of IPR
-Conclusion
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. What is Innovative Thinking?
– A means of generating innovation to achieve two objectives that are
implicit in any good business strategy:
• make best use of and/or improve what we have today
• determine what we will need tomorrow and how we can best
achieve it, to avoid the « Dinasaur syndrome »
– Innovative thinking has, as a prime goal, the object of improving
competitiveness through a perceived positive differentiation from
others in:
• Design/Performance
• Quality
• Price
• Uniqueness/Novelty
5. Innovation
How to classify newness and degree of
innovation and what to focus on:
• New to the firm?
• First in the market?
• First in the world?
• Incremental or radical innovation?
6. The Development of Technology: From
Knowledge Generation to Diffusion
The Development of Technology: From
Knowledge Generation to Diffusion
Basic
Knowledge Invention Innovation Diffusion
IM ITATION
ADOPTION
Supply side
Demand side
8. The Innovation Process
• An innovation starts as an idea/concept that is
refined and developed before application.
• Innovations may be inspired by reality (known
problem). The innovation (new product
development) process, which leads to useful
technology, requires:
– Research
– Development (up-scaling, testing)
– Production
– Marketing
– Use
• Experience with a product results in feedback and
leads to incrementally or radically improved
innovations.
9. New Product Development
Stages in a New Product Development process:
• Idea Generation
• Idea Screening
• Concept Development and Testing
• Business Analysis
• Beta Testing and Market Testing
• Technical Implementation
• Commercialization
10. IPR
• Intellectual property rights (IPR) can be
defined as the rights given to people over
the creation of their minds. They usually
give the creator an exclusive right over the
use of his/her creations for a certain
period of time.
11. HISTORY IN INDIA
George Alfred DePenning is supposed to have made the
first application for a patent in India in the year 1856.
"An Efficient Punkah Pulling Machine". On September 2,
DePenning, submitted the Specifications for his invention
along with drawings to illustrate its working. These were
accepted and the invention was granted the first ever
Intellectual Property protection in India.
12. Classification
1.IPRs that stimulate inventive and creative
activities (patents, utility models, industrial
designs, copyright, plant breeders’ rights.
2.IPRs that offer information to consumers
(trademarks and geographical indications).
13. Rights protected under
Intellectual Property
i. Patents
ii. Copyrights
iii. Trademarks
iv. Industrial designs
v. Protection of Integrated Circuits layout design
vi. Geographical indications of goods
vii. Biological diversity
viii. Plant varieties and farmers rights
ix. Undisclosed information
14. Duration of Intellectual Property Rights
in a nutshell
1) Term of every patent will be 20 years from the date of filing of
patent.
2) ) Term of every trademark registration is 10 years from the
date of making of the application which is deemed to be the
date of registration.
3) Copyright generally lasts for a period of sixty years.
4) The registration of a geographical indication is valid for a period
of 10 years.
5) The duration of protection of registered varieties is different for
different crops namely18 years for trees and vines, 15 years
for other crops and extant varieties.
15. Global Intellectual Property
Trends
• In 2009, one quarter of all trademark applications in Asia
were filed at the China Trademark Office. India showed the
highest five-year growth (13.5%) from 2005 to2009,whereas
China had one of the highest annual growth rates (20.8%)
from 2008 to 2009.
• In 2009, China accounted for 50 percent of total industrial
design filing activity while growing by 12.3 percent from
2008 to 2009. India was in the 9th place.
• In 2013, 1,41,943 trademark applications were filed, 34,287
patent applications were filed and 6,092 Industrial designs
applications were filed globally.
16. Intellectual Property Trends –
India
• During 2009-10, 34,287 patent applications were filed, 6069
examined and 6168 patents granted. The number of
applications filed by the Indian applicants was 7044. Out of
the applications filed by the Indian applicants, Maharashtra
accounted for the maximum number followed by Delhi,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc.
• In 2010-11, a total of 642 applications representing 28 crops
were received by the Authority for seeking plant variety
protection under the Act. The applications belong to new
(395), extant (216), farmers’ varieties (30) and essentially
derived variety (1) categories
17. Initiatives of Government of India
towards protection of IPR
1.National Academy of Customs, Excise and
Narcotics.
2.The Department of Education, Ministry of
Human Resource Development.
3.Copyright Enforcement Advisory Council
(CEAC)
18. PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES
AND FARMERS RIGHTS
The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Right Act, 2001
has been enacted to provide for the establishment of an effective
system for protection of plant varieties
• To establish an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the
rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the
development of new varieties of plants
• To protect plant breeders’ rights to stimulate investment for
research and development both in the public and private sector for
development of new plant varieties;
• • To facilitate the growth of seed industry in the country that will
ensure the availability of high quality seeds and planting material to
the farmers
19. Intellectual Property Questions
•It is necessary to know which types
of intellectual property rights (IPRs)
are applicable and when is each
type of IPR appropriate. This varies
somewhat from one country to
another.
•The advice of an IP lawyer is
desirable if not essential.
20. • In September 2000, the WIPO Assemblies
approved the creation of “a substantial new
program of activities, focusing on the IP-related
needs of SMEs worldwide”
• SMEs Division established in October 2000
• Nine professionals and three administrative
staff in the SMEs Division of WIPO
21. IP adds value at every stage of the value
chain from creative/innovative idea to putting
a new, better, and cheaper, product/service
on the market:
Invention
Literary / artistic
creation
Financing Product Design
Commercialization
Marketing
Licensing
Exporting
Patents /
Utility Models/Trade secrets
Copyright/Related Rights
Patents /
Utility models
Industrial
Designs/
Trademarks/GIs
Trademarks/ GIs
Ind. Designs/Patents/Copyright
All IP Rights
All IP Rights
22. • Decades ago, Coca-Cola decided to keep its
soft drink formula a secret
• The formula is only know to a few people
within the company
• Kept in the vault of a bank in Atlanta
• Those who know the secret formula have
signed non-disclosure agreements
• It is rumored that they are not allowed to
travel together
• If it had patented its formula, the whole world
would be making Coca-Cola
23. WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
ORGANIZATION (WIPO
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one
of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations,
located in Geneva, Switzerland. WIPO currently has 185
Member States, and 68 intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) and 232 International non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and 63 National NGOs that are
accredited as observers at WIPO meetings.
24. The core tasks of WIPO are:
1. working with Member States to support a balanced evolution of
international IP law
2. administering treaties
3. assisting governments and organizations in developing the policies,
structures and skills needed to harness the potential of IP for
economic development
4. servicing global registration systems for trademarks, industrial
designs and appellations of origin and a global filing system for
patents
5. delivering arbitration, mediation and other dispute resolution services
6. promoting respect for IP
7. providing a forum for informed debate and for the sharing of IP
knowledge
25. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TREATIES
1. The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, signed in
Paris, France, on March 20, 1883, was one of the first intellectual property
treaties. It established a Union for the protection of industrial property
2. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works,
usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement
governing copyright, which was first accepted in Bern, Switzerland in
1886.
3. The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international treaty
administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The
treaty was done at Washington on June 19, 1970
4. The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) was adopted on June 1, 2000 at a Diplomatic
Conference in Geneva. The purpose of the PLT is to harmonize and
streamline formal procedures in respect of national and regional patent
applications and patents
