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Food Crisis, Development and Intellectual Property
The presentation discusses the ongoing food crisis, highlighting a significant rise in food prices and the underlying causes, such as droughts, crop diversion for biofuels, and lack of representation in food security policies of developing nations. It emphasizes the role of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in supporting agricultural research for sustainable production and the importance of managing intellectual property rights (IPRs) related to agriculture. The document also touches on the complexities of intellectual property, its implications on agriculture, and the need for equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources.
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Food Crisis, Development and Intellectual Property
- 1. Food Crisis, Developmentand Intellectual Property D.ssa Francesca Re Manning CAS-IP A presentation to the Cambridge International Development Society 5 December 2009
- 2. Food Crisis WorldBank “food prices rose 83% over last 3 years” FAO “45% increase in food price index in last 9 months
- 4. Food Crisis Butthe crisis was not sudden. Prices have been rising for some time now, so perhaps earlier warning signs were missed or ignored?
- 6. Food prices oroverpopulation? IFDP “food produced steadily at over 20% a year while rate of population growth dropped at 1.14% a year
- 7. Some causes “Unnecessary”or excessively produced products – tobacco, cocoa, tea, sugar... Droughts in wheat producing areas Biofuels diversion of crops – 10%
- 8. Deeper and long-termcauses No voice in food security policy of developing countries WTO removal of trade barriers GMOs and proprietary of technology
- 9. Agriculture and Development 75% poor people depend on agriculture to survive In agriculture-based countries, it generates on average 29% of the GDP and employs 65% of the labour force Investigation in Agriculture is essential
- 10. The Consultative Groupon International Agricultural Research CGIAR Created in 1971 Alliance of countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations • supporting 15 international agricultural research Centres • that work with national agricultural research systems, civil society organizations, and the private sector.
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- 12. CGIAR 5 focuses Sustainable production Enhancement of National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) Germplasm Improvement Germplasm Collection Policy
- 13. Some achievements ofthe CGIAR Comite’s de Investigacion Agricola Local New Rices for Africa (NERICA) Quality Protein Maize Potatoes Virus detection kit Improved, drought resistant maize Improved aquaculture techniques and new varieties of tilapia fish
- 14. Borlaug’s reaction tocritics to Green Revolution "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things".
- 15. Primal aim ofthe CGIAR Knowledge AS International Public Goods • Available, Accessible, Applicable • Non-rivalrous • Non- excludable • Transboundaries
- 16. Knowledge as InternationalPublic Good CGIAR Centres must managed the knowledge produced properly to ensure • access • sharing • impact
- 17. Central Advisory Service Assist the Centres to manage their knowledge to ensure access and use of their intellectual assets as public goods for the benefit of the poor
- 18. Intellectual Assets asProperty Intellectual Property “all those things that emanate from the exercise of the human mind”
- 19. The law.... The law does not protect the right to own intellectual property unless the author has taken steps to claim ownership over the results of his/her creative product
- 20. Intellectual Property Rights IPRsare the rights granted to inventors, artists, plant breeders, in recognition of their work There is usually a need to meet certain standards of creativity before it is granted The rights granted are limited – by time, and by country Often exploited by licensing When others wish to use IPRs they must get consent, and perhaps pay a royalty
- 21. Main IPRs inAgriculture Patents Plant Variety Rights Copyright Geographical Indications
- 22. Patents Exclusiveright to make, use and sell Monopoly granted by the State to the inventor to disclose the invention and recoup investment A grant of a patent requires an invention to pass tests of novelty, inventive step (unobviousness), and industrial applicability Rights are national, i.e. by country
- 23. Just for alaugh!....
- 24. The Dummy ChickenFarmer...
- 25. Patents and PublicGoods Enola bean case • patent over new variety of yellow bean • restrictions on imports (sale) • limitation on farmers’ right to re-use, exchange or sell patented seed + breeders’ right of to use that seed for further research and breeding purposes Turmeric & Basmati cases • Used for years in India – millions of money to defend
- 26. International Solution Countries’ recognition of genetic material subject to patent protection and no return Convention on Biological Diversity (“CBD”) • Conservation • Sustainable use • Fair & Equitable sharing of profits
- 27. Free exchange ofgenetic material CBD requires bilateral agreements • Time and money consuming International Treaty on Plant Genetic for Food and Agriculture (“IT”) • Multilateral system for exchange of list of crops • Farmers’ rights: traditional knowledge & decision- making • Restrictions on IPRs over original material • Compulsory benefit sharing if commercialised
- 28. Copyright Right overexpression of idea involving some creative element – literary, musical, theatrical... Automatic right once fixated – but US system • so not on ideas Exclusive right to control copying or issuing copies, adapt, translate, modify
- 29. Copyright and PublicGoods Open Access • Make results of research as widely and accessible as possible • Free from technological and economic restraints Wheat scientist in Kazakhstan NGO Extension in Ethiopia • Negotiations with Publishers
- 30. Copyright and PublicGoods Creative Commons • some rights reserved • clear understanding of permitted uses Open Access Journals
- 31. Geographical Indications Name or sign used on a product corresponding to the country or place of origin • Protected Denomination of Origin (“PDO”) and Protected Geographical Indication (“PGI”) – Natural and Human factor – Quality, reputation, or other characteristic Protection against incorrect and misleading, damaging or exploiting reputation • Darjeeling (and Darjeeling Nouveau) • Budweiser (Budejovice or Budweis)
- 33. Geographical Indications and Development Collective group of producers Protection and development • Economy • Traditional knowledge • Rural community • Agro-Biodiversity Ethiopian Coffee: Harar, Sidamo, and Yirgacheffe
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