4. Tell…Israel that on the tenth day of this month every man
shall take…a lamb for a household…Your lamb shall be
without blemish, a male a year old…keep it until the
fourteenth day of this month, when the whole assembly of
the congregation of Israel shall kill their lambs at twilight.
Then they shall take some of the blood and put it on the
two doorposts and the lintel of the houses in which they
eat it.
(Exodus 12:3–7 ESV)
5. It is the LORD’S Passover…I will pass through the land
of Egypt that night, and I will strike all the
fi
rstborn in the
land of Egypt, both man and beast; and on all the gods
of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am the Yahweh (the
LORD). The blood shall be a sign for you, on the houses
where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass
over you.
(Exodus 12:11–13 ESV)
6. It is the LORD’S Passover…I will pass through the land
of Egypt that night, and I will strike all the
fi
rstborn in the
land of Egypt, both man and beast; and on all the gods
of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am the Yahweh (the
LORD). The blood shall be a sign for you, on the houses
where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass
over you.
(Exodus 12:11–13 ESV)
7. It is the LORD’S Passover…I will pass through the land
of Egypt that night, and I will strike all the
fi
rstborn in the
land of Egypt, both man and beast; and on all the gods
of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am the Yahweh (the
LORD). The blood shall be a sign for you, on the houses
where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass
over you.
(Exodus 12:11–13 ESV)
10. Then Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How long shall
this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, that they
may serve the LORD their God. Do you not yet
understand that Egypt is ruined?”
(Exod 10:7 ESV)
12. Pharaoh said to Moses: “Go out from among my
people, both you and the people of Israel; and go,
serve the Yahweh, as you have said. Take your
fl
ocks
and your herds, as you have said, and be gone, and
bless me also!” The Egyptians were desperate with
the people to send them out of the land in haste. For
they said, “WE WILL ALL BE DEAD!”
(Exod 12:31–33 ESV)
13. And the people of Israel [left Egypt] about six
hundred thousand men on foot, besides women and
children
(Exodus 12:31–38 ESV)
14. [and] a mixed multitude also went up with them.
(Exodus 12:31–38 ESV)
19. A lot of people say they are Christians but
don’t seem to really believe what Christianity
teaches. What do those peoplewho say they
are Christians really believe?
20. How people identify themselves
and what they actually believe
Are often different
22. Identity Diffusion Identity Moratorium
Identity Foreclosure Identity Achievement
Low High
Low
High
Crisis
Commitment
Can’t decide
Doesn’t care
Can’t decide
Does care
Been decided
Didn’t care
Did decide
Did care
😐 🤔
☹ 😋
23. 2. What do Americans who identify
themselves as Christian believe in
the US
24.
25. Christianity in America
• Identify as Christian 70%
• White Christians 40%
• Non-White Christian 25%
https://www.prri.org/research/2020-census-of-american-religion/
26. Christianity in America
• White Evangelicals 14%
• White Mainline 16%
• White Catholic 12%
• Black Protestant 7%
• Hispanic Protestant 4%
https://www.prri.org/research/2020-census-of-american-religion/
46. Demographics
• 533 million Buddhists worldwide
• 228 million in China
• 71 million Japan
• 4.3 million United States
• 8% of Hawaii Buddhist
worldreligiondatabase.org (2021)
57. From desire comes grief, from grief comes fear
One who is freed from desire knows no grief or fear
Freedom from attachment brings enlightenment
Dhammapada XVI.212-213 cited in Mark, Buddhism, 2020
58. Buddha’s
fi
rst disciples
The Five Disciples (Sangha) :
Two Merchants: Tapussa & Bhallika
Kaundinya, a monk from earlier
Two other disciples.
Preached his
fi
rst sermon on
• The Four Noble Truths
• The Eightfold Path
63. The Second Council
383 BC
Dispute over monastic rules
First Schism
Theravada Buddhism (Elders)
Mahayana Buddhism (Great Vehicle)
Vajrayana Buddhism (Way of Diamond)
Mark, 2020
70. Problem with Life
All life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire
Desire is caused by wanting something we can’t have
71. Solution with the Problem
1. Principle of Dependent Origination: Nothing in life is Permanent
2. Principle of the Anatman: We are a bundle of perceptions
(Corduan, p. 318)
72. Goal to Achieve Solution
1. Release from Samsara - cycles of reincarnation
2. Achieve Nirvana - elevated state becoming one with universe
3. Through Enlightenment - Release of all Desire
73. Three Universal Truths
1. Impermanence - Nothing lasts forever
2. Suffering - All of life is suffering
3. Non-Self - We are a bundle of perceptions
74. Four Noble Truths
1. Dukha - All life is suffering
2. Tanha - Cause of suffering is desire
3. Nirodha - End of suffering by letting go of desire
4. Magga - Eightfold path leads to release from desire
76. Right View
An accurate understanding of the
nature of things (including the Four
Noble Truths)
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
77. Right Intention
Avoiding thoughts of attachment,
hatred, and harmful intent
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
78. Right Speech
Refraining from verbal misdeeds such
as lying divisive speech, harsh speech,
and senseless speech.
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
79. Right Action
refraining from physical misdeeds such
as killing, stealing, and sexual
misconduct
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
80. Five Precepts
1. Do not kill
2. Do not steal
3. Do not commit sexual misconduct
4. No harmful speech
5. No intoxicant
81. Right Livelihood
avoiding trades that directly or
indirectly harm others, such as selling
slaves, weapons, animals for slaughter,
intoxicants, or poisons
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
82. Right Effort
abandoning negative states of mind
that have already arisen, preventing
negative states that have yet to arise,
and sustaining positive states that have
already arisen,
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
83. Right Mindfulness
awareness of body, feelings, thought,
and phenomena (the constituents of
the existing world)
Lopez, D. S. (2021, February 5). Eightfold Path. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path
88. Karma
Karma is “deed” or “action”, and is the accumulated results of those
actions…Ones karma is the result of actions in the past…all people
are said to be in their current situation as the result of karma
Irons, Edward. (2008). Karma in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 276.
89. Dukkha
Suffering
The Central concept in Buddhism.
The result of Karma and Tanha
Tanha
Craving: that which causes dukkha
Irons, Edward. (2008). Dukkha in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 168.
90. Dukkha
Dukkha Pali/Sanskrit for meaning “discomfort”, “impermanence”, and
“imperfection”. Life is not simply pain and suffering; life is
fi
lled with
unsatisfying events, sensations, and overall impermanence. Thus
even happy experiences are part of dukkha.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 168.
91. Tanha
Craving - that which causes dukkha. Sensual pleasures, Tanha is the
mechanism through which dukkha comes.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 168.
92. Samsara
Journeying
The cycle of birth, decay, death, and
rebirth to which all living beings are
subject until they achieve
enlightenment.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Samsara in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 420.
93. Samsara
All Schools of Buddhism teach Samsara never had a beginning.
Yogacara School of Buddhism (within Mahayana Branch) teaches that
samsara is concurrent with nirvana. They are experienced at same
time. Possible no end.
Other Schools of Buddhism: teach that Samsara ends.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Samsara in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 420.
94. Nirvana
Buddhist conception of achieving unity
with Brahman
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 370.
95. Nirvana
Nirvana literally means “extinction” as when a candle’s
fl
ame is
extinguished… merging with the divine in a state without conditional
aspects.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 370.
96. Nirvana
Hinduism: state of liberation from individuality and the Samsara
cycle, and merging with Brahaman, the ultimate reality.
Buddhism: liberation from individuality, but also liberation from desire,
hate, delusion, and Karma.
Theravada Buddhism: All of the above, & extinction from existence
Mayayana Buddhism: All the above, liberation from suffering, but
continued existence of a conscious “self” and experience of “bliss”
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 370.
97. Nirvana (Differences)
Hinduism: state of liberation from
individuality
Merging with Brahman
Achieved through action (Karma)
Irons, Edward. (2008). Nirvana in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 370.
Buddhism: state of liberation from
desire
Achieving a State of existence
Extinction of Self (some branches)
99. The Five Aggregates
Called the Skandhas
Literally bundles, the self is a “bundle of perceptions”.
They form at birth, disperse at death.
Buddha rejected concept of Atman. The self does not exist.
Irons, Edward. (2008). Skandhas in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 457.
100.
101. Rupa
Form, physical. material existence.
The perception that there are physical
things that exist in space and time.
Buddhism: Basic Beliefs and Practices. (2012).Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University.
Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
102. Vedana
Sensations (ex. The
fi
ve senses)
Buddhism: Basic Beliefs and Practices. (2012).Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University.
Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
103. Samjna
Perceptions
Irons, Edward. (2008). Rupee in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File. 457.
Buddhism: Basic Beliefs and Practices. (2012).Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University.
Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
104. Samskara
Mental constructs.
Buddhism: Basic Beliefs and Practices. (2012).Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University.
Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
105. Vijanana
Our conciousness.
The mental activity when we are
conscious, thinking, and processing.
Buddhism: Basic Beliefs and Practices. (2012).Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed: Columbia University.
Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/religion/eastern/buddhism/buddhism/basic-beliefs-and-practices
108. Buddhist Practices
• Meditation - focus and achieving higher state
• Chanting -reciting scriptures
• Mala - String of beads used to maintain focus
• Bowing - sign of respect
• Offerings - leaving gifts like
fl
owers that fade and die
128. Schools of Buddhism
1. Theravada Buddhism (Tradition of the Elders)
2. Mahayana Buddhism (The Great Vehicle)
3. Vajrayana Buddhism (The Way of the Diamond)
4. Zen Buddhism (The Way of Meditation)
132. Theravada Beliefs
• Existence of the supernatural world and spiritual beings
• Rejection of Personal God (God of the Bible)
• Self is an illusion and does not exist
• Nirvana is the extinguishing the self
• Differentiation between Monk and Layman
• Monk may attain Nirvana
• Layman may only become a monk in the next life
138. Purpose of Meditation
1. Focus on Mindfulness - become aware of your body
2. Focus on impermanence of life
3. Focus on nonexistence
4. Focus on empty mind of “self”
139. Theravada Meditation
1. Mindfulness - become aware of your body
2. Focus on impermanence of life
3. Focus on nonexistence
4. Focus on empty mind
140. Types of Meditation
1. Samatha - calming meditation, ex. Mindfulness, to
achieve higher spiritual states. Temporary
2. Vipassana - insight meditation. ex. Understanding
impermanence of life, losing “self”, non-existence, see
past the illusion of physical world.
141. Chanting
Scriptures from the Pali Canon in the Pali language
1. Buddhabhivadana — reverence for Buddha
2. Tisarana — the Three Refuges
3. Pancasila — the Five Precepts
4. Upjhatthana — the Five Rememberences
5. The 32 parts of the body
143. Theravada Lay People
• Only monks can attain nirvana
• Secondary participants in practice
• Store up merit to reincarnated into a monk
• Attain a higher plane according to acquired merit (31 planes)
144. Lay People Obligations
1. Keep the
fi
ve precepts
2. Support the monks
3. Help maintain the temples
149. Four Buddhas & One to Come
• Kakusandha (the
fi
rst Buddha of the current bhadrakalpa)
• Koṇāgamana (the second Buddha of the current bhadrakalpa)
• Kassapa (the third Buddha of the current bhadrakalpa)
• Gautama (the fourth and present Buddha of the
current bhadrakalpa)
• Meitreya (the
fi
fth Buddha who has not yet come)
161. Vajrayana (Tibetan) Buddhism
• Arrived from India (6th Century AD)
• State religion under King Songtsan Gampo (618-649 AD)
• Gelug or “Yellow Hat” School dominated in 14th Century
• Dalai Lama Lineage Began under Mongolian Rule in (16th Century)
Lopez, D. S. , Snellgrove, . David Llewelyn , Kitagawa, . Joseph M. , Nakamura, . Hajime , Reynolds, . Frank E. and Tucci, . Giuseppe (2021, April
8). Buddhism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhish (“Vajrana”)
162. 14th Dalai Lama
Tenzin Gyatso (1925 - present)
Dalai Lama (1940 - Present)
Exiled in 1959 to N India
Lopez, D. S. , Snellgrove, . David Llewelyn , Kitagawa, . Joseph M. , Nakamura, . Hajime , Reynolds, . Frank E. and Tucci, . Giuseppe (2021, April
8). Buddhism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhish (“Vajrana”)
163. Vajrayana (Tibetan) Buddhism
• Nirvana is achieved through stages of yogic or contemplative
meditations
• Nirvana is both “voidness” and “compassion without attachment”
• Enlightenment is achieved through comprehending this polarity
• Passive comprehending of Voidness (Female)
• Dynamic compassion without attachment (Male)
Lopez, D. S. , Snellgrove, . David Llewelyn , Kitagawa, . Joseph M. , Nakamura, . Hajime , Reynolds, . Frank E. and Tucci, . Giuseppe (2021, April
8). Buddhism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhish (“Vajrana”)
164. Vajrayana (Tibetan) Buddhism
• Tibetan master leads students through meditation on these two
opposites through visualization.
• Gods are visualized
• Yogic postures achieved
• Mantras vocalized
• Icons venerated
Lopez, D. S. , Snellgrove, . David Llewelyn , Kitagawa, . Joseph M. , Nakamura, . Hajime , Reynolds, . Frank E. and Tucci, . Giuseppe (2021, April
8). Buddhism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhish (“Vajrana”)
165. Tibetan Book of the Dead
• Bardo Thosgrol Chenmo
• “Great Liberation”
• Written by Padmasambhava
• 11th Century AD
• Intended to be sung
• Describes the journey after death
• The rituals upon death
Irons, E. A. (2008). Tibetan book of the dead. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Facts on File, Inc. 512
167. Zen Beliefs
• Buddha’s consciousness exists in each follower
• Enlightenment is a single experience / event
• Realizations are also sudden events
• Meditation is central to realizations
• Follows teachings of Mahayana Buddhism
168. Zen Buddhism
• Personal Restraint
• Mindfulness Meditation
• De-emphasizes study of the Sutras
• Emphasizes spiritual practices instead
• Emphasizes applications from Buddha’s life
191. Gibson, Jung (2006) Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign Born Population of the United States. No. 81: US Census Bureau
192. In
fl
uence of Asian Immigation
• Establishment of Buddhist Temples
• Production of Buddhist literature and publications
• Buddhist schools and teaching
• Teachers from China established schools
193. Reasons for Attraction
• Alternative to materialism of the 1950s
• Alternative to institutional religion during time suspicion of institutions
• Presented itself as philosophy rather than alternative religion
• Answered the question about “suffering”
• Presented itself as a philosophy of peace
194. Reasons for Attraction
• Offered personal practices helping people be calm in a disruptive decade
• Spirituality instead of religion and traditions.
• Offered answers to burning questions in that decade such as war, suffering
• It tried to af
fi
rm other religious truth claims rather than contradict them
198. Carl Jung
1875 - 1961
Founder of Analytic Psychology
Writer on Buddhism
199. “The goal in psychotherapy is exactly the
same as in Buddhism”
“The difference between Buddhism and
Western psychology is concept of the
self”
“Christ overcame the world by burning
himself with its suffering, but Buddha
overcame both the pleasure and
suffering of the world by disposing of
both” (p. 367).
“To the Western man, the
meaninglessness of a static universe is
unbearable. The oriental does not make
that assumption…rather he embodies it”
(p. 317)
203. Nichiren Shoshu of America
• Founded in 13th Century in Northern Japan
• Nikko Shonin, the next Buddha
• US Headquarters in Los Angeles California
• 12 Million adherents in 188 countries
• Organized missionary work worldwide
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/nichiren_1.shtml
204. NSA Beliefs
• Rejects all other forms of Buddhism as heretical
• Claims to be the only true Buddhism
• Believes we are in the 3rd Age
• Nichiren Shobeb is the New Buddha
• Believes anyone can easily achieve enlightenment
• Text is the Lotus Sutra
• Chants mantra “Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyo”
• Worships the Dai. Gohonzon, a Japanese goddess
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/nichiren_1.shtml
205. NSA Ten Principles
1. Hell - personal despair in this life
2. Hunger - desiring something rather
than contentment
3. Animality - being governed by animal
instincts
4. Anger - any kind of sel
fi
shness, or
competitiveness
5. Tranquility - Calm state
6. Rapture - pleasure when desire is
ful
fi
lled (??!!)
7. Learning - new skills
8. Aborption - condition following gaining
new wisdom
9. Bodhisattva - disciple of the new
Buddha
10.Buddhahood - achieving the state of
compassion, wisdom, and humaneness
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/nichiren_1.shtml
208. Demographics of American Buddhists
• White, Non-Hispanic (53%)
• Gen X & Baby Boomers (55%)
• College Education or Higher (61%)
• Make over $70,000/year (45%)
• Democrat or Politically Liberal (70%)
Pew Research (2017)
212. Beliefs of American Buddhists
• Believe in a Divine Being (60%)
• Pray or Meditate Daily or Weekly (66%)
• Never read the Bible (70%)
• Believe in an absolute right or wrong (4%)
• There is no Hell (63%)
Pew Research (2017)
