INT 1010 04-1.pdf

Introduction to Information Technology
4.1. Information Systems: Software (Computer Software)
INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
1
04
Information Systems:
Software

2
POTUS 16

3
In which month took place the
Russian "October Revolution"
1. September
2. October
3. November
4. December

3. Hardware
4
Previous Chapter:
Computer
Systems
Hardware
Hardware
Components
Peripherals
Input / Output
Desktops, Laptops, Mobile
Phones, Tablets, Wearables,
Integrated Computing.
Case, Motherboard, CPU,
Chipset, RAM, ROM, Buses,
CMOS, Sockets, Slots.
Storage devices (external HD,
Diskettes, SD cards, Flash
drives), Bluetooth.
Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner,
Joystick, Card Reader, Camera.
Screens, Printers, Plotters, Audio
Output.

5
✓ Define the term software;
✓ Describe the two primary categories of software;
✓ Describe the role ERP software plays in an
organization;
✓ Describe the process to write a computer program;
✓ Describe cloud computing and its advantages and
disadvantages for use in an organization;
✓ Define the term open-source and identify its
primary characteristics;
✓ Determine what operating system you have; and
✓ Learn to manage files.
Objectives

6
Software and hardware cannot function without each other. Without
software, hardware is useless. Without hardware, the software has
no hardware to run on.
Operating
Systems
Computer
Software
File
Systems
Downloading
Files
File
Management

INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
2022
7
04.1
Software
(Computer Software)

8
In this section (Computer Software), we will go over the following
topics:
Overview of
Computer Software System Software Application Software Software creation
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

9
Overview of
Computer
Software
Information Systems
Software

10
The second component of an
information system is software.
Software is the means to take a
user’s data and process it to
perform its intended action.
Software translates what users
want to do into a set of
instructions that tell the
hardware what to do.
A set of instructions is also called
a computer program.

11
For example, when a user presses
the letter ‘A’ key on the keyboard
when using a word processing
app, it is the word processing
software that tells the hardware
that the user pressed the key ‘A’
on the keyboard and fetches the
image of the letter A to display on
the screen as feedback to the user
that the user’s data is received
correctly.
A

12
Software is created through
the process of
programming.
In essence, hardware is the
machine, and software is the
intelligence that tells the
hardware what to do.
Without software, the
hardware would not be
functional.

13
The software component can be broadly divided into two categories:
system software and application software.
System software is a collection of
computer programs that provide a
software platform for other software
programs. It also insulates the
hardware's specifics from the
applications and users as much as
possible by managing the hardware
and the networks. It consists of
• Operating System
• Utilities
Application software is a computer
program that delivers a specific activity
for the users (i.e., create a document,
draw a picture). It can be for either
• a general-purpose (i.e., Microsoft
Word, Google doc) or
• for a particular purpose (i.e.,
weather forecast, CAD engineering)

14

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Overview of
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

16
Computer
Software:
System Software
Information Systems
Software

17
The operating system (OS) provides several
essential functions, including:
1. Managing the hardware resources of the computer
2. Providing the user-interface components
3. Providing a platform for software developers to write
applications.
All computing devices run an OS, a key
component of the system software.
An OS is a set of programs that coordinate
hardware components and other programs and
acts as an interface with application software and
networks.
System software: OS

18
Early personal-computer operating systems
were simple by today’s standards; they did
not provide multitasking and required the
user to type commands to initiate an action.
The amount of memory that early operating
systems could handle was limited as well,
making large programs impractical to run.
The most popular of the early operating
systems was IBM’s Disk Operating System,
or DOS, which was actually developed for
them by Microsoft.
System software: OS

19
For personal computers, some of the most popular operating
systems today are Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s MacOS, Chrome
OS, and different versions of Linux.
System software: OS

20
In 1984, Apple introduced the
Macintosh computer, featuring an
operating system with a graphical user
interface, now known as MacOS.
Apple has different names for its OS
running on different devices such as
iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS.
System software: OS

21
In 1986, as a response to Apple, Microsoft
introduced the MS Windows OS,
commonly known as Windows, as a new
graphical user interface for their then
command-based operating system,
known as MS-DOS, which was developed
for IBM’s Disk Operating System or IBM-
DOS.
By the 1990s, Windows dominated the
desktop personal computers market as
the top OS and overtaken Apple’s OS.
System software: OS

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Since 1990, both Apple and Microsoft
have released many new versions of
their operating systems, with each
release adding the ability to process
more data at once and access more
memory.
Features such as multitasking, virtual
memory, and voice input have become
standard features of both operating
systems.
System software: OS

23
A third personal-computer operating
system family that is gaining in
popularity is Linux.
Linux is a version of the Unix operating
system that runs on a personal
computer.
Unix is an operating system used
primarily by scientists and engineers on
larger minicomputers.
System software: OS

24
These computers, however, are costly,
and software developer Linus Torvalds
wanted to find a way to make Unix run
on less expensive personal computers:
Linux was the result.
Linux has many variations and now
powers a large percentage of web
servers in the world.
It is also an example of open-source
software, a topic we will cover later on.
System software: OS

25
Smartphones and tablets run operating
systems as well, such as Apple’s iOS,
Google’s Android (introduced in 2007),
Microsoft’s Windows Mobile, and
Blackberry.
Android is based on the Linux kernel,
and a consortium of developers
developed other open-source software.
It quickly became the top OS for mobile
devices and overtook Microsoft.
System software: OS

26

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Operating systems have continuously
improved with more and more features
to increase speed and performance to
process more data at once and access
more memory.
Features such as multitasking, virtual
memory, and voice input have become
standard features of both operating
systems.
System software: OS

28
System software: Desktop OS share 2022
https://netmarketshare.com/
Windows
89.73
MacOS
7%
Linux
2% Chrome OS
1%
Others
0%

29
System software: Mobile OS share 2022
0.51
Android
iOS
Others
https://netmarketshare.com/
71.24%
28.26%

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Utility software includes software that
is specific-purposed and focused on
keeping the infrastructure healthy.
Examples include antivirus software to
scan and stop computer viruses and
disk desegmentation software to
optimize files' storage.
Over time, some of the popular utilities
were absorbed as features of an
operating system.
System software: utility

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System software: utility

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Overview of
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

33
Computer
Software:
Applications
Information Systems
Software

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While system software focuses on
running the computers,
application software allows
the end-user to accomplish some
goals or purposes.
Examples include word
processing, photo editor,
spreadsheet, or a browser.
Application software

35
Applications software are grouped in
many categories, including:
• Killer app
• Productivity
• Enterprise
• Mobile
Application software

36
When a new type of digital device is
invented, there are generally a small
group of technology enthusiasts who will
purchase it just for the joy of figuring out
how it works. A “killer” application runs
only on one OS platform and becomes so
essential that many people will buy a
device on that OS platform just to run
that application. For the personal
computer, the killer application was the
spreadsheet.
Application software: Killer app

37
In 1979, VisiCalc, the first personal-computer
spreadsheet package, was introduced.
It was an immediate hit and drove sales of the Apple II.
It also solidified the value of the personal computer
beyond the relatively small circle of technology geeks.
When the IBM PC was released, another spreadsheet
program, Lotus 1-2-3, was the killer app for business
users.
Today, Microsoft Excel dominates as the spreadsheet
program, running on all the popular operating
systems.
Application software: Killer

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Along with the spreadsheet, several other
software applications have become
standard tools for the workplace.
These applications, called productivity
software, allow office employees to
complete their daily work.
Many times, these applications come
packaged together, such as in Microsoft’s
Office suite.
Application software: Productivity

39

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Word processing: This software provides for the
creation of written documents.
Functions include the ability to type and edit text,
format fonts and paragraphs, and add, move, and
delete text throughout the document.
Most modern word-processing programs also have
the ability to add tables, images, voice, videos, and
various layout and formatting features to the
document.
The most popular word-processing package is MS
Word, which saves its files in the docx format.

41

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.doc is the older version of a Microsoft Word
Document. docX is the newer version, form
versions of Microsoft Word 2007 onwards.
Now before you jump in thinking that the
added X makes the document extreme or
better in some way, that X on the end just
stands for ‘Office Open XML’.
What is the difference between doc
and docx?
https://www.simuldocs.com/blog/whats-the-difference-between-doc-and-docx-files-in-microsoft-word

43
Spreadsheet: This class of software provides
a way to do numeric calculations and analysis.
The working area is divided into rows and
columns, where users can enter numbers, text,
or formulas.
The formulas make a spreadsheet powerful,
allowing the user to develop complex
calculations that can change based on the
numbers entered.
The most popular spreadsheet package is MS
Excel, which saves its files in the xlsx format.

44

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Presentation: This software provides for
the creation of slideshow presentations
that can be shared, printed, or projected on
a screen.
Users can add text, images, audio, video,
and other media elements to the slides.
MS PowerPoint remains the most popular
software, saving its files in pptx format.

46

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Office Suite: Microsoft popularized the idea
of the office-software productivity bundle
with their release of Microsoft Office.
Some office suites include other types of
software.
Microsoft now has a cloud-based version
called Microsoft Office 365.
Similar to Google Drive, this suite allows
users to edit and share documents online
utilizing cloud-computing technology.

48

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As the personal computer proliferated inside
organizations, control over the information
generated by the organization began
splintering.
For example, the customer service department
creates a customer database to track calls and
problem reports.
The sales department also creates a database to
keep track of customer information.
Which one should be used as the master list of
customers?
Application software: Enterprise

50
As another example, someone in sales might
create a spreadsheet to calculate sales
revenue, while someone in finance creates a
different one that meets their department's
needs.
However, the two spreadsheets will likely
come up with different totals for revenue.
Which one is correct?
And who is managing all this information?

51
In the 1990s, the need to bring the organization’s information back
under centralized control became more apparent.
The enterprise resource planning (ERP) system was developed to
bring together an entire organization in one software application.
Key characteristics of an ERP include:
• An integrated set of modules
• A consistent user interface
• A common database
• Integrated business processes

52
ERP systems were originally marketed to
large corporations, given that they are costly.
However, as more and more large companies
began installing them, ERP vendors began
targeting mid-sized and even smaller
businesses.
Some of the more well-known ERP systems
include those from SAP, Oracle, and
Microsoft.

53
Founded in 1972, the company was initially
called System Analysis Program Development
(Systemanalyse Programmentwicklung),
later abbreviated to SAP. Since then, it has
grown from a small, five-person endeavor to
a multinational enterprise headquartered in
Walldorf, Germany, with more than 105,000
employees worldwide.
With the introduction of its original SAP R/2 and SAP R/3 software,
SAP established the global standard for enterprise resource planning
(ERP) software.
https://www.sap.com/about/company/what-is-sap.html

54
To effectively implement an ERP system in
an organization, the organization must be
ready to make a full commitment,
including the cost to train employees as
part of the implementation.
All aspects of the organization are affected
as old systems are replaced by the ERP
system.
In general, implementing an ERP system
can take two to three years and several
million dollars.

55
So why implement an ERP system?
If done properly, an ERP system can
bring an organization a good return on
its investment.
By consolidating information systems
across the enterprise and using the
software to enforce best practices, most
organizations see an overall
improvement after implementing an
ERP.

56
A customer relationship management
(CRM) system is a software application
designed to manage customer interactions,
including customer service, marketing, and
sales. It collects all data about the
customers. The objectives of a CRM are:
• Personalize customer relationship to
increase customer loyalty
• Improve communication
• Anticipate needs to retain existing or
acquire new customers

57

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Supply Chain Management: Many
organizations must deal with the
complex task of managing their supply
chains.
At its simplest, a supply chain is a
linkage between an organization’s
suppliers, its manufacturing facilities,
and its products' distributors.
Each link in the chain has a multiplying
effect on the complexity of the process.

59

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For example, if there are two
suppliers, one manufacturing
facility, and two distributors,
then there are 2 x 1 x 2 = 4 links
to handle.
However, if you add two more
suppliers, another manufac-
turing facility, and two more
distributors, then you have 4
x 2 x 4 = 32 links to manage.

61
A supply chain management (SCM) system manages the
interconnection between these links and the products' inventory in
their various development stages.
The Association provides a full definition of a supply chain
management system for Operations Management: “The design,
planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain
activities to create net value, building a competitive infrastructure,
leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand,
and measuring performance globally.”

62

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A mobile application, commonly called a
mobile app, is a software application
programmed to run specifically on a mobile
device such as smartphones and tablets.
Smartphones and tablets are becoming a
dominant form of computing, with many
more smartphones being sold than
personal computers.
This means that organizations will have to
get smart about developing software on
mobile devices to stay relevant.
Application software: Mobile

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65

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Overview of
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

67
Software
creation
Information Systems
Software

68
We just discussed different types of
software and now can ask: How is
software created?
If the software is the set of
instructions that tells the hardware
what to do, how are these instructions
written?
If a computer reads everything as one
and zero, do we have to learn how to
write software that way?
Software creation

69
Thankfully, another software type
is written, especially for software
developers to write system
software and applications - called
programming languages.
The people who can program are
called computer programmers,
software developers, or
commonly known as coders.
Software creation

70
Analogous to a human language, a programming language consists
of keywords, comments, symbols, and grammatical rules to
construct statements as valid instructions understandable by the
computer to perform certain tasks.
Software creation

71
Using this language, a
programmer writes a program
(called the source code).
Software creation

72
Another software then processes the source code to convert the
programming statements to a machine-readable form, the ones, and
zeroes necessary to execute the CPU.
This conversion process is often known as compiling, and the
software is called the compiler.
Software creation

73
Once the code has been
compiled, it can be executed
by a CPU.
Software creation

74
Thousands of programming languages have
been created since the first programming
language in 1883 by a woman named Ada
Lovelace.
One of the earlier English-like languages called
COBOL has been in use since the 1950s to the
present time in services that we still use today,
such as payroll, reservation systems.
The C programming language was introduced
in the 1970s and remained a top popular
choice.
Software creation

75
Ada Lovelace and the
Babbage Machine

76
Some new languages
such as C#, Swift are
gaining momentum as
well.
Programmers select the
best-matched language
with the problem to be
solved for a particular
OS platform.
Software creation
https://hitech-us.com/
2023

77
One person can write some programs.
However, most software programs are
written by many developers.
For example, it takes hundreds of
software engineers to write Microsoft
Windows or Excel.
To ensure teams can deliver timely and
quality software with the least amount
of errors, also known as bugs, formal
project management methodologies are
used.
Software creation

78
MS Windows 95
Developer Team

79
The expression computer
bug originated from
Grace Hopper (1946),
computer pioneer,
because looking for the
causes in a computer
malfunction, her team
found a bug inside.
Computer bug

80
Overview of
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

81
Open Source
Software
Information Systems
Software

82
When the personal computer was
first released, computer enthusiasts
immediately banded together to
build applications and solve
problems.
These computer enthusiasts were
happy to share any programs they
built and solutions to problems they
found; this collaboration enabled
them to innovate more quickly and
fix problems.
Open-Source vs. Closed-
Source Software

83
As software began to become a business,
however, this idea of sharing everything fell
out of favor for some.
When a software program takes hundreds of
hours to develop, it is understandable that
the programmers do not want to give it away.
This led to a new business model of
restrictive software licensing, which required
payment for software to the owner, a model
that is still dominant today.
Source Software

84
There are many, however, who feel that software
should not be restricted.
Like those early hobbyists in the 1970s, they feel
that innovation and progress can be made much
more rapidly if we share what we learn.
In the 1990s, with Internet access connecting
more and more people, the open-source
movement gained steam.
Open-source software is software that has the
source code available for anyone to copy and use.
Source Software

85
For non-programmers, it won’t be of
much use unless the compiled format is
also made available for users to use.
However, for programmers, the open-
source movement has led to developing
some of the world's most-used
software, including the Firefox
browser, the Linux operating system,
and the Apache webserver.
Source Software
Apache Web Server powers 47% of the websites (2021).

86
Just about every type of commercial product has an open source
equivalent. SourceForge.net lists +230K of such products
Source Software
Firefox
OpenOffice
Gimp
Alfresco
Marketcetera
Zimbra
MySQL, Ingres, and EnterpriseDB
SugarCRM
Asterix
Free BSD and Sun’s OpenSolaris
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Office
Photoshop
MS Sharepoint & EMC’s Documentum
FlexTrade and Portware
Outlook server
Oracle, Microsoft, Sybase, and IBM
Salesforce.com and Siebel
Nortel and Cisco
Unix OS
86

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Some people are concerned that open-
source software can be vulnerable to
security risks since the source code is
available.
Others counter that because the source
code is freely available, many programmers
have contributed to open-source software
projects, making the code less buggy and
adding features, and fixing bugs much
faster than closed-source software.
Source Software

88
Many businesses are wary of open-
source software precisely because the
code is available for anyone to see.
They feel that this increases the risk of
an attack.
Others counter that this openness
decreases the risk because the code is
exposed to thousands of programmers
who can incorporate code changes to
patch vulnerabilities quickly.
Source Software

89
Some benefits of the open-source model are:
• The software is available for free: free
alternatives to costly commercial code can be
a tremendous motivator
• Reliability: the more people who look at a
program’s code, the greater the likelihood
that an error will be caught and corrected
• Security: high profile hacking contests have
frequently demonstrated the strength of OSS
products
Source Software
OSS

90
• Scalability: from cheap commodity hardware
to high-end supercomputing.
• Agility and Time to Market: Vendors may
skip whole segments of the software
development process
• The software source code can be examined
and reviewed before it is installed.
• Quick Updates: The large community of
programmers leads to quick bug-fixing and
feature additions.
Source Software
OSS

91
Some benefits of the closed-source model are:
• Providing a financial incentive for software
developers or companies
• Technical support from the company that
developed the software.
Source Software
CSS

92
0. The freedom to run the
program as you wish, for any
purpose.
1. The freedom to study how the
program works, and change it so
it does your computing as you
wish.
2. The freedom to redistribute
copies so you can help your
neighbor.
3. The freedom to distribute
copies of your modified versions
to others.

93
By lowering the cost of computing, open
source efforts make more computing
options accessible to smaller firms.
More reliable, secure computing also
lowers costs for all users.
OSS also diverts funds that firms would
otherwise spend on fixed costs, like
operating systems and databases, so that
these funds can be spent on innovation
or other more competitive initiatives.
Why Give It Away? The Business of Open
Source

94
But how do vendors make money on open source? One way is by
selling support and consulting services.
Why Give It Away? The Business of Open Source
Oracle, a firm that sells commercial ERP and
database products, provides Linux for free,
selling high-margin Linux support contracts.
Red Hat, the largest purely OSS firm, reported half a
billion dollars in revenue in 2008. The firm had two
and a half million paid subscriptions offering access
to software updates and support service.

95
Why Give It Away? The Business of Open Source
A Red Hat subscription provides you with access to
download supported and released versions of Red
Hat software.
It also provides access to an online knowledgebase
and support for advice and guidance to deploy,
configure, and manage the Red Hat software, even in
critical environments.
The subscription can go from $350 to $1300 a year,
per license.

96
With OSS, hardware firms spend less money
than they would in the brutal, head-to-head
competition where each once offered a “me too”
operating system that was incompatible with
rivals but offered little differentiation.
Hardware firms now find their technical talent
can be deployed in other value-added services
mentioned above: developing commercial
software add-ons, offering consulting services,
and enhancing hardware offerings.
Why Give It Away? The Business of Open
Source

97
While Linux is a major
player in enterprise
software, mobile phones,
and consumer electronics,
the Linux OS can only be
found on a tiny fraction of
desktop computers.
There are several reasons
for this.
Linux on the Desktop?
https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop

98
Some suggest Linux simply isn’t as easy to
install and use as Windows or the Mac OS.
The small number of desktop users also
dissuades third party firms from porting
popular desktop applications over to Linux.
For consumers in most industrialized
nations, the added complexity and limited
desktop application availability of desktop
Linux just it isn’t worth the one to two
hundred dollars saved by giving up
Windows.
Linux on the Desktop?

99
The “SQL” in name stands for the structured
query language, a standard method for organizing
and accessing data.
SQL is also employed by commercial database
products from Oracle, Microsoft, and Sybase.
Even Linux-loving IBM uses SQL in its own
lucrative DB2 commercial database product.
Since all of these databases are based on the same
standard, switching costs are lower, so migrating
from a commercial product to MySQL’s open
source alternative is relatively easy.
MySQL: the DBMS business

100
Firms pay for what’s free for one of two
reasons:
1. for MySQL service, and
2. for the right to incorporate MySQL’s
code into their own products.
Amazon, Facebook, Gap, NBC, and
Sabre pay MySQL for support; Cisco,
Ericsson, HP, and Symantec pay for the
rights to the code.
MySQL: the DBMS business

101
Competing reports cite certain open
source products as being difficult to
install and maintain.
Adopters of OSS without support
contracts may lament having to rely on
an uncertain community of volunteers
to support their problems and provide
innovative upgrades.
Legal Risks and Open Source
Software: A Hidden and Complex
Challenge

102
Another major concern is legal
exposure.
Firms adopting OSS may be at risk if
they distribute code and aren’t aware of
the licensing implications.
Also complicating issues are the varying
open source license, each with slightly
different legal provisions—many of
which have evolved over time.
Legal Risks and Open Source
Software: A Hidden and Complex
Challenge

103
The companies or developers own the software
they create.
The software is protected by law either through
patents, copyright, or licenses.
It is up to the software owners to grant their
users the right to use the software through the
terms of the licenses.
For closed-source vendors, the terms vary
depending on the price the users are willing to
pay (single user, single installation, multi-users,
multi-installations, per network, or machine).
Software Licenses

104
Overview of
Open Source
Software
Cloud computing

105
Cloud
computing
Information Systems
Software

106
Historically, for software to run on a computer,
an individual copy of the software had to be
installed on the computer, either from a disk or,
more recently, after being downloaded from the
Internet.
The concept of “cloud” computing changes this
model.
“The cloud” refers to applications, services, and
data stored in data centers, server farms, and
storage servers and accessed by users via the
Internet.
Cloud Computing

107
In most cases, the users don’t know
where their data is actually stored.
You probably already use cloud
computing in some forms.
For example, if you access your email
via your web browser, you are using a
form of cloud computing.
If you use Google Drive’s applications,
you are using cloud computing.
Cloud Computing

108

109
• No software to install or upgrades to maintain.
• Available from any computer that has access to the
Internet.
• Can scale to a large number of users easily.
• New applications can be up and running very
quickly.
• Services can be leased for a limited time on an as-
needed basis.
• Your information is not lost if your hard disk
crashes or your laptop is stolen.
• You are not limited by the available memory or
disk space on your computer.
Cloud Computing

110
• You must have Internet access to use it. If you do
not have access, you’re out of luck.
• You are relying on a third party to provide these
services.
• You don’t know how your data is protected from
theft or sold by your own cloud service provider.
Cloud Computing

111
Many organizations don’t want to give up control of their data and
applications using cloud computing.
But they also see the value in reducing the need for installing
software and adding disk storage to local computers.
A solution to this problem lies in the concept of a private cloud.
While there are various private cloud models, the basic idea is for
the cloud service provider to rent a specific portion of their server
space exclusive to a specific organization.
The organization has full control over that server space while still
gaining some of the benefits of cloud computing.
Using a private cloud

112
https://karansinghreen.medium.com/wh
at-is-the-difference-between-public-
private-and-hybrid-cloud-a41bba631479

113
Cloud computing can be loosely
defined as the allocation of hardware
and/or software under a service model.
Typically, what we hear today referred
to as cloud computing is the concept of
business-to-business commerce
revolving around “Company A” selling
or renting their services to “Company
B” over the Internet.
Cloud Emerging Technology/
Current Trend

114
A cloud can be public or private, and it can also fall
into some smaller subsets in between.
Under Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) computing
model, which is what is most commonly associated
with the term cloud computing, one or more
servers with significant amounts of processing
power, capacity, and memory, are configured
through hardware and/or software methods to act
as though they are multiple smaller systems that
add up to their capacity.
Current Trend

115
This is referred to as virtualizing, or virtual
servers.
These systems can be “right sized” where they
only consume the resources they need on
average, meaning many systems needing little
resources can reside on one piece of hardware.
When processing demands of one system
expand or contract, resources from that server
can be added or removed to account for the
change.
Current Trend

116
This is an alternative to multiple
physical servers, where each would
need the ability to serve not only the
average but expected peak needs of
system resources.
Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform
as a Service (PaaS), and the ever-
expanding list of “as-a-service” models
follow the same basic pattern of
balancing time and effort.
Current Trend

121
Another kind of virtualization,
virtual desktops allow a server to
run what amounts to a copy of a
PC—OS, applications, and all—and
simply deliver an image of what’s
executing to a PC or other
connected device.
This allows firms to scale, back up,
secure, and upgrade systems far
more easily than if they had to
maintain each individual PC.
Virtualization

122

123
The software component can be
broadly divided into two categories:
system software and application
software.
1. System Software
2. Application Software
Operating System
Utilities
General-purpose
Particular purpose

124
Pair the logo to its correspondent OS:
1. MS Windows
2. Mac OS
3. Linux
4. Android

125
Which is the most used OS in
Desktop Computers, until 2022?
1. Mac OS
2. Unix
3. MS Windows
4. Linux

126
What is CRM?
1. s/w developed to bring together an entire
organization in one software application
2. s/w that manages the interconnection between
suppliers and the products' inventory in their
various development stages.
3. s/w designed to manage customer interactions,
including customer service, marketing, and
sales.
4. s/w programmed to run specifically on a
mobile device

127
What is “the Cloud”?
1. a network that is spread across
multiple locations or even around
the world.
2. a virtual machine that simulates a
computer with an operating
system.
3. applications, services, and data
stored in data centers, server
farms, and storage servers and
accessed by users via the Internet
4. Software that provide users of a
particular network with access to
files stored on the server

128

Textbook
130
https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_
Georges_Community_College/INT_1010%
3A_Concepts_in_Computing
Purchase of a book is not
required.

Professor C
131
castellr@pgcc.edu
eLearning Expert
BS in Systems Engineering
MS in Systems Engineering
HC Dr in Education
IT Professor | Spanish Interpreter | Spanish
Instructor
LCINT1010.wordpress.com
Presentation created in 01/2022.
Slides last updated on 10/2023

INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
132
04.1
Software
(Computer Software)

INT 1010 04-1.pdf

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