Institutional Sources of Corruption in the Case of Armenia
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This document analyzes the relationship between perceptions of corruption in Armenia and three institutional sources: formal rules, informal rules, and enforcement mechanisms. Statistical models show perceptions of enforcement mechanisms and informal rules significantly correlate with perceived corruption, but not formal rules. Higher education levels also correlate with higher perceived corruption. The document recommends reforms like transparency laws and judicial reforms to strengthen enforcement mechanisms to reduce corruption by impacting informal norms.
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fii
FIIs started investing in India in 1993 after the Indian stock market opened to foreign investors. FIIs must register with SEBI and comply with RBI regulations. They can include pension funds, mutual funds, insurance companies, banks, and more. FIIs bring foreign currency into India which increases rupee liquidity and lowers borrowing costs, fueling economic growth. However, they also introduce volatility in stock prices as they buy and sell large numbers of shares. Massive withdrawals of funds by FIIs have contributed to crashes of the Indian stock market.
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The document discusses various types of corruption including bribery, nepotism, fraud, embezzlement, administrative corruption, political corruption, grand corruption, and petty corruption. It defines corruption as the abuse of public trust for personal gain or deceiving others to favor someone for personal interests. Examples provided include police receiving bribes for personal use, corruption in the education system, and politicians only working for personal interests gains.
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Youths & corruption
It is a simple presentation which explains why youths are important in the fight against corruption and how they can engage in the movement.
Conférence corruption Institut du nouveau monde (INM)
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fii
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The consequences of corruption in the Nigerian Oil Sector
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Similar to Institutional Sources of Corruption in the Case of Armenia
Political Corruption (A Study On Political Pathology)
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Corruption & Anti-corruption
India is a fast developing country in the world where our systems are weak. So there is always a chance of corruption. Who is responsible for this? What action should be taken? What we must keep in the mind is “Nothing is impossible”. If we join our hands together there can be an end to this deep rooted evil. The only thing is it takes time. A little progress everyday leads to a big result one day ……… may be tomorrow. Be GOOD and DO GOOD
Corruption context in Myanmar and approaches elsewhere in ASEAN
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Measuring Corruption benefits and limits of perception-based surveys
Regional Conference on Fighting Corruption in Education in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 24-25 November, Bratislava
Yana Avdyeyeva
Corruption in india
Corruption takes various forms including political, judicial, and police corruption. Political corruption involves elected officials gaining personal benefits through bribes. Judicial corruption occurs when judges receive bribes or show bias in their rulings. Police corruption involves officers accepting bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal activities. Corruption has significant negative consequences for a country like loss of wealth, hindered development, and increased crime and poverty. While India has enacted laws against corruption, it remains a persistent problem and reducing it will require strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws as well as efforts to increase transparency, accountability and civic participation.
Corruption And Comparative Politics.pdf
Corruption And Comparative Politics
In general, established democracies have lower levels of corruption than dictatorships and fledgling democracies (Montinola & Jackman, 2002; Warren, 2004). However, if the regime is democratic, this alone does not guarantee freedom from corruption (Kramer, 2018; Kube, 2017; Seldadyo & De Haan, 2011; Uslaner & Rothstein, 2016). Wajid khan gives an example, if a democracy lacks transparency in political or campaign finance, has outdated freedom of information laws, has inadequate protection against whistleblowers, or uses untrustworthy media, a democratic state may experience corruption.
Moreover, crime, or at least the perception thereof, tends to increase as countries develop democratic processes. Governments have often not developed effective anti-corruption and integrity mechanisms and are currently trapped in cycles of corruption and weak democratic institutions." Using a panel of 103 countries over five years, Sung (2004) found that corruption first decreased, then increased, and then decreased again in countries becoming more democratic.
That is a combination of growing economic opportunities in the form of achievable rents (Menes, 2006) and the inability of state agencies to establish adequate control and oversight mechanisms for these new opportunities (Schneider, 2007). Sandvig (2006) says that corruption increases in places undergoing "rapid change," such as rapidly developing economies, post-communist countries, or countries transitioning from authoritarian to democratic governments. I am explaining.
Wajid khan Mp says A particular incentive is increased uncertainty. Over time, corruption decreases as governments develop their institutions and capabilities. However, this is not inevitable, and research shows that corruption exists even in the most stable and prosperous democracies (Pring & Vushi, 2019; On critical reflection, see Stephenson, 2019). Therefore, even if democracy is viewed as the preferred anti-corruption system, it is not democracy.
However, specific political institutions, actors, and processes play the role of checks and balances, including the role played. This provides an anti-corruption effect—different political parties. Moreover, when discussing corruption and democracy, it is necessary to recognize that there are many different types of democratic systems around the world, ranging from liberal democracies to democratic socialism to direct and indirect democracies. I have.
Other democratic systems can have various forms and levels of corruption. Nonetheless, as discussed in more detail below, the risk of corruption is generally driven by informally defined executive powers, limited political pluralism, media control, human rights abuses, and militarization of regimes, high in authoritarian systems (or dictatorships) that tend to be characterized. These fe
2014 fighting corruption_in_southasia_en
This document summarizes the key findings of research conducted by Transparency International on anti-corruption efforts in six South Asian countries. It finds that while countries have passed some anti-corruption laws, political interference and lack of independence weaken enforcement. Citizens face challenges accessing information and there is little whistleblower protection. As a result, corruption is increasing and accountability is lacking. The report calls for strengthening rights to information, whistleblower protection, and the independence of anti-corruption agencies and judiciaries.
Factors Influencing Corruption Actions with Parliamentary Behavior as Modera...
Factors Influencing Corruption Actions with Parliamentary Behavior as Modera...State Islamic University Alauddin Makassar
This study aims to examine the greedy effect of greed, opportunity, need and disclosure on the behavior of APBD corruption with parliamentary behavior as a moderating variable. This research is a quantitative research using a descriptive approach. The method of data collection is by handing out questionnaires. That Data analysis is done by applying multiple linear regression analysis and regression moderating analysis with residual test approach. The results of the study with multiple linear regression analysis indicate that greedy, opportunity, and disclosure have a positive impact on the behavior of APBD corruption, while need does not affect the behavior of APBD corruption actions. The analysis of the moderating variable with the residual approach shows that parliamentary behavior can moderate greed, opportunity, need and disclosure on the behavior of APBD corruption. This means that the greater the greed, the greater the opportunity and disclosure, the higher the behavior of the APBD corruption, but if the individual has good parliamentary behavior, it will reduce the behavior of the APBD corruption.Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docx
Running head: CORRUPTION 5
Corruption
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Corruption
Introduction
Corruption is a significant crisis that kills the power of the constitution. Corruption diminishes the power of the society, economy, and social welfare of the nation. There are minimal chances of growth when corruption prevails. Thus, corruption is one of the biggest challenges facing the USA and is clearly shown by the form of administration. Factors that influence corruption is more, and the effect varies depending on the affected individuals. Typical corruption forms have taken way to inform of mishandling of policies, public funds misuse, and failure to submit to public growth projects. Current reports show that corruption is prevalent in many public sectors including but not limited to bribing of civil servants, misuse of political power, and bureaucrats using public power in the United States for a personal end.
Solution
s
Fighting corruption is a challenging task because individuals involved have either political or economic power this providing ways to manipulate the will of the weak. Regardless the report highlights possible ways to solve the issue of corruption while giving recommendations for implementation. First, it is possible to address corruption by engaging the public. Teaching the public about the effect of corruption would help combat the problem. That is, each person should be encouraged to follow the norms of the society and laws of the land (Olaguer, 2006). Following stands of morality would ensure that each person is watchful of individuals’ behaviors. Also, the public should learn how to spot instances of corruption and take necessary action when necessary. When the public is knowledgeable about the consequences of corruption, it is easier to engage in public participation in fighting the epidemic.
Next, corruption can be eradicated by employing a legal strategy. The process involves engaging the law, the judiciary, press, the police, and the media. By creating certainty and involving the bodies mention, it would be easier to discriminate corruption through justice. The legislature should be encouraged to review the laws and make clear the aspect of corrupt and corruption. Although the process might require more time, it would help understand when an individual is convicted of corruption (Heimann et al., 2008). Furthermore, the public should have the power to report against corrupt individuals in society without fear. While the legislature revises the laws, judicial civil servants would have the ability to sentence people from various social classes irrespective of their impact on society.
Third, decentralization of power is an essential step towards fighting corruption in the USA. This would give way for more transparency in the public sectors, procurement process, and budget process should be passed through mass media.
Best solution
Based on the time required to implement solutions, public participat.
Ethics For The Prevention Of Corruption In Turkey
This document outlines ethics and anti-corruption measures for Turkey. It defines corruption narrowly as misuse of public office for private gain but also more broadly as any violation of ethical rules for private benefit. It lists many types of political corruption and analyzes Turkey's anti-corruption efforts, noting both positive steps taken and remaining reforms needed, such as reducing government discretion, limiting political power, and strengthening civil society and transparency. The conclusion emphasizes that combating corruption requires a holistic long-term strategy involving all stakeholders and political will.
Sousa
FIVE TENDENCIES OF TODAY’S CORRUPTION AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICIES
Luís de Sousa, Chairman TIAC (TI-Portugal) and Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Aveiro (lmsousa@ua.pt)
Work in progress, please do not cite without author's permission
Combating corruption and fraud for sustainable developmen beyond audit proced...
This document summarizes a research journal article about combating corruption and fraud for sustainable development. The article discusses different theories and strategies used by fraudsters, and evaluates methods used to combat corruption in developed and developing countries beyond just audit procedures and rules. It proposes strategies that empower citizens to demand accountability from public officials. These strategies require changes to audit emphasis and some level of decentralization to be effective. The principles presented could be considered by donor agencies working in countries where corruption interferes with good governance.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
How to say no!!!
This document discusses responsible youth entrepreneurship and creating a culture of anti-corruption in the private sector. It provides background information on the global youth population and issues they face such as illiteracy, unemployment, and living on less than $1 per day. Corruption significantly impacts young people in their roles as students, workers, and citizens. The document outlines dimensions of good governance including transparency, accountability, democracy and outlines causes of corruption such as weak institutions and lack of oversight. It recommends understanding good governance and the role youth can play in promoting anti-corruption efforts through collective action plans.
RESEARCHING THE EXPERIENCES OF SOME COUNTRIES ON ANTI-CORRUPTION EFFORTS AND ...
Corruption is a long-standing social issue present in all countries, regardless of their political system or level of development. Corruption involves individuals in positions of power and authority exploiting their positions for personal gain. Common types of corruption include political corruption, administrative corruption, and economic corruption. Economic corruption occurs in economic management activities such as production, business, services, public asset procurement, and asset management, carried out by individuals with authority in state economic management or state-owned enterprises. Manifestations
CLASS MATTERS Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal La.docx
CLASS MATTERS
Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology ; Chicago Vol. 101, Iss. 1, (Winter 2011): 31-
76.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
Poor people constitute one of the most overrepresented categories of people in the criminal justice system. Why is
that so? Unfortunately, we simply do not know, in large part because we have virtually no information that could
provide an answer. As a result of that informational vacuum, policymakers either have ignored issues related to
economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data,
or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially. The bottom line is
that without better data on the profile of poor defendants, coherent policy to address issues related to economic
status simply will not be enacted. Because we lack data on economic status, we also cannot ascertain whether the
system enforces criminal laws equally or whether it targets poor people. The inability to prove (or disprove) class
discrimination prevents policymakers from enacting any solutions and leads to mistrust in the system. This Article
highlights the potential beneficial uses of general data on criminal defendants and data on economic status of
criminal defendants in particular. It goes on to document the data we currently have on income levels of criminal
defendants, and the shortcomings both in our analysis of that data and in our data collection. Finally, the Article
provides a roadmap for how states and the federal government should collect and analyze data on the economic
status of criminal defendants. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
FULL TEXT
Headnote
Poor people constitute one of the most overrepresented categories of people in the criminal justice system. Why is
that so? Unfortunately, we simply do not know, in large part because we have virtually no information that could
provide an answer. As a result of that informational vacuum, policymakers either have ignored issues related to
economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data,
or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially. The bottom line is
that without better data on the profile of poor defendants, coherent policy to address issues related to economic
status simply will not be enacted. Because we lack data on economic status, we also cannot ascertain whether the
system enforces criminal laws equally or whether it targets poor people. The inability to prove (or disprove) class
discrimination prevents policymakers from enacting any solutions and leads to mistrust in the system.
This Article highlights the potential beneficial uses of general data on criminal defendants and data on economic
status of criminal defendants in particular. It goes on to document the data we currently have on income le.
Jessa Marie Cagadas
Corruption poses a great threat to efficient public administration and service delivery. Officials are tempted to misuse their authority for personal gain, ranging from low-level local corruption to high-level issues affecting the national government. This causes resources to be diverted from vital public services, deteriorating the country's economic, social, and technological status. To combat corruption, governments must adopt and improve anti-corruption laws, codes of conduct, oversight mechanisms, and analyze ethics and values to ensure integrity and accountability. Public servants also need a stable set of core democratic values and moral standards to guide ethical decision making even in politically turbulent times. Strict monitoring and checks and balances are needed to enforce these standards and prevent dishonest behavior that under
FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA: BUILDING ACCOUNTABILITY
Hardly a speech is delivered in South Asia without mention of the need to fight corruption in the region. Yet despite the lofty promises, corruption is on the rise. This report shows how a serious lack of political will on the part of governments to make laws work, means that government action to fight corruption is largely ineffective. The report draws on the findings of in-depth research on anti-corruption efforts in Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and SriLanka, which analysed almost 70 institutions across the six countries.
While none of the institutions assessed were found to be free from corruption risks, this report focuses in particular on the judiciary and anti-corruption agencies as critical actors in the fight against corruption. It highlights common challenges in the region and presents the governments of South Asia with a clear set of urgent priorities which need to be addressed in order to translate their anti-corruption rhetoric into concrete action.
The key findings of the report are:
1. Citizens find themselves unable to access key information on how their governments are performing in order to hold them to account.
2. The lack of meaningful protection for whistleblowers means that the chances of detecting wrongdoing by those in positions of power are slim.
3. Widespread political interference in the critical work of anti-corruption agencies and the judiciary makes them ineffective in keeping a check on government.
This situation presents serious challenges for the rule of law in the region. Some laws are inconsistent with international standards, while others are not equally enforced and independently adjudicated. As a result, corruption and other crimes are not effectively and impartially investigated or punished. This creates an atmosphere where the corrupt continue to get away with abusing their positions for their own personal gain at the public’s expense. Nevertheless, there have been some positive developments in the fight against corruption over the last 10 years. Most significantly, all six countries in this study have ratified the UN Convention against Corruption. However, there is still a long way to go to turn these commitments into meaningful action. The analysis presented here suggests a worrying reluctance on the part of the governments concerned to enable citizens to help shape the decisions that affect their daily lives.
The right to information:
A long way to go Citizens continue to face challenges in realising their right to information. When citizens’ right to know is denied, they are less able to hold decision makers to account for their actions. Comprehensive Right to Information (RTI) legislation is in place in Bangladesh, India and Nepal and has recently been passed in Maldives.
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Culture
Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators.
Similar to Institutional Sources of Corruption in the Case of Armenia (20)
Political Corruption (A Study On Political Pathology)
Political Corruption (A Study On Political Pathology)
Corruption context in Myanmar and approaches elsewhere in ASEAN
Corruption context in Myanmar and approaches elsewhere in ASEAN
Measuring Corruption benefits and limits of perception-based surveys
Measuring Corruption benefits and limits of perception-based surveys
Factors Influencing Corruption Actions with Parliamentary Behavior as Modera...
Factors Influencing Corruption Actions with Parliamentary Behavior as Modera...
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docx
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docx
Combating corruption and fraud for sustainable developmen beyond audit proced...
Combating corruption and fraud for sustainable developmen beyond audit proced...
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...
RESEARCHING THE EXPERIENCES OF SOME COUNTRIES ON ANTI-CORRUPTION EFFORTS AND ...
RESEARCHING THE EXPERIENCES OF SOME COUNTRIES ON ANTI-CORRUPTION EFFORTS AND ...
CLASS MATTERS Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal La.docx
CLASS MATTERS Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal La.docx
FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA: BUILDING ACCOUNTABILITY
FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIA: BUILDING ACCOUNTABILITY
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Culture
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Culture
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1. The document discusses several data sources on Armenia including the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), Life in Transition Survey (LiTS), population census, and household surveys.
2. BEEPS examines the business environment in Armenia by surveying firms. LiTS provides individual-level data by surveying households to assess how transition has affected lives.
3. Examples are given of how the data from these sources has been used such as analyzing how tax evasion varies with bribery using BEEPS data, and studying income mobility and the impact of remittances on education spending using LiTS data.
Civil Society and Corruption
This document summarizes research on Armenian public perceptions of NGOs and corruption. The research questions examined how NGOs are perceived in relation to corruption, and whether certain groups are more willing to counter corruption. The results found that NGOs have a "shallow positive" image and are not well known. Those willing to counter corruption tended to be urban residents of Yerevan and Tavush with higher education and incomes in the 120,000-240,000 AMD range monthly. Anti-corruption activists constituted around 1% of respondents.
Freedom of Expression and Censorship in Armenia
This document summarizes the results of a sociological study on public perceptions of freedom of expression in Armenia. It describes the methodology, including focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The main findings show that perceptions of freedom of expression differ based on context, with more tolerance in economic and legal spheres compared to individual and political spheres. Participants' views are categorized into traditional, political, and liberal types of thinking regarding acceptable limitations and regulation of freedom of expression.
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Institutional Sources of Corruption in the Case of Armenia
- 1. Caucasus Research Resource Centers - ARMENIA A Program of Eurasia Partnership Foundation INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF CORRUPTION IN THE CASE OF ARMENIA: IS IT RULES, BLOOD AND CULTURE, OR PUNISHMENT? Anna Martirosyan Yerevan, August 14, 2009
- 2. CORRUPTION Definitions and Measurements Causes and Consequences THE POLITICS OF INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE: THE CASE OF AREMNIA Formal Rules and Corruption Informal Rules and Corruption Enforcement Mechanisms and Corruption METHODOLOGY, DATA, SOURCES RESULTS, RECOMMENDATIONS, CONCLUSION
- 29. Significance level: ** - p<0.01; * - p<0.05; † - p<0.1 . Model 1 Model 2 Intercept 6.89** 4.21** Perception of formal rules Knows what institutions to contact to report a corrupt act 1.03 0.93 Agrees that NGOs are capable of combating corruption in Armenia 1.32 1.39 Is aware of anti-corruption measures taken by the Government of Armenia 0.95 0.85 Is aware of the Anti-Corruption Strategy and Action Plan implemented by the Government of Armenia 0.90 0.92 Perception of enforcement mechanisms Have heard of someone paying bribes to obtain a public service in the last 12 months 1.76* 1.51† Thinks the Government’s fight against corruption in Armenia is effective 0.83 0.82 Agrees that the Government of Armenia has a sincere desire and will to combat corruption 1.61* 1.51* Perception of informal rules Would not take a bribe if was offered 1.18 1.06 Would not give a bribe if was asked 0.45** 0.44** Will personally undertake actions to reduce corruption in Armenia 0.86 0.83 Socio-demographic characteristics Age of the respondent 0.99 Sex of the respondent Female (Ref.) 1.00 Male 0.83 Education Less than secondary (Ref.) 1.00 Secondary 3.24** Technical and incomplete higher 2.56** Higher and postgraduate 4.70** Household’s monthly income (in drams) Less than 30 000 (Ref.) 1.00 30 001 to 75 000 0.96 75 001 to 120 000 0.86 120 001 and up 0.59† N of cases 1241 1176 *-2LL 895.0** 814.8**