This document discusses corruption in Nigeria's oil subsidy system. It begins with definitions of corruption and background on Nigeria's oil industry. It then explains that Nigeria heavily subsidizes fuel prices, spending over $23 billion from 2006-2011 on subsidies. However, much of the subsidy money goes to corrupt politicians, marketers, and smugglers rather than citizens. As a result, there are issues like fuel scarcity, black markets, pipeline vandalization, and fights at fuel stations. In conclusion, corruption in Nigeria's oil subsidy system has significant negative economic and social consequences for the country.
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An Oily Affair: The State of the Nigerian Petroleum Sectorthebridgenetwork
The document summarizes key facts about Nigeria's oil industry and fuel subsidy program. It notes that Nigeria relies heavily on oil exports which make up 95% of exports and the mainstay of the economy, yet over 80% of oil revenues benefit only 1% of the population. It also outlines details of Nigeria's four oil refineries, lack of refining capacity, and reliance on fuel imports despite being an oil producer. The document raises concerns about corruption in the fuel subsidy program and estimates that maintaining subsidies would amount to 118% of capital expenditures and 4.1% of GDP. It concludes that Nigeria cannot afford continued subsidies given its debt levels and need to manage finances prudently.
This is a presentation of the facts and figures of fuel subsidy in Nigeria. It also chronocles the sleaze, corruption and wasteful tendencies of the Nigerian nation.
The document discusses various types of corruption including bribery, nepotism, fraud, embezzlement, administrative corruption, political corruption, grand corruption, and petty corruption. It defines corruption as the abuse of public trust for personal gain or deceiving others to favor someone for personal interests. Examples provided include police receiving bribes for personal use, corruption in the education system, and politicians only working for personal interests gains.
The poem describes the corruption in Indian politics from British rule to present day. It discusses how Britishers captured India politically and economically in the 1600s. India gained independence in 1947 but corruption among politicians has persisted, preventing the country from reaching its full potential. The poem supports Anna Hazare's anti-corruption movement and calls on citizens to join hands to vaccinate against corruption so India can thrive once more.
Institutional Sources of Corruption in the Case of ArmeniaCRRC-Armenia
This document analyzes the relationship between perceptions of corruption in Armenia and three institutional sources: formal rules, informal rules, and enforcement mechanisms. Statistical models show perceptions of enforcement mechanisms and informal rules significantly correlate with perceived corruption, but not formal rules. Higher education levels also correlate with higher perceived corruption. The document recommends reforms like transparency laws and judicial reforms to strengthen enforcement mechanisms to reduce corruption by impacting informal norms.
Conférence corruption Institut du nouveau monde (INM)montrealouvert
Conférence lors de l'évènement Hackons la Corruption par Miriam Fahmy, Directrice, recherche et publications, Institut du Nouveau Monde, à propos de la corruption au Québec.
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This document discusses security challenges for oil and gas infrastructure and how developing local content strategies can help address them. It notes that oil and gas facilities are capital intensive and vulnerable to attacks from groups seeking to undermine stability or gain control over oil wealth. Developing the local economy through workforce training, supplier development and technology transfer can reduce unrest, as local populations will feel they are benefiting from the industry. If revenues are reinvested to create jobs and opportunities outside the oil sector, countries will be less dependent on oil and less prone to instability when prices fluctuate or attacks occur. Overall, local content is most effective for enhancing security when it leads to diversification and inclusive economic development.
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- Increased transparency, elimination of secret tax exemptions in contracts, and capacity building for tax authorities are needed to ensure governments and citizens can monitor mining revenue and its use.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
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2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction
What is corruption
Background on the country case study
What is fuel subsidy?
Facts about fuel subsidy in Nigeria
Who benefits from fuel subsidy?
How Corruption works
Consequences of corruption
3. What is corruption
WHAT IS CORRUPTION:
“the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”- transparency
international
“the abuse of public office for private gain”- World Bank
“when institutions, organisations, companies or individuals
profit inappropriately from their position in the operations and
thereby cause damage or loss. This includes giving and
receiving bribes, extortion, favouritism and nepotism,
embezzlement, fraud, conflict of interest, and illegal monetary
contributions to political parties.” SIDA
Corruption is a broad term covering a wide range of misuse of
entrusted funds and power for private gain: Theft, fraud,
nepotism, abuse of power etc.
4. Background
Nigeria is a country in the Sub-
Saharan Africa with an estimated
population of 160 million population
The main stay of the Nigerian economy is oil,
The largest producer of Oil in Africa, 13th in
the world and the 8th largest among the
OPEC countries.
The country has 38.2 billion barrels of oil
reserve
5. Background Contd.
A daily production of 249,000 b/day
An estimated revenue of US$62.2 billion/year
68% of Nigeria’s GDP comes from Oil
48% of the population still live below poverty
line
Nigeria has been heavily subsidizing oil to the
entire population since the 1970s.
Despite the revenue from oil and huge
subsidy, almost half of the population still live in
poverty.
6. Nigeria’s Corruption Index
Nigeria is ranked 143th of 183 most corrupt
public sectors in the world having scored as
low as 2.4 of 10 in the corruption perception
index by Transparency International.
7. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries/territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived
to be. A country/territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 - 10, where
0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 10 means that a country is perceived as very clean. A
country's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries/territories included in the index
Source: Transparency International 2012
8. Case Study: What is Fuel Subsidy
1. 2. 3.
Paid, by Causes distortions that Amount of Subsidy =
government, to result in huge economic difference between the
costs such as rent- consumer pump price of
keep prices below seeking behavior and fuel vs. the total cost of
free market. smuggling etc producing or importing
4. 5.
The price of petrol = This means that
$0.40 per litre but currently for every one Where does the
actual cost of supply = litre of petrol purchased subsidy goes?
$0.85 per litre; at the official price of
0.40 Government
contributes $0.45
9. Case Study: Facts about fuel subsidy in Nigeria
It is a major fiscal and financial burden on the nation:
(i) From 2006 to 2011, about US$23,462,255 was spent on subsidy.
(ii) In 2011, US$ 8.2m was spent on subsidy.
(iii) This represents 30% of total FGN Expenditure, 118% of the capital budget; 4.18%
of GDP.
Average
Crude Oil TOTAL Year on year
Year
Price (US$ Subsidy Growth Rate
pb)
2006 67.03 261.11 -
2007 74.68 278.86 7%
2008 101.78 630.57 126%
2009 63.02 463.59 -26%
2010 81.25 672.84 45%
2011 (Jan -
Oct) 113.98 1,348.20 100%
TOTAL 3,655.17 -
Source: Fed. Min. of Finance, Nigeria. (2012)
9
10. Case Study: Who benefits from the subsidy
Corrupt
The Rich & Neighboring Independent
Middle Class Countries Public Smugglers
Marketers
Officials
11. Case study: How It Works
GOVT GIVES LICENSE TO
INDEPENDENT MARKETERS TO
HOARDING TO IMPORT FUEL AT FULL PRICE DIVERSION OF
CREATE
FUEL TO
ARTIFICIAL
SMUGGLERS
SCARCITY
Inflation of number
PAYMENT FOR SUBSIDY BY GOVT of barrels lifted
OFFICIALS
Payment for Payment to
unsupplied fuel Quantum of “ghost”
& unregistered
companies
Vandalization of oil
pipelines
3. Masses get little fuel to use Long queues at fuel
Fight at the fuel stations
stations
12. Consequences:
The rise of the informal sector e.g.
Black marketers
14. Smuggling of oil to neighbouring countries like
Niger, Benin Republic and Togo;
How oil is been smuggled into
Neighbouring Benin Republic
15. Consequences:
Fuel scarcity which causes Long queues at
fuel dispensing stations
Cars queuing to get fuel in Motorcycles queuing to get
Lagos fuel
16. Consequences
Fight at the fuel stations
Unaccounted funds