FIVE TENDENCIES OF TODAY’S CORRUPTION AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICIES
Luís de Sousa, Chairman TIAC (TI-Portugal) and Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Aveiro (lmsousa@ua.pt)
Work in progress, please do not cite without author's permission
This document discusses corruption in Bangladesh across three paragraphs. It begins by providing background on patterns of corruption and the need to consider both internal and external factors. It then analyzes newspaper reports that show police and local government as the most reported sectors for corruption from 1997-2000. Various tables are presented analyzing the affected classes and types of losses from corruption. It concludes by recommending a comprehensive anti-corruption strategy focused on increasing accountability of the executive and reforming civil service recruitment.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
Bortoletti, causes and consequences of corruption, commissione europea, ipa z...Maurizio Bortoletti
Until now, in fact, in terms of the fight against corruption, some interventions designed to impact on this general feeling of distrust proved futile, as well as damaging and worst evil that you wanted to care: Just think about that river in full of circulars, directives, rules of standardization, procedures, protocols, and detailed instructions, they would have to express the goodness with geometric precision of the services offered to users. The only result achieved was, in fact, diametrically opposed to that pursued: rather than get the reassurance of the city was severely impaired the activity of insiders, drowned, at least half of their working day, in the bureaucracy, paradoxically have ended up strengthening the responsibility more towards the auditors in respect of users. A phenomenon that has come to fuel the growth of a number of concretions bureaucratic overlap and duplication of skills that generate irresponsibility and eventually impunity.
The document defines and discusses various types of political corruption. It begins by providing definitions of political corruption from two scholars. It then outlines basic characteristics, such as it appearing in political processes and relationships between political actors. Several types of political corruption are detailed, including bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favoritism (nepotism, cronyism, political favoritism), patronage, pork-barreling, lobbying, rent seeking, leakage of public secrets, and political manipulation. The document provides examples and explanations for each type.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics and effects of political influence on firms in developing countries. The study finds that politically influential firms receive economic benefits like lower taxes and easier access to credit. However, these firms also provide benefits to politicians through maintaining higher employment levels and paying more taxes. While influential firms earn higher profits, they are less productive than non-influential firms and are less likely to invest or innovate due to restrictions on firing workers and unpredictable taxes imposed on them. Overall, the study suggests that political influence undermines firm performance and can prolong economic underdevelopment.
This chapter discusses how a nation's political, economic, and legal systems interact and influence each other. It addresses different types of political systems based on their emphasis on collectivism vs individualism and democracy vs totalitarianism. Economic systems like market, command, and mixed economies are also examined. The chapter then explores legal systems including common law, civil law, and theocratic law. Key determinants of a country's economic development are identified as political and economic systems, geography, education, and how nations are in transition both politically and economically.
An Explanatory Analysis of the Economic and Social Impact of Corruption in Zi...IOSR Journals
Corruption has significant social and economic impacts in Zimbabwe. It is prevalent across both public and private sectors. Corruption diverts public funds from important services like education, healthcare and infrastructure development. It undermines good governance and rule of law. Studies estimate Zimbabwe has lost over $12 billion to illicit financial flows between 1980-2010 due to corruption. This has detrimental effects by exacerbating poverty and inequality. Corruption also increases the costs of doing business. Reducing corruption is important for Zimbabwe's economic recovery and achieving sustainable development goals.
This document discusses corruption in Nepal and advocates for zero tolerance. It notes that Nepal ranked 143rd out of 180 countries on Transparency International's corruption index for 2009, down from 138th the previous year. Corruption has dominated governance at all levels and has not been made a political priority. Corruption violates democracy and hinders development. Both corruption and violence weaken the state and political institutions. Strong civic action and advocacy are needed to build pressure for zero tolerance of political corruption.
This document discusses corruption in Bangladesh across three paragraphs. It begins by providing background on patterns of corruption and the need to consider both internal and external factors. It then analyzes newspaper reports that show police and local government as the most reported sectors for corruption from 1997-2000. Various tables are presented analyzing the affected classes and types of losses from corruption. It concludes by recommending a comprehensive anti-corruption strategy focused on increasing accountability of the executive and reforming civil service recruitment.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
Bortoletti, causes and consequences of corruption, commissione europea, ipa z...Maurizio Bortoletti
Until now, in fact, in terms of the fight against corruption, some interventions designed to impact on this general feeling of distrust proved futile, as well as damaging and worst evil that you wanted to care: Just think about that river in full of circulars, directives, rules of standardization, procedures, protocols, and detailed instructions, they would have to express the goodness with geometric precision of the services offered to users. The only result achieved was, in fact, diametrically opposed to that pursued: rather than get the reassurance of the city was severely impaired the activity of insiders, drowned, at least half of their working day, in the bureaucracy, paradoxically have ended up strengthening the responsibility more towards the auditors in respect of users. A phenomenon that has come to fuel the growth of a number of concretions bureaucratic overlap and duplication of skills that generate irresponsibility and eventually impunity.
The document defines and discusses various types of political corruption. It begins by providing definitions of political corruption from two scholars. It then outlines basic characteristics, such as it appearing in political processes and relationships between political actors. Several types of political corruption are detailed, including bribery, extortion, embezzlement, favoritism (nepotism, cronyism, political favoritism), patronage, pork-barreling, lobbying, rent seeking, leakage of public secrets, and political manipulation. The document provides examples and explanations for each type.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics and effects of political influence on firms in developing countries. The study finds that politically influential firms receive economic benefits like lower taxes and easier access to credit. However, these firms also provide benefits to politicians through maintaining higher employment levels and paying more taxes. While influential firms earn higher profits, they are less productive than non-influential firms and are less likely to invest or innovate due to restrictions on firing workers and unpredictable taxes imposed on them. Overall, the study suggests that political influence undermines firm performance and can prolong economic underdevelopment.
This chapter discusses how a nation's political, economic, and legal systems interact and influence each other. It addresses different types of political systems based on their emphasis on collectivism vs individualism and democracy vs totalitarianism. Economic systems like market, command, and mixed economies are also examined. The chapter then explores legal systems including common law, civil law, and theocratic law. Key determinants of a country's economic development are identified as political and economic systems, geography, education, and how nations are in transition both politically and economically.
An Explanatory Analysis of the Economic and Social Impact of Corruption in Zi...IOSR Journals
Corruption has significant social and economic impacts in Zimbabwe. It is prevalent across both public and private sectors. Corruption diverts public funds from important services like education, healthcare and infrastructure development. It undermines good governance and rule of law. Studies estimate Zimbabwe has lost over $12 billion to illicit financial flows between 1980-2010 due to corruption. This has detrimental effects by exacerbating poverty and inequality. Corruption also increases the costs of doing business. Reducing corruption is important for Zimbabwe's economic recovery and achieving sustainable development goals.
This document discusses corruption in Nepal and advocates for zero tolerance. It notes that Nepal ranked 143rd out of 180 countries on Transparency International's corruption index for 2009, down from 138th the previous year. Corruption has dominated governance at all levels and has not been made a political priority. Corruption violates democracy and hinders development. Both corruption and violence weaken the state and political institutions. Strong civic action and advocacy are needed to build pressure for zero tolerance of political corruption.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
The document summarizes a World Bank report on combating corruption in the Philippines. It was requested by the Estrada administration in 1999 to make recommendations. The World Bank accepted because corruption reduces efforts to reduce poverty and assist growth. Surveys found that nearly two thirds of Filipinos believe there is corruption in government. The report analyzes information on the prevalence and impact of corruption in both the public and private sectors. It also discusses lessons that can be learned from other countries' anticorruption programs.
Tipping Point On Distrust Of Government Scott S Powell And Robert J Herbold...Scott Powell
The article argues that a tipping point has been reached where the American people deeply distrust the government and its legislative process. It claims that the government has become too focused on collectivism and expanding its role, undermining personal responsibility and choice. The piece advocates for health care reform that relies less on increased government bureaucracy and spending and more on free market principles and individual choice.
Combating corruption and fraud for sustainable developmen beyond audit proced...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about combating corruption and fraud for sustainable development. The article discusses different theories and strategies used by fraudsters, and evaluates methods used to combat corruption in developed and developing countries beyond just audit procedures and rules. It proposes strategies that empower citizens to demand accountability from public officials. These strategies require changes to audit emphasis and some level of decentralization to be effective. The principles presented could be considered by donor agencies working in countries where corruption interferes with good governance.
This document discusses strategies for sustaining civic engagement. It identifies barriers to participation such as lack of civics education and voter suppression. It describes a spectrum of civic actions from lightweight to heavyweight. Tactical actions are reactive while strategic actions work to implement long-term policy goals. Sustaining engagement requires countering fatigue, recognition for contributions, gamification, civic education, connecting actions to daily life, building community, and empowerment.
Read how the OECD is working with countries to design, promote and implement better anti-corruption policies for better lives. For more information see www.oecd.org/corruption/
Transparency International e.V. is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993. Its nonprofit purpose is to take action to combat global corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the economic development effects of coups. It finds that coups overthrowing democratic governments have distinctly negative effects on economic growth, lowering GDP per capita by 1-1.3% per year over a decade. By contrast, coups in autocratic countries show smaller and imprecise positive effects. These results are robust across different empirical methods and not explained by alternative hypotheses. Additionally, coups reversing economic reforms, increasing debt, and reducing social spending, suggesting a shift in priorities away from the public.
Corruption in the UK: overview and policy recommendationEUROsociAL II
This document summarizes the key findings of extensive research on corruption in the UK conducted by Transparency International UK. Some of the main points are:
1. The research finds that corruption may be a greater problem in the UK than previously recognized, and that the UK lacks a coherent and coordinated approach to tackling it.
2. Surveys found that over half of respondents believe corruption has increased in the UK in recent years. However, less than one-third would know how to report corruption.
3. Several sectors and institutions, such as prisons, political parties, and sport, show weaknesses in preventing corruption. There are also concerns about the growing influence of organized crime networks in facilitating illegal activities through corruption.
Human dignity, rights, and the common good what is citizenship and why does...Maryjoydailo
Citizenship has traditionally referred to a set of political rights and duties within a political community. Broadening its meaning detracts from citizenship's important political role. Democratic citizenship is rare, with only around 64% of countries being electoral democracies where voters can realistically change governments. While the number of democracies has grown, voter turnout in established democracies has declined. However, most citizens still approve of democracy as preferable to other systems of government. Being able to vote through reasonably fair rules is crucial as it allows citizens to influence policymaking and pursue collective interests, distinguishing citizens from mere subjects.
Human dignity rights and the common goodMaryjoydailo
Citizenship has traditionally referred to a set of political rights and duties within a political community. Broadening its meaning detracts from citizenship's important political role. Democratic citizenship is rare, with only around 64% of countries being electoral democracies where voters can realistically change governments. While voter turnout has declined in established democracies, most citizens still approve of democracy. Being able to vote through reasonably fair rules on an equal basis distinguishes citizens from subjects lacking this opportunity under authoritarian regimes. Political regulation through institutions is needed to coordinate social interactions beyond relying on individuals' goodness or coercion.
Fighting corruption from one or two sides govt and cso roberto villarrealROBERTO VILLARREAL
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for cooperation between governments and civil society in anti-corruption strategies. It notes that while such cooperation is promoted internationally, governments and civil society may not always see eye to eye on corruption issues. The participation of civil society can take many forms, providing information, resources, and incentives to governments. However, the goals and methods of the two groups may not be fully aligned. Effective cooperation requires understanding differences and building trust and capacity over time.
This paper analyzes the relationship between women empowerment, as measured by the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament, and corruption. It uses data from multiple countries over 2001-2010 and controls for various economic and socio-political variables. Preliminary OLS regressions found women empowerment benefits developed countries more than developing countries. However, instrumental variable regressions concluded women empowerment is beneficial for reducing corruption in both developing and developed countries. The paper is organized into sections on literature review, data/model specification, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of different forms of corruption including bribes, kickbacks, and embezzlement. It then discusses various causes of corruption such as the size of the public sector, quality of regulation, economic competition, government structure, and cultural factors. Consequences of corruption mentioned include increased inequality, reduced productivity and investment, and distortions in public and private sectors. The document concludes by recommending anti-corruption measures and listing reference sources for further information.
The document defines corruption and outlines its types and potential solutions. Corruption is defined as morally wrong and dishonest behavior that involves the misuse of public power for private gain. The document discusses socio-economic approaches to understanding corruption and introduces the Corruption Perception Index. It identifies the main types of corruption as administrative, political, grand, and petty. Potential solutions proposed include preventative measures, national integrity workshops, enforcing codes of conduct, and increasing transparency, accountability and international cooperation at both the individual and government levels.
This document analyzes survey data from over 40 developing countries to understand determinants of radicalism, support for violence, and participation in anti-regime actions. It finds that individuals who feel politically and economically marginalized are more likely to harbor extremist views but less likely to join collective political movements. This potentially explains why marginalized groups are difficult to mobilize in nation-wide movements, despite their attitudes. It also finds that arenas for active political participation are more likely dominated by upper-middle income groups committed to preserving the status quo. Suppressing these forms of participation may push these groups towards more radical preferences. The findings suggest the poor may be caught in a cycle of increasing self-exclusion and marginalization.
This policy brief examines the timing of Turkey’s authoritarian turn using raw data measuring freedoms from the Freedom House (FH). It shows that Turkey’s authoritarian turn under the ruling AKP is not a recent phenomenon. Instead, the country’s institutional erosion – especially in terms of freedoms of expression and political pluralism – in fact began much earlier, and the losses in the earlier periods so far tend to dwarf those occurring later.
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
The document provides an introduction and executive summary of a report by the LSE Commission on Gender, Inequality and Power that examines gender inequality across four key areas: the economy, politics, law, and media. Some of the main points made in the summary include:
- The economic crisis of 2008 and subsequent austerity policies had a significant detrimental impact on gender relations and disproportionately affected women.
- Representations in media contributed to the normalization of austerity politics while obscuring its systematic impacts on women and other groups.
- Across the four areas examined, the commission identified four intersecting themes of power, rights, work-life balance, and gender-based violence.
- The summary outlines a number of
THINKING ON HOW TO KILL THE KILLER BEFORE HE KILLS US ALL WHO IS THE KILLER? ...PROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
INTRODUCTION
Who is or what is the true Killer of African People? This question has being playing on my mind for years’ and years to months and months to weeks and to days. Well today is the day I attempted to search for answers and to know the true killer of my African People. This article will attempts to suggest some of the killers or what killers African People. This article is not the final answers to the entire Problem. However, I intended to limit the discussions on Political Corruption as one of the main factors that kills everything in the hands of African. So let look at some definitions and characteristics of Political Corruption and its effect in our social-economic development of Africa.
For the purpose of this article I will define corruption and the type of corruption we have
PART 1. Corruption: Its Meaning, Type, and Real-World Example
Introduction Corruption has recently been the subject of substantial theorizing and empirical research, and this has produced a bewildering array of alternative approaches, explanations, typologies and remedies. Corruption is understood as everything from the paying of bribes to civil servants and the simple theft of public purses, to a wide range of dubious economic and political practices in which businesspeople, politicians and bureaucrats enrich themselves. The issue of corruption is an old one, that has re-entered the current political and economic debate from the new interest in the role of the state in the developing world, and from the assumption that the state is an indispensable instrument for economic development, redistribution and welfare. In contrast to the largely rejected “state-dominated” and “state-less” development models, there is now much consensus on the need for an efficient medium-sized state apparatus with a political will and adequate economic policies to ensure economic development. Corruption is seen as counter-productive to the needed economic and political reforms, accountability, transparency, and good governance. The intention of this paper is to classify the various forms of corruption in order to operationalize the concept for analytical and practical purposes. First, different forms of corruption will be outlined. Secondly, corruption will be defined as a particular state-society relationship, and the distinction made between political corruption and bureaucratic corruption. Then two more distinctions will be added, namely between “individual” and “collective” forms of corruption, and corruption as a mechanism of either “upward extraction” or “downward redistribution”. This will sum up to the basic argument that the fight against corruption will have to be placed within a broader agenda of democratization.
Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’ removal from office if their party loses the election. A change in party control of government necessarily brings new officials to high positions carrying political responsibility, but the spoils system extends personnel turnover down to routine or subordinate governmental positions (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
According to Sancino (2011), the term spoils system refers to the practice of political appointments, consisting in assigning temporary positions in the administrative structure of public organizations. These temporary positions are usually related to the political mandate.
The document summarizes a World Bank report on combating corruption in the Philippines. It was requested by the Estrada administration in 1999 to make recommendations. The World Bank accepted because corruption reduces efforts to reduce poverty and assist growth. Surveys found that nearly two thirds of Filipinos believe there is corruption in government. The report analyzes information on the prevalence and impact of corruption in both the public and private sectors. It also discusses lessons that can be learned from other countries' anticorruption programs.
Tipping Point On Distrust Of Government Scott S Powell And Robert J Herbold...Scott Powell
The article argues that a tipping point has been reached where the American people deeply distrust the government and its legislative process. It claims that the government has become too focused on collectivism and expanding its role, undermining personal responsibility and choice. The piece advocates for health care reform that relies less on increased government bureaucracy and spending and more on free market principles and individual choice.
Combating corruption and fraud for sustainable developmen beyond audit proced...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about combating corruption and fraud for sustainable development. The article discusses different theories and strategies used by fraudsters, and evaluates methods used to combat corruption in developed and developing countries beyond just audit procedures and rules. It proposes strategies that empower citizens to demand accountability from public officials. These strategies require changes to audit emphasis and some level of decentralization to be effective. The principles presented could be considered by donor agencies working in countries where corruption interferes with good governance.
This document discusses strategies for sustaining civic engagement. It identifies barriers to participation such as lack of civics education and voter suppression. It describes a spectrum of civic actions from lightweight to heavyweight. Tactical actions are reactive while strategic actions work to implement long-term policy goals. Sustaining engagement requires countering fatigue, recognition for contributions, gamification, civic education, connecting actions to daily life, building community, and empowerment.
Read how the OECD is working with countries to design, promote and implement better anti-corruption policies for better lives. For more information see www.oecd.org/corruption/
Transparency International e.V. is an international non-governmental organization which is based in Berlin, Germany, and was founded in 1993. Its nonprofit purpose is to take action to combat global corruption with civil societal anti-corruption measures and to prevent criminal activities arising from corruption
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the economic development effects of coups. It finds that coups overthrowing democratic governments have distinctly negative effects on economic growth, lowering GDP per capita by 1-1.3% per year over a decade. By contrast, coups in autocratic countries show smaller and imprecise positive effects. These results are robust across different empirical methods and not explained by alternative hypotheses. Additionally, coups reversing economic reforms, increasing debt, and reducing social spending, suggesting a shift in priorities away from the public.
Corruption in the UK: overview and policy recommendationEUROsociAL II
This document summarizes the key findings of extensive research on corruption in the UK conducted by Transparency International UK. Some of the main points are:
1. The research finds that corruption may be a greater problem in the UK than previously recognized, and that the UK lacks a coherent and coordinated approach to tackling it.
2. Surveys found that over half of respondents believe corruption has increased in the UK in recent years. However, less than one-third would know how to report corruption.
3. Several sectors and institutions, such as prisons, political parties, and sport, show weaknesses in preventing corruption. There are also concerns about the growing influence of organized crime networks in facilitating illegal activities through corruption.
Human dignity, rights, and the common good what is citizenship and why does...Maryjoydailo
Citizenship has traditionally referred to a set of political rights and duties within a political community. Broadening its meaning detracts from citizenship's important political role. Democratic citizenship is rare, with only around 64% of countries being electoral democracies where voters can realistically change governments. While the number of democracies has grown, voter turnout in established democracies has declined. However, most citizens still approve of democracy as preferable to other systems of government. Being able to vote through reasonably fair rules is crucial as it allows citizens to influence policymaking and pursue collective interests, distinguishing citizens from mere subjects.
Human dignity rights and the common goodMaryjoydailo
Citizenship has traditionally referred to a set of political rights and duties within a political community. Broadening its meaning detracts from citizenship's important political role. Democratic citizenship is rare, with only around 64% of countries being electoral democracies where voters can realistically change governments. While voter turnout has declined in established democracies, most citizens still approve of democracy. Being able to vote through reasonably fair rules on an equal basis distinguishes citizens from subjects lacking this opportunity under authoritarian regimes. Political regulation through institutions is needed to coordinate social interactions beyond relying on individuals' goodness or coercion.
Fighting corruption from one or two sides govt and cso roberto villarrealROBERTO VILLARREAL
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for cooperation between governments and civil society in anti-corruption strategies. It notes that while such cooperation is promoted internationally, governments and civil society may not always see eye to eye on corruption issues. The participation of civil society can take many forms, providing information, resources, and incentives to governments. However, the goals and methods of the two groups may not be fully aligned. Effective cooperation requires understanding differences and building trust and capacity over time.
This paper analyzes the relationship between women empowerment, as measured by the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament, and corruption. It uses data from multiple countries over 2001-2010 and controls for various economic and socio-political variables. Preliminary OLS regressions found women empowerment benefits developed countries more than developing countries. However, instrumental variable regressions concluded women empowerment is beneficial for reducing corruption in both developing and developed countries. The paper is organized into sections on literature review, data/model specification, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of different forms of corruption including bribes, kickbacks, and embezzlement. It then discusses various causes of corruption such as the size of the public sector, quality of regulation, economic competition, government structure, and cultural factors. Consequences of corruption mentioned include increased inequality, reduced productivity and investment, and distortions in public and private sectors. The document concludes by recommending anti-corruption measures and listing reference sources for further information.
The document defines corruption and outlines its types and potential solutions. Corruption is defined as morally wrong and dishonest behavior that involves the misuse of public power for private gain. The document discusses socio-economic approaches to understanding corruption and introduces the Corruption Perception Index. It identifies the main types of corruption as administrative, political, grand, and petty. Potential solutions proposed include preventative measures, national integrity workshops, enforcing codes of conduct, and increasing transparency, accountability and international cooperation at both the individual and government levels.
This document analyzes survey data from over 40 developing countries to understand determinants of radicalism, support for violence, and participation in anti-regime actions. It finds that individuals who feel politically and economically marginalized are more likely to harbor extremist views but less likely to join collective political movements. This potentially explains why marginalized groups are difficult to mobilize in nation-wide movements, despite their attitudes. It also finds that arenas for active political participation are more likely dominated by upper-middle income groups committed to preserving the status quo. Suppressing these forms of participation may push these groups towards more radical preferences. The findings suggest the poor may be caught in a cycle of increasing self-exclusion and marginalization.
This policy brief examines the timing of Turkey’s authoritarian turn using raw data measuring freedoms from the Freedom House (FH). It shows that Turkey’s authoritarian turn under the ruling AKP is not a recent phenomenon. Instead, the country’s institutional erosion – especially in terms of freedoms of expression and political pluralism – in fact began much earlier, and the losses in the earlier periods so far tend to dwarf those occurring later.
Corruption is a widespread phenomenon that is generally considered harmful for important economic and political outcomes. Conversely, judicial accountability has positive connotations, suggesting honesty in upholding the rules of the game. We ask whether, as many seem to think, corruption worsens, and judicial accountability improves, inequality, and investigate this empirically using data from 145 countries 1960–2014. More specifically, we relate perceived corruption and de facto judicial accountability to gross-income inequality and consumption inequality, while controlling for other explanatory factors of potential importance. The study shows that corruption is negatively, and that judicial accountability is positively, related to both types of inequality. We suggest that this can be explained either by the non-elites being more skillful at using “petty corruption” or by the elites, deliberately (to retain a long-term power base) or unconsciously bringing about outcomes that benefit others more. The results are particularly pronounced in democracies; they withstand a region and decade jackknife analysis; and in the case of consumption inequality, the effect of corruption is increasing in the stability of political institutions, suggesting causal effects from corruption and judicial accountability. The findings suggest that what we conceptualize as “unfair procedures” – corruption and deviations from judicial accountability – may benefit the economically worst off and worsen the situation of the economic elite. As such, corruption may not be entirely bad, if one of its consequences is to reduce inequality – nor need judicial accountability be entirely good, if it serves to increase inequality. This does not imply that corruption is generally desirable, or that judicial accountability is generally undesirable, but knowledge of these effects can guide policymakers, in their attempts to battle corruption and strengthen judicial accountability, to handle increasing inequality through other methods.
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
The document provides an introduction and executive summary of a report by the LSE Commission on Gender, Inequality and Power that examines gender inequality across four key areas: the economy, politics, law, and media. Some of the main points made in the summary include:
- The economic crisis of 2008 and subsequent austerity policies had a significant detrimental impact on gender relations and disproportionately affected women.
- Representations in media contributed to the normalization of austerity politics while obscuring its systematic impacts on women and other groups.
- Across the four areas examined, the commission identified four intersecting themes of power, rights, work-life balance, and gender-based violence.
- The summary outlines a number of
THINKING ON HOW TO KILL THE KILLER BEFORE HE KILLS US ALL WHO IS THE KILLER? ...PROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
INTRODUCTION
Who is or what is the true Killer of African People? This question has being playing on my mind for years’ and years to months and months to weeks and to days. Well today is the day I attempted to search for answers and to know the true killer of my African People. This article will attempts to suggest some of the killers or what killers African People. This article is not the final answers to the entire Problem. However, I intended to limit the discussions on Political Corruption as one of the main factors that kills everything in the hands of African. So let look at some definitions and characteristics of Political Corruption and its effect in our social-economic development of Africa.
For the purpose of this article I will define corruption and the type of corruption we have
PART 1. Corruption: Its Meaning, Type, and Real-World Example
Introduction Corruption has recently been the subject of substantial theorizing and empirical research, and this has produced a bewildering array of alternative approaches, explanations, typologies and remedies. Corruption is understood as everything from the paying of bribes to civil servants and the simple theft of public purses, to a wide range of dubious economic and political practices in which businesspeople, politicians and bureaucrats enrich themselves. The issue of corruption is an old one, that has re-entered the current political and economic debate from the new interest in the role of the state in the developing world, and from the assumption that the state is an indispensable instrument for economic development, redistribution and welfare. In contrast to the largely rejected “state-dominated” and “state-less” development models, there is now much consensus on the need for an efficient medium-sized state apparatus with a political will and adequate economic policies to ensure economic development. Corruption is seen as counter-productive to the needed economic and political reforms, accountability, transparency, and good governance. The intention of this paper is to classify the various forms of corruption in order to operationalize the concept for analytical and practical purposes. First, different forms of corruption will be outlined. Secondly, corruption will be defined as a particular state-society relationship, and the distinction made between political corruption and bureaucratic corruption. Then two more distinctions will be added, namely between “individual” and “collective” forms of corruption, and corruption as a mechanism of either “upward extraction” or “downward redistribution”. This will sum up to the basic argument that the fight against corruption will have to be placed within a broader agenda of democratization.
Corruption is a global problem that hampers economic development and democratic progress. It exists in every country to some degree and permeates many aspects of society, including politics, charities, and the media. To reduce corruption, governments must have openness, accountability, and a system of checks and balances. They must also strengthen rule of law, increase transparency in public spending, reduce nepotism in government jobs, and ensure economic stability to disincentivize corruption. The media and civic education can also help by increasing public awareness of corruption issues. Anti-corruption policies in both public and private institutions are needed to define acceptable practices and prohibit bribery.
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
It does not seem strange, well, that's about to keep talking for a long time, sometimes with great emphasis to emphasize the decisive importance for the future of the country, but has failed to any concrete results: quite simply, it's about warning because the recruitment and promotion of the most capable introduce an intolerable element of unpredictability in the system and it is an attack on the right of co-optation. Well, that system - recalling Paolo Mancini in "In Praise of the subdivision" - which is like a twin sister, but much more palatable, the proverbial "sora camilla" nobody wants, but if everyone seize, still in the dark and silence, with the exception that denounce the subdivision of others, looking good from admitting that if they purloin some even their place of power but would not have been parcelling exercise of pluralism.
Running head CORRUPTION 5CorruptionAuthor’s Na.docxtodd271
Running head: CORRUPTION 5
Corruption
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Corruption
Introduction
Corruption is a significant crisis that kills the power of the constitution. Corruption diminishes the power of the society, economy, and social welfare of the nation. There are minimal chances of growth when corruption prevails. Thus, corruption is one of the biggest challenges facing the USA and is clearly shown by the form of administration. Factors that influence corruption is more, and the effect varies depending on the affected individuals. Typical corruption forms have taken way to inform of mishandling of policies, public funds misuse, and failure to submit to public growth projects. Current reports show that corruption is prevalent in many public sectors including but not limited to bribing of civil servants, misuse of political power, and bureaucrats using public power in the United States for a personal end.
Solution
s
Fighting corruption is a challenging task because individuals involved have either political or economic power this providing ways to manipulate the will of the weak. Regardless the report highlights possible ways to solve the issue of corruption while giving recommendations for implementation. First, it is possible to address corruption by engaging the public. Teaching the public about the effect of corruption would help combat the problem. That is, each person should be encouraged to follow the norms of the society and laws of the land (Olaguer, 2006). Following stands of morality would ensure that each person is watchful of individuals’ behaviors. Also, the public should learn how to spot instances of corruption and take necessary action when necessary. When the public is knowledgeable about the consequences of corruption, it is easier to engage in public participation in fighting the epidemic.
Next, corruption can be eradicated by employing a legal strategy. The process involves engaging the law, the judiciary, press, the police, and the media. By creating certainty and involving the bodies mention, it would be easier to discriminate corruption through justice. The legislature should be encouraged to review the laws and make clear the aspect of corrupt and corruption. Although the process might require more time, it would help understand when an individual is convicted of corruption (Heimann et al., 2008). Furthermore, the public should have the power to report against corrupt individuals in society without fear. While the legislature revises the laws, judicial civil servants would have the ability to sentence people from various social classes irrespective of their impact on society.
Third, decentralization of power is an essential step towards fighting corruption in the USA. This would give way for more transparency in the public sectors, procurement process, and budget process should be passed through mass media.
Best solution
Based on the time required to implement solutions, public participat.
Corruption is a major problem in the Philippines that undermines good governance and economic development. The Philippines ranks poorly in international corruption indexes and surveys show that the public perceives widespread corruption, especially in revenue collection agencies and infrastructure projects. While the government expresses commitment to anti-corruption efforts, systemic and institutionalized corruption are entrenched issues according to analyses of the Philippine experience with monopolies of power, lack of transparency and accountability, and a culture where corrupt practices are socially accepted.
This document appears to be a project report on the topic of whether corruption is morally bad but economically beneficial for a nation's prosperity. It includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, table of contents, and introduction. The introduction provides background on corruption in India, defines corruption, and outlines how the report will analyze corruption from an ethical and moral perspective. It will examine causes and effects of corruption and propose principles to reduce corruption by drawing from ethics, culture, and practices used in other countries.
This document discusses corruption, defining it as the abuse of power for personal gain. It identifies different types of corruption including individual, group, autogenic, defensive, extortive, investive, and nepotistic. Causes mentioned include bureaucracy, lack of democracy, poverty, and neighboring corruption. Effects are lower investment, economic growth, and inequality. Impacts are on the economy, society, as a hidden tax, and public spending allocation. The document concludes that corruption exists worldwide and hampers development by diverting resources away from productive uses.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
Corruption in public sphere and its impact pptsudarsan prasad
This document defines and discusses corruption. It begins by defining corruption as the abuse of power for personal gain. It then discusses different types of corruption, including government/political corruption. It explores causes of corruption like bureaucracy and inequality. The impacts of corruption discussed include lower economic growth and foreign investment, greater inequality, and distortion of public spending. Corruption is described as having hidden costs like increased transaction costs and as reducing economic efficiency. The document also examines corruption from several sources.
Bortoletti, what is corruption?, commissione europea, ipa zagabria 21 23 no...Maurizio Bortoletti
The fight against corruption and other offenses against the public administration must be based on accurate and objective data to give citizens a realistic representation of the situation and not ultra sized, taking into account that it is evoking themes and sensational easily usable by this or that political party
Il contrasto al fenomeno della corruzione e agli altri illeciti contro la pubblica amministrazione deve fondarsi su informazioni precise e su dati oggettivi per dare ai cittadini una rappresentazione realistica della situazione e non ultra dimensionata, tenuto conto che si tratta di tematiche evocanti ed eclatanti facilmente utilizzabili da questa o quella parte politica.
This document discusses corruption, defining it as wrongdoing by those in positions of authority or power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. It identifies common forms of corruption like bribery, embezzlement, and abuse of power. It also examines the characteristics that enable corruption, how globalization may increase corruption risks but also opportunities to address it. The document explores the role of media and effective anti-corruption agencies in tackling corruption and its negative impacts on social, economic and political development. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of transparency, accountability, and an efficient judiciary and free press in removing corruption.
This document discusses corruption, defining it as wrongdoing by those in positions of authority or power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. It identifies common types like petty corruption and state capture. It also examines characteristics of corruption like the involvement of multiple parties and misuse of power for unintended benefits. Additionally, it explores the role of media and effective anti-corruption agencies in combating corruption, and notes corruption hinders development and exacerbates inequality. Laws encouraging accountability and transparency combined with an efficient judiciary and free press can help reduce corruption.
Corruption is widespread in Bangladesh and affects many sectors of society and government. It is caused by factors like poor governance, poverty, unemployment, lack of patriotism, weak rule of law, and political unrest. Corruption takes many forms including bribery, embezzlement, extortion, conflict of interest, favoritism, nepotism, cronyism, and political corruption. International agreements like the UN Convention Against Corruption aim to establish anti-corruption benchmarks, but implementation has been uneven. Corruption in Bangladesh persists in socio-economic and political realms due to lack of transparency in politics, abuse of power for personal gain, and weak administration and law enforcement.
Public and Nonprofit Management Curbing Corruption, Enh.docxwoodruffeloisa
Public and Nonprofit Management: Curbing Corruption, Enhancing Efficiency
1
1
A Chain Is As Strong As It’s Weakest Link
Behind The Mask Of Our Governance
Public and nonprofit management is the development or application of methodical and systematic techniques that are designed
to analyze and make the operations of governments and public-service nonprofit organizations more efficient and effective.
The majority of public management’s key methods was initially established, in large part and occasionally in whole part, as
a reaction to corrupt governance, and each still is used to curb it.
Corruption’s causes are structural, cultural, and, of course, personal.
Corruption’s Causes
Governmental Structure and Graft
A large number of administrative units in a country lowers corruption. Illegal, tax-evading, “shadow economy is smaller in federal countries than in unitary states, although an increase in the income tax rate will unambiguously increase the taxpayer’s level of evasion.
Fiscal decentralization, a corollary of federal systems, also appears to reduce corruption in countries, even in those that are highly politicized.5
Culture and Corruption
National cultures that are poor and rural, and which have centralized governments, politically disengaged citizenries, a repressed press, citizens who are distrusting of each other, greater regulatory activity, and poorly paid public officials associate with high rates of corruption.
Note: An agency’s culture also can encourage graft when: there is no “clear integrity policy”; colleagues are loyal to one another; and supervision is too lax or too oppressive.
The Corrupt Public Official
Money is the leading reason why public officials become corrupt followed closely by love, friendship, and status.
Corrupt officials often have domineering personalities, are popular, and are viewed as effective, characteristics that give them “space to maneuver.”
In fact, large physical spaces, such as disproportionately big desks, can cause the people occupying them to feel “more powerful,” which, in turn, leads to “increases in dishonest behavior.”
They slowly “‘slide down’ toward corruption” and maintain “a long, institutionalized relationship” with their corruptors.
Corrupt officials rarely think of themselves as corrupt,
even though they commit multiple corrupt acts.
Lord Acton’s famous phrase, uttered in 1887, that, “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely,” is not really accurate.
Gaining power merely reveals its owner’s already-existing character, for good or ill.
Note: Moral power holders do not misuse their power, but less moral ones do.
Why Does Corruption Endure?
The continuance of those governmental and cultural conditions that produce corruption also ensure its persistence.
It appears that the more centralized the government, the more “fused” that political power is within it,
and the less access that the press has to the government,
Democracies are la ...
This summary analyzes a document that examines the relationship between corruption and welfare per capita. The document aims to determine if there is an optimal level of corruption that results in the highest welfare per capita for a country. It reviews literature on both the negative and positive impacts of corruption. While most research finds corruption harms economies, some argue it can facilitate growth in certain situations by reducing bureaucracy. The document uses corruption, GDP, and economic freedom data to estimate regression models analyzing this relationship. It hypothesizes an inverted U-shape, where moderate corruption may boost welfare more than very low or high levels by maneuvering around red tape but not undermining institutions.
This document provides an introduction to corruption and anti-corruption. It defines corruption as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain. It describes the objectives of the session as introducing corruption, describing types and forms of corruption, and identifying causes from political, economic, institutional and social perspectives. It then discusses interpretations of corruption, common types like grand and bureaucratic corruption, causes like political and economic factors, and goals of anti-corruption efforts.
This document discusses three paradigms for analyzing corruption: the economic paradigm, cultural paradigm, and neo-institutional paradigm. The economic paradigm views corruption as rational choices made by individuals based on costs and rewards. The cultural paradigm examines how cultural and social norms influence moral preferences and willingness to break rules. The neo-institutional paradigm considers informal rules and networks that regulate corrupt exchanges even without legal enforcement. The author argues an analysis of corruption requires considering multiple factors and there is no single approach, as it is a complex phenomenon influenced by individual and collective choices.
This document discusses corruption, defining it as wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. It identifies two main types of corruption - petty corruption by low-level officials and state corruption involving abuse of power by government officials. The document also examines characteristics of corruption, the role of globalization and media in corruption, and steps governments and citizens can take to strengthen anti-corruption efforts like transparency laws and an independent oversight agency. In conclusion, it stresses that reducing corruption through accountability and transparency can promote social and economic development.
Workshop Caso integridad en sector privadocesarncruz
El documento describe las seis etapas clave para el desarrollo de un programa anticorrupción efectivo en el sector privado: 1) Compromiso público de la alta dirección, 2) Diagnóstico de riesgos, 3) Elaboración de un plan de acción, 4) Implementación del plan, 5) Evaluación y seguimiento continuo, y 6) Reporting y divulgación de información sobre los avances. Se destaca la importancia de cada etapa y las herramientas disponibles para llevarlas a cabo de manera integral y así prevenir, detectar y mit
Diseño de una estrategia de integridad en el sector privado: estudio de un ca...cesarncruz
El taller tuvo como objetivos brindar conocimientos sobre cumplimiento normativo, responsabilidad social corporativa y prevención de corrupción en el sector privado. Se propuso a los participantes un caso hipotético para resolver dilemas y luego implementar un sistema de cumplimiento siguiendo la herramienta de Transparency International. Los participantes elaboraron propuestas para cada fase del proceso e identificaron puntos críticos a los que las empresas deben enfrentarse.
Presentación Workshop. Consecuencias legales y económicas de la ley de transp...cesarncruz
El documento describe las consecuencias legales y económicas de la ley de transparencia en el sector privado en España. Resume que la ley requiere que las empresas privadas proporcionen información pública en ciertas circunstancias, como cuando reciben subvenciones públicas que superan los 100,000 euros o cuando el 40% o más de sus ingresos provienen de subvenciones. También deben proporcionar información a solicitud de las autoridades públicas. El documento explica los tipos de información que las empresas deben publicar y los principios
Recsumen Ejecutivo: Informe “Consecuencias legales y económicas de la Ley de ...cesarncruz
La ley de transparencia española establece obligaciones de publicidad activa para empresas privadas que reciban grandes subvenciones públicas o cuyos ingresos dependan en gran medida de fondos públicos. También requiere que empresas adjudicatarias de contratos públicos o que presten servicios públicos suministren información a las administraciones públicas bajo solicitud. El documento analiza las consecuencias legales y económicas de estas medidas para empresas españolas, concluyendo que podrían traer tanto beneficios en términos de
El documento presenta una introducción a los Pactos de Integridad como herramientas para prevenir la corrupción en la contratación pública. Explica que los Pactos de Integridad son acuerdos entre el gobierno, la sociedad civil y las empresas para promover la transparencia, rendición de cuentas y profesionalismo en la contratación pública. Luego, analiza casos destacados de Pactos de Integridad en varios países de la UE y destaca los desafíos y recomendaciones para su implementación efectiva.
This document summarizes Transparency International's strategies for working with the private sector to address corruption. It discusses how corruption negatively impacts businesses and the economy. TI works to strengthen laws and standards, encourages collective action among industry groups, and provides tools to help individual companies implement anti-corruption programs. The Business Principles for Countering Bribery is one of TI's key tools to guide companies in establishing anti-bribery procedures.
Este documento discute la participación del sector privado en iniciativas de gobierno abierto como parte de la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto (OGP). Explica que el sector privado puede desempeñar cuatro roles: socio, beneficiario, promotor y comprometido. También analiza ejemplos de compromisos de OGP que involucran al sector privado y desafíos futuros como lograr un mayor involucramiento empresarial y fortalecer el diálogo entre empresas y sociedad civil.
This document discusses transparency and integrity in government. It provides comparative data from the OECD on policies around conflicts of interest, lobbying regulations, and disclosure requirements. The data shows there is variation between countries in terms of which branch of government and which public officials have disclosure requirements. It also shows that while many countries have introduced lobbying regulations, there are still important variations between countries in terms of which actors and activities are regulated. The document argues that comparative data is essential to guide government reform towards more transparency and integrity, but a holistic, systemic approach is needed rather than focusing on individual tools or public/private divides. Maintaining transparency and integrity remains important for societal progress.
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
A Guide to AI for Smarter Nonprofits - Dr. Cori Faklaris, UNC CharlotteCori Faklaris
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
CBO’s Outlook for U.S. Fertility Rates: 2024 to 2054
Sousa
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FIVE TENDENCIES OF TODAY’S CORRUPTION AND ANTICORRUPTION POLICIES
Luís de Sousa, Chairman TIAC (TI-Portugal) and Assistant Professor of
Political Science at the University of Aveiro (lmsousa@ua.pt)
Introduction
Everyday we watch the evening news another corruption scandal breaks
out involving political leaders, top businessmen, and senior public officials.
We got so used to the daily battering of our elites and of the core public
and market institutions of our democratic societies that there are very
few references left of what a “naturally sound condition of politics” (Philp
1997: 29) or “a well functioning market” actually means.
Democratic societies are complex systems of institutions and roles. Each
role is governed by a set of rules and principles that generate expectations
regarding the performance of institutions. Institutions are the foundation
of the social order: they exist to solve people’s problems and function as
benchmarks for individual conduct.
When the core institutions in a democratic society – political parties, the
parliament, the government, the public administration, the judiciary, but
also the regulated market – are systematically hit with corruption
scandals, they cease to be regarded as responsive to people’s needs and
problems and a normative reference to their conduct. This is the key
problem of the crisis we are living through. The imaginary of truthfulness
and purposefulness of the liberal-constitutional model of democracy has
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gradually lost its shine. Without a clear ethics referential for their conduct,
citizens seek informal practices, conventions and institutions to pursue
their interests and goals.
What explains this growing concern about declining ethical standards in
Western societies? Is this the result of hardening expectations in relation
to political and business leaders or is it caused by a growing discrepancy
between expectations and institutional means to achieve them, a sort of
collective state of anomy? What is it about today’s corruption that has
raised worldwide awareness and concern and pressured political leaders
to engage in an unprecedented ethics reform at different levels of
government? What major qualitative transformations need to be taken
into account when assessing today’s corruption and the way countries
have attempted to control it?
In this short presentation I will attempt to sketch 5 major transformations
of today’s corruption and corruption control policies in Europe.
1. The intensity of corruption
Corruption has become more visible, more widespread, more threatening
to the works of democracy and the State of Law. But is this intensity of
corruption real or product of the sharpening of perceptions about the
phenomenon? The answer to this question is first and foremost a
theoretical one. For some, all this ado about corruption is the product of
mediatisation hence the moral condemnation of the phenomenon is
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discrepant with its real dimension. Others believe, on the contrary, that
there are good reasons to perceive today’s corruption as a threat to the
functioning and values underpinning democracy.
We keep hearing that the costs added to a contract as a result of corrupt
practices may amount to between 20 % to 25 %, and in some cases even
50 % of the total cost of the contract; that the total annual losses of
corruption amount to billions of Euros. Yet, there is no certainty about
these figures. We always start from the assumption that the level of
corruption detected is only the tip of the iceberg, a fraction of a deeper
and larger problem in our societies. But to what extent is this guess
reliable? If we look at the mass surveys on corruption we notice that The
total proportion of Europeans with any exposure to corruption, i.e. who
say that they have either experienced and/or witnessed any corruption in
the past year, stands at 8%. And this is when things get interesting: one in
four Europeans (26%) agree that they are personally affected by
corruption in their daily lives and one in eight (12%) personally know
someone who takes or has taken bribes, yet, only a smaller proportion of
Europeans (5%) say that they have experienced a case of corruption in the
past 12 months, while 3% say they have witnessed a case in the past year.
Are we really talking about the same type of corruption? I will come back
to this question shortly.
In the meantime, it suffices to say that even if the intensity of corruption
cannot be fully measured, given the difficulty in providing reliable
indicators for its measurement, it is difficult to deny how important the
issue has become to the public debate. On no other occasion, had post-
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1945 democracies witnessed such an explosion of media inflamed affairs
or scandals, of continuous reporting and sentencing of cases of
corruption, of successive parliamentary debates and legislative initiatives
to combat corruption. Corruption has become one of the major issues
debated and addressed by national regional and international
institutions, agencies and NGOs (Rider 1997; Doig 1998; OECD 2000; TI
2001).
2. The cyclical nature of corruption
Despite the longstanding tradition in criminalising corruption in Western
societies, the phenomenon has never been eradicated, but has not always
attracted the attention of political and judicial authorities either. Only
when manifestations have become pervasive in various areas and
activities of political life, visible at different levels of government, eroding
the public trust on institutions and damaging fair market competition,
threatening the idea of good governance, have countries reacted to
corruption.
The evolution of corruption is cyclical displaying peak levels and less
intense phases, in what concerns attitudes towards the phenomenon. As
Bicchieri and Duffy put it, ‘In many countries, we have witnessed long
periods of systemic corruption followed by ‘clean-ups’ that are in turn
followed by other periods of corruption.’ (1997, 62).
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The rise in ethical standards in democracies is not necessarily long lasting.
The values of transparency, equality, accountability and integrity will not
always remain a priority to citizens. Other more individualistic values,
such as personal success and affluence may become dominant again. The
more exclusive a society’s set of values becomes, the more limited the
scope of their realisation. Over time, a society’s value structure tends to
exhaust its creativity and begin to wane permitting other conflicting
values to ascend. Periods of intense condemnation of corruption and
politically enforced morality in public life tend to shade into oblivion and
deviant practices and behaviours become once more tolerated.
There is no specific set of causes that make corruption move from a period
of widespread tolerance to one of intense condemnation. Various
political, institutional, economic and social changes are responsible for
that normative change. The periodicity of these fluctuations is unknown.
It is not possible to pinpoint when standards degenerate and when these
are likely to be revised and how long each phase will take. Fluctuations
are different in length and intensity from one country to another, but the
cyclical nature of corruption and anti-corruption crusades remains
common to all.
3. The sophistication of corruption
Today’s corruption cannot be interpreted solely as a crime against the
public purse and the State, an abuse of public office for private concerns
as treated traditionally by national criminal laws and penal codes. This
black corruption, repudiated both by ruling elites and the mass public
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(Heidenheimer 1989) is more restricted in its forms and nature than those
grey manifestations which have surfaced in most democracies in recent
years and whose definition tends to leave room for double-standards:
“acceptable infringement or immoral legality?”.
The type of corruption that makes the headlines today can no longer be
interpreted merely as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”, to
paraphrase Transparency International’s definition. This understanding of
corruption was and still is central to its conceptualisation as a
penal/criminal offence.
However, such hard boundaries are rarely clear-cut and that explains, to
a great extent, the inefficacy of penal measures in in capturing the
essence of the corruption that pervades advanced democratic societies
nowadays.
The traditional distinction between political, bureaucratic and market
corruption is conceptually cumbersome since most recent manifestations
of corruption take place in a limbo created between these spheres. There
is equally a growing confusion of the roles traditionally played by actors
involved in the illicit transaction: the public agent that is appointed
politically; the politician that is recruited from a senior public office; the
businessmen who enters politics to protect and promote his own
interests.
The complexity of today’s corruption is also about the sophistication of its
mechanisms and forms. Paying a bribe for a building license or to speed
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up the approval of a building project does not require the same degree of
sophistication as paying illicit commissions to obtain fiscal benefits,
privileged and secret information about privatisation processes in course
or even flexible market regulations. Lobbying a councillor for future
constituency works does not require the same complex, impersonal and
multi-client contact networks as those unveiled between businessmen
and political elites at the national or European levels.
But the issue is even more complex: today’s corruption is not about
individual misconduct and rent-seeking practices in detriment of the
principal’s objectives, but the perversion of the mission and goals of
public institutions and the distortion of policy and regulatory processes in
benefit of large economic groups.
4. The systemic nature of corruption
The events witnessed during the past two decades show that corruption
was less about the sporadic and individual wrongdoing of public officials
and showed a more systemic and institutional nature.
Before, corruption resulted mainly from undue pressure, from the
manipulation of bureaucratic instruments, policies or procedures to the
advantage of unscrupulous individuals. Today’s corruption results from a
series of practices or behaviours that have become a way of life, a
systematic and organised violation of the standards governing public life.
Democracies rest upon some basic ethical principles, such as,
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transparency, accountability, fairness and integrity. When the political
class, public officials, market actors or citizens act in such a way as to
injure or circumvent these principles, such actions may not result in
immediate benefit for the corrupt and corrupted, nor be susceptible to
being sanctioned. Yet, these practices/behaviours still represent a
violation of the principles underpinning democratic administration and
politics. The concept focuses less on individual rule violation and owes
more to classical understandings of corruption based on the decline of
ethical standards (Johnston 1996) or degeneration of the democratic
culture (Philp 1997, 37-38) in societies.
In a nutshell, whereas corruption in the past was regarded as the exercise
of illicit pressure through material and non material inducements on the
part of market actors upon public officials, in order to distort or
manipulate to their advantage, bureaucratic procedures and political
decisions; today, corruption results primarily from a series of power
strategies developed by certain economic agents with the intent of
manipulating public policy and market regulation to their benefit, while
passing the costs and moral hazards of these political and administrative
decisions to the taxpayer. Everything takes place under the veil of legality
and transparency. There is no criminal offence as such, yet decision-
makers and their parties get rewarded for their services through revolving
door and political financing practices. This legal (Kaufmann and Vicente,
2011) or institutional (Thompson, 2013; Lessig, 2013; Light, 2013;
Newhouse, 2014) corruption develops over time through the collusion of
public and private interests, and by generating unjustifiable rents to
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selected groups at the expense of the sustainability of public finances and
intergenerational equity.
5. The transnational nature of corruption
Corruption adds to a series of other transnational issues - such as,
transports and communications, technological and scientific
development, energy, the expansion of trade and financial transactions,
migration, environmental problems, organised crime, population growth,
poverty, famine - that presuppose interdependence and externalisation
of control.
Globalisation has often been proclaimed and defined as an ideal world
system where people, ideas, capital, goods and services circulate freely.
But the world is still far from the global village heralded prematurely and
globalisation evolves through a series of contradictions.
Corruption has been gradually perceived by governments as a global
phenomenon challenging democracies and the State of Law from above
and below. Governments have resorted to international instances and
initiatives as an attempt to overcome the insufficiency of traditional State
sovereignty in confronting the complex and cross-border mechanisms of
corruption. But this prise de conscience by national governments has not
been linear and has not always resulted in a positive action. More often
than not, conviction and international co-operation have been
outweighed by a great deal of hypocrisy and double standards in what
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concerns the adoption and implementation of control initiatives. This is
often matched by a general indifference of national public opinion
towards corruption taking place abroad.
Governments and world economic and financial institutions have
engaged in an unprecedented moral crusade against a number of virtual-
States, known as “fiscal paradises”, that prosper thanks to their obscure
banking, financial and commercial systems. The laundering of money and
profits resulting from criminal activities (such as drug and arms
trafficking), most of which with a negative impact on the social tissue of
modern societies has been an incentive for this concerted and vigorous
international action. But that has not been without hypocrisy, since most
of these fiscal paradises had also hosted, for many years, several Western
holdings seeking advantageous tax benefits and unscrupulous
businessmen and politicians (and parties) who used offshore bank
accounts a posteriori for illicit payments at home and abroad. Some of
these mechanisms have contributed to perfect and ensure the efficacy of
corrupt transactions by making them more invisible, more clandestine
than before.
In spite of the double-standard action of governments with regard to
corruption taking place outside their own jurisdiction and the symbolism
of international initiatives, the cross-border nature of today’s corruption
has increasingly driven governments to resort to international instances
to combat its pervasive effects at the national level. The fight against
corruption is no longer contingent solely to State jurisdictions, actors and
measures.
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Moving away from the theory to the practice, what have been the major
challenges to corruption control policies in Europe? I will just consider a
few of these Gordian knots:
1. Proliferation of anti-corruption laws and instruments
Member states have put in place a whole arsenal of laws and provisions
aimed at promoting transparency and integrity in the public and market
sectors as well as new anticorruption specialized bodies. This
unprecedented multiplication of anticorruption laws and institutions
does not add to the functionality, effectiveness and credibility of the
public integrity system: it disperses financial and policy efforts, increases
the costs of communication and coordination, and blurs the responsibility
of individual actors and institutions.
Therefore, the crucial question today is not whether countries are
prepared to fight corruption but how successful or effective integrity
instruments and institutions actually are in strengthening prevention,
detection and repression of corruption. The plea to pay more attention
to ‘what works’ is often heard, but there have been little efforts at
streamlining best practice. In fact there is little understanding how these
conglomerates of anticorruption policies and institutions interact and
work towards the creation of a cohesive and sustainable ‘Integrity System’.
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We already know that well-functioning integrity systems promote better
governance across all aspects of society, and, ultimately, contribute to a
more just society overall. However, the challenge is to know if there is a
combination or configuration of laws and institutions to make the
integrity system workable and effective and what lessons can be learnt
and transferred from one context to another.
2. Lack specialization of national auditing and judicial authorities
The effectiveness of recent anticorruption reforms has been questioned
by the lack of specialisation of those bodies entrusted with preventive
and repressive functions.
The lack of specialized skills and training on corruption and related
economic crimes by financial auditors, administrative inspectors, criminal
investigators, prosecutors and judges, reduces their detection and
enforcement capacity and creates obstacles to effective judicial
cooperation.
Not all EU countries have the necessary technical expertise and financial
resources to make the anticorruption system work. How can Europe-wide
cooperation be sought with such capacity differential?
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There is an urgent need to develop targeted training capacities at the
national and EU levels to create a common ground for judicial
cooperation.
The lack of specialisation is also reflected in the way the court system is
organised to address complex crimes such as corruption and related
offences. According to the 2010 Report on the Efficiency and Quality of
the European Judicial Systems of the European Commission for the
Efficiency of Justice(CEPEJ) from the Council of Europe, specialised first
instance courts represent only 19% of all the first instance courts
considered as legal entities. Out of these, only a few deal specifically with
corruption and other fraudulent practices. Finland, for example, has a
Court of Impeachment that hears charges against Ministers. But this is an
exception to the rule. In the majority of cases, specialisation in the courts
only goes as far as the classical division between civil, criminal, and
possibly administrative matters.
3. Lack of information sharing and judicial cooperation
Further to the lack of specialization, bodies with shared responsibilities in
preventing and suppressing corruption rarely work in an integrated
manner.
At the operational level, information sharing and cooperation are often
impeded by jurisdictional issues, lack of trust and institutional rivalries.
The same difficulties are to be found at the policy coordination level.
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If information sharing and inter-institutional cooperation is difficult to
achieve at the national level, cooperation between different national
judicial authorities in dealing with cross-border corruption or fraud is even
more precarious. The successful conclusion of these investigations
depends on archaic judicial cooperation procedures and Mutual Legal
Assistance (MLA) requests that are rarely replied in a timely manner. To
what extent the delay in answering to MLA requests is a consequence of
administrative inertia and the lack of prioritization of cross-border
corruption by foreign judicial authorities or a deliberate policy to force
these cases to move from criminal prosecution into a negotiable financial
resolution in order to protect the image and interests of national
implicated parties, is something that needs further clarification.
4. Lack of dialogue with stakeholders
Another recurrent problem is the lack of dialogue between decision-
makers and stakeholders with regard to the design and implementation
of anti-corruption policies. In order for anti-corruption policies to be
effective and durable, the policy process (from design through
implementation to monitoring and evaluation) should be inclusive.
Governments are clearly feeling under pressure and are willing to act fast,
but celerity is limiting dialogue and consensus building around the various
solutions presented. The inevitable consequence of this is the recurrent
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cosmetic changes to the legislation and the institutional set-up without
a conducting policy or vision of how the whole system should operate.
The degree of stakeholder acceptance and appropriation of the
anticorruption measures put in place depends on the way these are being
communicated to them and to what extent they feel part of the
anticorruption reform endeavour. Consultation and communication
methods are largely underdeveloped in the field of anticorruption.
5. Doubtful sustainability of anticorruption efforts
In the current context of economic and financial crisis, sustainability of
anticorruption efforts is the main challenge facing national and European
authorities.
On the one hand, opportunities for corruption have grown apace, due to
a variety of reforms and changes to the traditional structure and process
of the State’s administration: the introduction of austerity measures has
led to a sudden loss of status by many middle rank public officials
disproportional to their delegated competences and everyday
discretionary power; reducing state ownership in public companies
through privatisation processes carried out under a very tight schedule
and in a context of recession; fast and unchecked growth of public private
partnerships, as a response to the State’s limited public investment
capacity and without a proper control framework; restructuring and
downsizing of the public administration leading to new supervision
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vacuums or the extinction of certain auditing units; dramatic normative
changes in relation to the role of public officials and the governing public
management ethos, rendering the public sphere more permeable to
undue private influence; blurring of public and private interests through
the institutionalization of conflicts of interest and revolving door
practices; escalating campaigning costs disproportionate to the
traditional sources of financing; etc.
On the other hand, governmental capacity to sustain a well-resourced
anticorruption policy has decreased considerably. Working under tight
budget conditions is not necessarily a bad thing. It is known that efficiency
cannot be attained only through systematic injections of funding. Anti-
corruption bodies operating under tight financial conditions often deliver
better results. Over time, however, their staff members are likely to be
disheartened by the lack of resources. Whatever measure is used, it is
clear that a certain level of organization and resources are necessary for
the agency’s role to be taken seriously. Therefore, it is important to find
a Pareto optimal solution for governmental anti-corruption efforts,
matching objectives with the necessary resources to achieve them.
Conclusion
To conclude, the fight against corruption emerged as one of the most
significant issues during the past twenty years both at the national and EU
levels.
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During the past two decades, an unprecedented number of laws,
specialised bodies and anti-corruption strategies and action plans have
been put in place at the national level.
In formal terms, countries are better equipped today to fight corruption
than they were two decades ago. In practice, many doubts remain as to
whether these efforts are sustainable in the long term.
If the fight against corruption is to remain a priority in the political
agenda, and to be taken seriously by public opinion, governmental
rhetoric needs to be matched with concrete achievements, both on the
preventive and repressive dimensions of corruption control.
It is equally important to avoid jumpy reactions to scandal. Instead,
governments need to assess risks in everyday decision-making and
administrative procedures and identify gaps in their integrity systems in
order to act preventively and improve controls.