- Insect ecological succession is the natural gradual change in insect species that live in a given area over time. It involves the replacement of one insect community by another through natural processes. - There are two main types of succession: primary succession, which occurs on newly exposed substrates like lava flows, and secondary succession, which occurs when a previous community is disturbed. - Succession progresses based on various factors like substrate conditions, composition of initial colonists, sequence of disturbances, and presence of granivores, herbivores, and predators.

1. Insect ecological succession

2. Introduction
The new habitat are brought about by as a
results of phenomena's such as tectonic
activity, glacial movement, sea level changes,
sediments deposition or erosion.
1st insect species to colonize the new
environment are typically small in stature,
tolerant to exposure and able to exploit non-
organic or exogenous resources.

3.  What is ecology?
 This is the process by which a plant or animal community successively gives way to
another until a stable climax is reached or achieved. (correct)
 What is ecological succession?
 This is the process of community development on disturbed or newly exposed
sites.

4. What is insect ecological succession
This can be defined as the natural, gradual change in
the type of species that live in that given area.
Its can also be defined as the process of insect
community development on disturbed or newly
exposed sites.
This can also be defined as the gradual replacement
of one insect community by another through natural
process over time.
This can be either primary or secondary.

5. Patterns of succession
There are two types of succession
namely:
Primary succession
Secondary succession

6. Primary succession
Occurs on newly exposed substrate e.g. lava
flow, uplifted marine deposits, dunes newly
deposited, exposed beaches etc.
Primary succession typically involves a long
period of soil formation and colonization by
species requiring little substrate modification.
Primary succession occur were their has never
been insect species ever.

13. Secondary succession
Occur on sites where the previous
community was disturbed, and is
influenced by remnant substrate and
surviving individuals.
Secondary succession occur were once
their were insect species.

15. Factors affecting ecological succession
 Insect ecological Succession can progress along various alternative pathways
and reach alternative end-points depending on a variety of local abiotic and
biotic factors.
 These factors include :
 substrate conditions
 Composition of initial colonist and survivors from previous community.
 Sequence of disturbance during succession
 Granivores and herbivores species present
 Predators present

16. Substrate conditions
These affect the ability of organism to settle,
become established and derive necessary
resources.
Some substrates restrict species representation
e.g. serpentine soils, gypsum dunes and lava
flows.
Few species are able to tolerate such unique
substrate conditions or the exposure that results
from limited vegetative cover.

17. Composition of initial colonist and
survivors from previous community
The initial colonist of a site represent regional species pools and
their composition can vary depending on proximity to population
sources.
A site is more likely to be colonized by abundant species that by
rare species.
E.g. wood initially colonized by decay fungi such as those
inoculated by wood boring beetles, wasps and termites, decay
more rapidly, thereby affecting subsequent colonization than
does wood initially colonized by mold fungi, such as those
inoculated by bark and ambrosia beetles (Kaarik 1974 et al.200)

18. Sequence of disturbance during
succession
This plays a major role in determining the
composition of successive species assemblages.
E.g. Fire followed by drought would filter the
community though fire-tolerance sieve, then a
drought-tolerant sieve whereas flooding
followed by fire would produce a different
sequence of communities.

19. Granivores and herbivores species present
Granivores and herbivores tend to eat
largest seeds and plants respectively
which most often represent later
succession of plant species thus in turn
reducing the plant population which is a
primary food source in an ecosystem.

20. Predators present
 Hodkinson et al.(2001) observed that spiders often are the earliest colonizers of
glacial moraine or other newly exposed habitats.
 Spider web trap living and dead prey and other organic debris.
 Spider webs are composed of structural proteins and may distribute nitrogen
over the surface.in additional webs may physically stabilize he surface and
increase surface moisture through condensation from the atmosphere.
 These effects of spider may facilitate development of cyanobacterial crust and
early successional vegetation

21. Models of succession
 Clement (1916) noted that the comparison of successional stages is less useful
than is an understanding of the process that affect the transition from one sere to
another.
 He proposed the Facilitation model which viewed
communities as an entity that showed progressive (facilitated) development
similar to the ontogeny of insect individual organism.
 According to this model also called relay floristics (Egler 1954) successive stage
cause progressive changes in environmental conditions that facilitate their
replacement by the subsequent stage and later successional species cannot
appear until sufficient environmental modification by earlier stages has occurred.

22. Example
The increasing porosity and altered nutrient
content of decomposing wood, resulting from
heterotroph activity, precludes further
recruitment of early successional species e.g. bark
beetles and anaerobic or microaerophilic
microorganisms and facilitates replacement by
later successional wood borers and more aerobic
microorganisms e.g. Edmonds and Eglitis 1989,

23. Tolerance model
 Eglar (1954) argued that secondary succession often may reflect the differential
longevity of colonizing species. Most of the eventual dominants colonize
relatively early, while competition is still low. Failure of species to become
established at this early stage reduces the probability of their future dominance.
 Juveniles of later species grow to maturity over a longer period, tolerating the
early dominance of ruderal species and eventually exclude the early successional
species.

24. End !