This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation (ppt) for teaching purposes. It recommends:
1. Showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know about the topic before revealing information on subsequent slides.
2. Repeating this process of showing blank slides, asking questions, and then filling in information 3 times for active learning.
3. This technique can also be used for self-study by displaying blank slides to self-quiz before reading provided content.
The document then lists learning objectives and an outline of topics to be covered regarding inguinal hernia, including definitions, relevant anatomy, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, investigations, management, controversies
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Ventral hernia is protrusion of peritoneal sac through anterior abdominal wall defects except Groin hernias. In this presentation I have discussed Epigastric, Umbilical, Para umbilical, Incisional, Spigelian and Lumbar hernias.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Ventral hernia is protrusion of peritoneal sac through anterior abdominal wall defects except Groin hernias. In this presentation I have discussed Epigastric, Umbilical, Para umbilical, Incisional, Spigelian and Lumbar hernias.
Hernias (as an inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, or spigelian hernia) in which an anatomical part (as a section of the intestine) protrudes through an opening, tear, or weakness in the abdominal wall musculature.
Approximately 75% of abdominal wall hernias occur in the groin.
The lifetime risk of inguinal hernia is 27% in men and 3% in women.
And hence Of inguinal hernia repairs, 90% are performed in men, and 10% are performed in women.
The incidence of inguinal hernia in men has a distribution, with peaks before the first year of life and after age 40.
Indirect inguinal and femoral hernias occur more commonly on the right side.
This is attributed to a delay in atrophy of the processus vaginalis after the normal slower descent of the right testis to the scrotum during fetal development.
The predominance of right-sided femoral hernias is thought to be caused by the tamponading effect of the sigmoid colon on the left femoral canal
The prevalence of hernias increases and the likelihood of strangulation and need for hospitalization increase with aging.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Inguinal Hernia.pptx
1. Tips on using my ppt.
1. You can freely download, edit, modify and put your
name etc.
2. Don’t be concerned about number of slides. Half the
slides are blanks except for the title.
3. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask
students what they already know about ethology of
today's topic. > Then show next slide which enumerates
aetiologies.
4. At the end rerun the show – show blank> ask questions >
show next slide.
5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
three revisions.
6. Good for self study also. Good for self study also.
Display blank slide> Think what you already know about
this > Read next slide.
2. Learning Objectives
At the end of this session the learner will be able to
describe-
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical Features
• Management
Of Inguinal Hernia
3. Learning Objectives
1. Introduction & History
2. Relevant Anatomy, Physiology
3. Aetiology
4. Pathophysiology
5. Pathology
6. Classification
7. Clinical Features
8. Investigations
9. Management
10. Controversies
11. Prevention
12. Guidelines
13. Take home messages
13. Anatomy
• Inguinal Ligament:(Poupart’s ligament) is
the inferior edge of the external oblique
aponeurosis and extends from the anterior
superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle,
turning posteriorly to form a shelving edge.
• The lacunar ligament is the fan-shaped
medial expansion of the inguinal ligament,
which inserts into the pubis and forms the
medial border of the femoral space
15. Anatomy
• The external (superficial) inguinal ring:is
an ovoid opening of the external oblique
aponeurosis that is positioned superiorly
and slightly laterally to the pubic tubercle.
• The Internal (Deep ) ring : Opening in
Fascia transversalis at mid inguinal point.
1.25 cm above the inguinal ligament,
midway between the symphysis pubis and
the anterior superior iliac spine
16. Anatomy
• Important sensory nerves-
1. Iliohypogastric n.
2. Ilioinguinal n.
3. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
18. Anatomy
• The inferior epigastric artery and
vein . Defines the type of inguinal hernia.
Indirect inguinal hernias occur lateral to the
inferior epigastric vessels, whereas
direct hernias occur medial to these vessels.
20. Anatomy
• Cremaster muscle- arise from the internal
oblique, encompass the spermatic cord, and
attach to the tunica vaginalis of the testis.
21. Anatomy
Parts of Hernia-
• Sac
• Coverings of the sac
• Contents of the sac.
• Neck of sac is at internal ring where sac
communicates with peritoneal cavity.
22. Anatomy
Types of Hernia-
1. Bubonocele. The hernia is limited to the
inguinal canal.
2. Funicular. The processus vaginalis is
closed just above the epididymis.
3. Complete (synonym: scrotal).
24. Defense of inguinal canal
• Shutter mechanism
• Obliquity of inguinal canal
• Ball valve mechanism of cremaster Contraction of cremaster helps the
spermatic cord to plug superficial inguinal ring.
• The pinchcock action of the internal ring musculature
• Flap valve mechanism
• The superficial inguinal ring is guarded from behind by the conjoint
tendon and by the reflected part of the inguinal canal.
• The anterior wall opposite the deep ring is reinforced laterally by the
internal oblique muscles.
• Slit valve mechanism Contraction of the external oblique results in
approximation of the two crura of the superficial inguinal ring
27. Inguinal hernia: Etiology
• Risk factors
• Elevated intra-abdominal pressure is associated
with chronic cough, ascites, increased peritoneal
fluid from biliary atresia, peritoneal dialysis or
ventriculoperitoneal shunts, intraperitoneal masses
or organomegaly, and obstipation.
• Premature infants
• Exstrophy of bladder, neonatal intraventricular
hemorrhage, myelomeningocele, and undescended
testes.
28. Inguinal hernia: Etiology
• Molecular Risk factors
• The rectus sheath adjacent to groin hernias is thinner than
normal. The rate of fibroblast proliferation is less than
normal, and the rate of collagenolysis appears increased.
• Sailors who developed scurvy had an increased incidence
of hernia
• Aberrant collagen states (eg, Ehlers-Danlos, fetal
hydantoin, Freeman-Sheldon, Hunter-Hurler, Kniest,
Marfan, and Morquio syndromes), have increased rates of
hernia formation, as do osteogenesis imperfecta, pseudo-
Hurler polydystrophy, and Scheie syndrome.
29. Inguinal hernia: Etiology
• Molecular Risk factors
• Acquired elastase deficiency
• Heavy smokers
The contribution of biochemical or metabolic
factors to the creation of inguinal hernias is
unclear.
31. Pathophysiology
• An indirect inguinal hernia follows the tract
through the inguinal canal. It results from a
persistent processus vaginalis.
• The processus fails to close adequately at
birth in 40-50% of boys.
• A familial tendency exists, with 11.5% of
patients having a family history.
• Direct hernia is caused by weakness of
posterior wall – abdominal wall and
thinning of fascia.
32. Pathophysiology
Increased intra-abdominal pressure:
• Marked obesity
• Heavy lifting
• Coughing
• Straining with defecation or urination
• Ascites
• Peritoneal dialysis
• Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Family history of hernias
34. Classification
• Indirect Inguinal hernia.
• Direct Inguinal hernia.
• Congenital Inguinal hernia.
• A sliding hernia :a portion of the sac is
composed of visceral peritoneum covering
part of a retroperitoneal organ, usually the
colon or bladder
38. Demography
• Incidence & Prevalence
• Geographical distribution.
• Race
• Age
• Sex
• Socioeconomic status
• Temporal behaviour
39. • Incidence 5-10 %
• Geographical distribution : none
• Age- increases with age.
• Sex -25 times more common in males.
• Even in females most common groin hernia
is inguinal hernia.
• Side-More common on right side.
43. Signs
• Male
• Complaint painless
inguinoscrotal
swelling on and off.
• Skin over swelling –
normal.
• Visible peristalsis.
• O/E local temperature
normal
• Non tender
• Testis palpable
separately
• Getting above
swelling not possible
• Reducible.
• Impulse on coughing
present
• Resonant on
percussion
• Opaque
• Three finger test
• Invagination test
• Ring Occlussion test.
66. MCQ
Hernia with highest rate of strangulation is?
• (A) Direct inguinal hernia
• (B) Indirect inguinal hernia
• (C) Femoral hernia
• (D) Incisional hernia
67. MCQ
Hernia with highest rate of strangulation is?
• (A) Direct inguinal hernia
• (B) Indirect inguinal hernia
• (C) Femoral hernia
• (D) Incisional hernia
68. MCQ
The following are the risk factors for inguinal
hernia except:
a) Family history of inguinal hernia
b) Weight lifter
c) COPD
d) Female
e) Obesity
69. MCQ
The following are the risk factors for inguinal
hernia except:
a) Family history of inguinal hernia
b) Weight lifter
c) COPD
d) Female
e) Obesity
70. MCQ
Hernia that is least likely to strangulate is
a) Femoral hernia
b) Direct inguinal hernia
c) Indirect inguinal hernia
d) Umbilical hernia
71. MCQ
Hernia that is least likely to strangulate is
a) Femoral hernia
b) Direct inguinal hernia
c) Indirect inguinal hernia
d) Umbilical hernia
72. MCQ
Which of these would you like to do for a case
of strangulated hernia -
a) X-ray abdomen
b) USG abdomen
c) Aspiration of contents of sac
d) Correction of hypovolemia
e) Prepare OT for urgent surgery
73. MCQ
Which of these would you like to do for a case
of strangulated hernia -
a) X-ray abdomen
b) USG abdomen
c) Aspiration of contents of sac
d) Correction of hypovolemia
e) Prepare OT for urgent surgery
74. MCQ
• Viscera forms wall of which hernia-
A. Lumbar hernia
B. Sliding hernia
C. Epigastric hernia
D. Femoral hernia
75. MCQ
• Viscera forms wall of which hernia-
A. Lumbar hernia
B. Sliding hernia
C. Epigastric hernia
D. Femoral hernia
76. MCQ
• All of the following statements are true
about repair of groin hernias except -
A. Lichtenstein tension free repair has a low
recurrence rate
B. TEP repair is an extraperitoneal approach to
laparoscopic repair of groin hernia
C. In Shouldice repair, non-abosorbable mesh is
used
D. The surgery can be done under local
77. MCQ
• All of the following statements are true
about repair of groin hernias except -
A. Lichtenstein tension free repair has a low
recurrence rate
B. TEP repair is an extraperitoneal approach to
laparoscopic repair of groin hernia
C. In Shouldice repair, non-abosorbable mesh is
used
D. The surgery can be done under local
78. MCQ
• Sliding constituent of a large direct hernia is
-
• Bladder
• Sigmoid colon
• Caecum
• Appendix
79. Get this ppt in mobile
1. Download Microsoft
PowerPoint from play
store.
2. Open Google assistant
3. Open Google lens.
4. Scan qr code from
next slide.