The document discusses several infrastructure defect cases and their causes, outcomes, and repair processes. Case 1 involves a dangerous road caused by an unprepared embankment without enough shoulder that was addressed by constructing an embankment and drainage system. Case 2 describes concrete column deterioration from weathering, workmanship, and lack of maintenance that can be repaired using epoxy to fill cracks and reinforce the structure. Case 5 involves a road and drainage collapse from flooding and improper drainage that was repaired by reconstructing the road and drainage structures.

1. Infrastructure defects , inspection , diagnosis and Repair By MohdNorainYahya Prepare for: Mr Mohamed KhairiArshad

3. Flooding

5. Providing adequate road reserve

7. CASE 2

10. CASE 2 The Process of repairing with expxy fill: To fill in a crack, a professional should inject epoxy, which starts out as a paste-like adhesive. After a successful concrete crack repair with epoxy, the concrete will be reinforced. In some cases, the epoxy ends up being even harder than the concrete it has filled in. Not only can this help seal the concrete from water seepage, but it can also provide necessary structural support. It all depends on your particular circumstances, and a professional should be able to give you a diagnosis on what needs to be done. You should get concrete crack repair epoxy from a professional at the first sign of any major cracking in your concrete

14. Periodic/Corrective Maintenance

18. construction of new drainage items to improve the existing items such as extension of culvert length, extension of lined drains

19. improve the existing items such as extension of culvert length, extension of lined drains

24. natural consequence of ageing

27. CASE 8 Outcomes of Problems : Concrete cracking Correct Method The first step to repair cracks in walls is assessing whether you have plaster or drywall, also called sheetrock, plasterboard, or wallboard. Next, Use the putty knife and make several swipes to press the compound deeply into the crack. Allow to dry. Take the mesh or paper tape and centre over the crack. Cover with a thin layer of compound and smooth out. Allow to dry and begin sanding until the area is free of ridges and bumps. With mesh tape, it need to apply a second layer of compound, let dry, and then sand. After that, keep layering, drying, and sanding until it have a smooth repair. Keeping the area flush with the rest of the wall may be difficult. One remedy is to feather out the compound gradually to the surrounding area to hide the slight rise. If you notice any defects after the compound has dried, keep sanding and re-compounding until the area is smooth. Remember that drying times vary based on type of compound used along with temperature and humidity. Lastly, Repaint or re-wallpaper the area. Once your compound has been sanded down, you can paint or wallpaper the area around and over the crack so that it is not as noticeable.

28. CASE 8 Outcomes of Problems : Dampness Correct Method Hack off all old plaster to at least 300mm clear of all signs of damp or salt and at least 1 metre above ground floor level - use a meter to test the walls and remove plaster at least 300mm above the highest level that readings can be obtained. Brush the walls to remove all plaster residues, particularly around angle beads. Repair any holes or poor joints with sand and cement (4:1) using washed, sharp (means slightly gritty) plastering sand (sometimes called screeding or rendering sand). Do not use fine, unwashed sands. When the render surface is firm enough (but not bone dry, or it will need re-wetting) apply a second coat to exactly the same specification - if further coats will be needed to reach the desired thickness don't forget to scratch liberally. In hot weather spray the render surface with water to slow the drying process. Whilst still damp (or re-wet again) apply a skim coat of Universal or Board Finish. Do not polish or add water. Delay any decoration for at least one month and then only apply a thin coat of breathable emulsion paint (not a heavy vinyl). Do not repaint or wallpaper for at least three months.

29. CASE 9

31. Low material used (low strength of timber )

35. Town and Country Planning Act, 1974 [Act 172]

36. Road Transport Act, 1987