The document discusses demolition and maintenance of buildings. It outlines various reasons for demolishing old buildings such as structural failure or city expansion. Safety precautions are important when demolishing structures. The sequence of demolition generally proceeds from the top down and in reverse order of construction. Methods include demolition by hand, pulling with wire ropes, using demolition balls, and explosives. Maintenance aims to prevent damage from things like weathering and keep structures functioning as intended. It involves routine, remedial and preventative work such as repairs to plaster, windows, and terrazzo floors. Cracks in buildings can be structural and non-structural, with the former posing risks.
Maintenanceandrepairofbuildings Amit PayalAMIT PAYAL
Maintenance and repair of buildings involves preserving facilities in good condition and restoring functionality when deterioration occurs. Maintenance objectives are safety, efficiency, reliability and sustaining utility value. It includes condition-based, fixed-time, preventative, opportunity, day-to-day and shutdown maintenance. Common maintenance works involve surveying water/sanitary systems, checking electrical installations, and maintaining elevators, walls, and plasters. Repair restores damaged devices and addresses issues like cracks, leaks, deteriorated walls, and structural cracks in concrete which are investigated and strengthened through techniques like adding reinforcement.
TopRung is one of the best building construction remodeling service company in Federal Way. We offer more innovative building construction companies Federal Way, building construction companies Bellevue etc.
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/general-contracting/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/tenant-improvement/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/maintenance/
if any Query contact my Contact US Page
This document discusses various types of building defects. It begins by defining building defects and noting that they can occur in both new and old buildings. It then categorizes defects into structural and non-structural. Some common structural defects include cracks, steel corrosion, and deflection. Non-structural defects include issues with brickwork, dampness, and plaster. The document also lists several specific defects like wall cracks, peeling paint, dampness, and roof defects. It provides examples of different types of wall cracks and their potential causes, such as foundation movement, thermal effects, chemical reactions, and shrinkage. Prevention techniques are also outlined.
This document discusses the demolition of structures. It outlines the objectives, planning steps, safety measures, and methods used for demolition. Surveys are conducted to identify hazardous materials and structural details. A demolition plan is then prepared outlining the sequence, equipment, and safety procedures. Common demolition methods include mechanical techniques like wrecking balls, hydraulic breakers, and dismantling, as well as explosives for implosions. Factors like the structure type and location influence the chosen method.
The document outlines the key stages of construction for a building project, including:
1. Site works such as clearing, setting out boundaries, and establishing datum levels.
2. Accommodation, storage, and security provisions like fencing and hoardings.
3. The typical order of construction stages such as excavation, foundations, framing, and finishes.
This document outlines safety precautions for demolition work. It discusses general precautions like notifying neighbors, disconnecting utilities, and continuous supervision. It also details procedures for demolition including planning, protecting adjoining properties, barricading the site, and demolishing in descending order from the top down. Specific elements like walls, floors, beams and roofs are to be dismantled following safety measures like bracing, supports, and preventing collapse or overloading floors.
Mivan shuttering is a fast-paced construction technique that offers strength and durability to a building by use of aluminum formworks.
The basic element of these structures is the panel.
It is made up of aluminum which is of light weight
It yields minimum deflection under loading
These are manufactured in different sizes as the requirement of the project
The panels are made thick from high-strength aluminum alloy with a 4mm thick plate and 6mm ribbing behind to stiffen the panels.
This document discusses building defects diagnostics. It provides information on investigating specific defects, including rising damp and cracks in walls. Techniques for defect investigation are outlined, such as using moisture meters and temperature/humidity recorders. Factors that can cause internal wall defects like improper support or additions that increase loading are explained. The causes of cracks in external and internal walls are also covered.
Maintenanceandrepairofbuildings Amit PayalAMIT PAYAL
Maintenance and repair of buildings involves preserving facilities in good condition and restoring functionality when deterioration occurs. Maintenance objectives are safety, efficiency, reliability and sustaining utility value. It includes condition-based, fixed-time, preventative, opportunity, day-to-day and shutdown maintenance. Common maintenance works involve surveying water/sanitary systems, checking electrical installations, and maintaining elevators, walls, and plasters. Repair restores damaged devices and addresses issues like cracks, leaks, deteriorated walls, and structural cracks in concrete which are investigated and strengthened through techniques like adding reinforcement.
TopRung is one of the best building construction remodeling service company in Federal Way. We offer more innovative building construction companies Federal Way, building construction companies Bellevue etc.
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/general-contracting/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/tenant-improvement/
http://www.toprungllc.com/our-services/maintenance/
if any Query contact my Contact US Page
This document discusses various types of building defects. It begins by defining building defects and noting that they can occur in both new and old buildings. It then categorizes defects into structural and non-structural. Some common structural defects include cracks, steel corrosion, and deflection. Non-structural defects include issues with brickwork, dampness, and plaster. The document also lists several specific defects like wall cracks, peeling paint, dampness, and roof defects. It provides examples of different types of wall cracks and their potential causes, such as foundation movement, thermal effects, chemical reactions, and shrinkage. Prevention techniques are also outlined.
This document discusses the demolition of structures. It outlines the objectives, planning steps, safety measures, and methods used for demolition. Surveys are conducted to identify hazardous materials and structural details. A demolition plan is then prepared outlining the sequence, equipment, and safety procedures. Common demolition methods include mechanical techniques like wrecking balls, hydraulic breakers, and dismantling, as well as explosives for implosions. Factors like the structure type and location influence the chosen method.
The document outlines the key stages of construction for a building project, including:
1. Site works such as clearing, setting out boundaries, and establishing datum levels.
2. Accommodation, storage, and security provisions like fencing and hoardings.
3. The typical order of construction stages such as excavation, foundations, framing, and finishes.
This document outlines safety precautions for demolition work. It discusses general precautions like notifying neighbors, disconnecting utilities, and continuous supervision. It also details procedures for demolition including planning, protecting adjoining properties, barricading the site, and demolishing in descending order from the top down. Specific elements like walls, floors, beams and roofs are to be dismantled following safety measures like bracing, supports, and preventing collapse or overloading floors.
Mivan shuttering is a fast-paced construction technique that offers strength and durability to a building by use of aluminum formworks.
The basic element of these structures is the panel.
It is made up of aluminum which is of light weight
It yields minimum deflection under loading
These are manufactured in different sizes as the requirement of the project
The panels are made thick from high-strength aluminum alloy with a 4mm thick plate and 6mm ribbing behind to stiffen the panels.
This document discusses building defects diagnostics. It provides information on investigating specific defects, including rising damp and cracks in walls. Techniques for defect investigation are outlined, such as using moisture meters and temperature/humidity recorders. Factors that can cause internal wall defects like improper support or additions that increase loading are explained. The causes of cracks in external and internal walls are also covered.
Demolition, Deconstruction & Dismantling Emma Attwood
Construction works in London particularly are progressing on a scale not seen for many years for clients like Crossrail and London Underground, and for commercial and residential property developments such as Bloomberg Place, New Street Square, BBC TV Centre and Battersea Power Station.
A common factor in the majority of these projects is the advanced demolition, deconstruction or dismantling of existing structures to make way for the new works.
In this lecture Paul Bland, McGee Director and Nick Taylor, Head of Demolition, gave an overview of this discipline and discussed areas such as the considerations needed when planning such work, design aspects of new structures that can assist in later deconstruction, modern techniques that improve safety and reduce risk, and the logistical challenges involved.
The meeting – organised by the Essex Branch of the Institution of Civil Engineers and held jointly with the Institution of Structural Engineers – drew a crowd of nearly 50 attendees to the Lord Ashcroft Building at Anglia Ruskin University in Chelmsford on Thursday 15th January 2015.
This document discusses demolition work of existing buildings. It defines demolition as tearing down or falling down of a building with equipment or explosives. It outlines the necessity of demolition when structures are old, need structural changes, or have failed. The document describes safety aspects of demolition like falls, falling materials, and electrocutions. It recommends disconnecting utilities, barricading openings, and removing debris constantly. Demolition methods are discussed for different building types like masonry, steel, concrete, and post-tensioned units. The sequence of demolition is described as the reverse of construction with non-structural elements removed first.
The document discusses various types of building construction defects such as fungal stains, erosion of mortar joints, peeling paint, defective plastered renderings, cracking walls, decayed floorboards, insect attacks, roof defects, dampness penetration, unstable foundations, and poor installation of air conditioning units. It provides details on the causes and symptoms of each type of defect.
Building defect, Structure 1, ARC3400, FRSB, Universiti Putra MalaysiaNangkula utaberta
There are several common sources of building defects, including human factors, biological attacks, chemical reactions, moisture problems, and physical movement. Human factors involve errors in design, faulty construction techniques, and extraordinary loads. Biological attacks include fungal or mold growth due to moisture and poor ventilation. Chemical reactions such as sulfate attack, corrosion, carbonation, and alkali-silicate reactions can cause cracking when water is present. Moisture issues arise from various sources and can cause shrinkage, expansion, and cracking in structures over time. Physical vibrations from nearby objects or building activities can also potentially damage structures. Proper design, construction, inspection, maintenance, and environmental controls throughout a building's lifecycle are important for preventing defects.
This document discusses techniques for demolishing structures. It begins by defining demolition and noting that it requires thorough planning. There are several key steps, including surveying the structure, removing hazardous materials, preparing a demolition plan, and implementing safety measures. The main methods of demolition discussed are ball and crane demolition, dismantling, using pneumatic/hydraulic breakers, and controlled implosions. The document concludes by noting that demolishing structures allows for reconstruction in a safe, economical, and timely manner.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document provides information on straw bale home construction including basics, concerns with moisture intrusion, foundation design, exterior design, interior design, plumbing routing, plaster types and application, and crack diagnostics. Straw bale homes can be load-bearing or non-load bearing and are typically plastered on the interior and exterior with cement, earthen, lime or gypsum plasters applied in multiple coats. Moisture intrusion is a key concern and design features aim to prevent moisture from entering or trapping in the walls.
This presentation contains basic demolishing techniques of concrete structure both manual and mechanical methods supported with photographic illustration.
Different types of damages that have been observed in masonry buildings durin...Nitin Kumar
The document summarizes different types of damages observed in masonry buildings during past earthquakes outside and inside India. For earthquakes outside India, it describes damages like through diagonal cracks or X-shaped cracks on walls, horizontal cracks on walls and bearing brick columns, severe damage to stair parts, and damage to non-structural components like parapets and corridor fences. It also discusses damages caused by structural irregularities. For earthquakes in India, it lists failure patterns of masonry structures under categories such as out-of-plane flexural failure, in-plane shear failure, separation of walls at junctions, corner separations, failure of masonry piers, and collapse of wythes.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Some Maintenance Issues in Civil Engineering WorksDr K M SONI
The document discusses maintenance of structures and the importance of quality construction for quality maintenance. It states that maintenance includes routine, annual, and special repairs to keep structures functioning well. The foundation of good maintenance is planning, execution, and construction quality. One and a half brick wall construction requires less maintenance than one brick construction and provides better insulation. Attention to details like waterproofing, drainage, and material quality can prevent issues requiring expensive repairs. Proper training and coordination between teams is important for effective maintenance.
The document discusses maintenance and repair of buildings. It defines maintenance as work to restore facilities to accepted standards and sustain utility values. The objectives of maintenance are to preserve buildings and services, restore deterioration, and make improvements. Maintenance includes condition-based, fixed-time, preventative, opportunity, day-to-day, and shutdown maintenance. Repair is defined as restoring devices to usable conditions and includes patching defects, repairing doors/windows, and electrical/plumbing repairs. Common repairs discussed are cracks in walls, plastering, and RCC members.
This document discusses several common types of building defects, including cracks in walls, peeling paint, dampness, and timber decay. It describes the causes, symptoms, and categories of each defect. Cracks in walls can be caused by settling, movement, or changes in temperature/moisture. Peeling paint results from improper surface preparation or moisture issues. Dampness occurs from sources like rain, condensation, rising groundwater, or leaks. Timber decay is caused by biological factors like fungi or insects attacking wood. The document provides details on evaluating and classifying the severity of wall cracks, as well as visual examples of several defect types.
The document provides information on the typical stages of construction for a building project, including conception of the scheme, site investigation, designs, drawings and estimating, preparation of specifications, procurement of materials, supervision, and preparation of a time schedule. It discusses the stages in more detail, including site clearance, demarcation, positioning of the central coordinate, surveying and layout. It also describes the sequences and procedures for substructure elements like foundations (shallow and deep), grade beams, and superstructure elements like columns, beams and slabs, brickwork, and finishing work. Reinforcement practices and requirements for concrete mixing are also outlined.
The document discusses various aspects of a construction project, including:
1. An introduction to the group members assigned to different sections of the project.
2. Details about the site location, developer, architect, contractor, and timeline of the project.
3. Explanations and photos of the external works including signage, site boundary, shelters, earthworks, drainage, sloping, and landscaping.
4. Descriptions of the different foundation types used - pile foundation, raft foundation, and stepped raft foundation. The construction processes for each foundation type are explained based on site visits.
5. A brief introduction to the superstructure section.
Common building defects include defective concrete that causes spalling or loose plaster, water seepage through external walls or ceilings, and structural cracks in walls, columns, and beams. Defects can be caused by aging materials, water leakage, overloading, corrosion, or poor construction practices. Defects in building services like plumbing, electricity, fire systems and HVAC can also occur and result in issues like water or electrical problems, non-functioning alarms, or inadequate heating or cooling. Identifying the source of water seepage, which can occur through roofs, ceilings, or external walls, often requires extensive investigation. Regular inspection and maintenance is needed to monitor for defects.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY(For 4h semester B.Tech Degree Students Under Kerala Technological University)
VISHNU VIJAYAN
HOD-Department Of Civil Engineering
Baselios Mathews II College Of Engineering Sasthamcotta, Kollam,Kerala,INDIA.
presentation on retro fit and repair methodsKumarS250747
This document discusses repair, restoration, and retrofitting of structures. It defines key terms like repair, restoration, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. It describes common types of structural distress like cracking, corrosion, settlement, and provides examples of repair techniques. Case studies are presented on repairing industrial structures affected by differential settlement through soil excavation and replacement, and strengthening of slabs through jacketing and overlays. Basic retrofitting techniques like beam jacketing are also introduced.
Retrofitting rehabilitation and repair of structureKumarS250747
The document provides information on repair, restoration, and retrofitting of structures. It defines key terms like repair, restoration, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. It describes common types of structural distress like cracking, honeycombing, corrosion, and settlement. It also includes 3 case studies on repair works: 1) Settlement of industrial floors involving soil excavation and replacement, 2) Restoration of a residential building affected by unequal settlement, and 3) Treatment for seepage in a basement. The document is a useful reference for understanding various repair and retrofitting techniques.
Demolition, Deconstruction & Dismantling Emma Attwood
Construction works in London particularly are progressing on a scale not seen for many years for clients like Crossrail and London Underground, and for commercial and residential property developments such as Bloomberg Place, New Street Square, BBC TV Centre and Battersea Power Station.
A common factor in the majority of these projects is the advanced demolition, deconstruction or dismantling of existing structures to make way for the new works.
In this lecture Paul Bland, McGee Director and Nick Taylor, Head of Demolition, gave an overview of this discipline and discussed areas such as the considerations needed when planning such work, design aspects of new structures that can assist in later deconstruction, modern techniques that improve safety and reduce risk, and the logistical challenges involved.
The meeting – organised by the Essex Branch of the Institution of Civil Engineers and held jointly with the Institution of Structural Engineers – drew a crowd of nearly 50 attendees to the Lord Ashcroft Building at Anglia Ruskin University in Chelmsford on Thursday 15th January 2015.
This document discusses demolition work of existing buildings. It defines demolition as tearing down or falling down of a building with equipment or explosives. It outlines the necessity of demolition when structures are old, need structural changes, or have failed. The document describes safety aspects of demolition like falls, falling materials, and electrocutions. It recommends disconnecting utilities, barricading openings, and removing debris constantly. Demolition methods are discussed for different building types like masonry, steel, concrete, and post-tensioned units. The sequence of demolition is described as the reverse of construction with non-structural elements removed first.
The document discusses various types of building construction defects such as fungal stains, erosion of mortar joints, peeling paint, defective plastered renderings, cracking walls, decayed floorboards, insect attacks, roof defects, dampness penetration, unstable foundations, and poor installation of air conditioning units. It provides details on the causes and symptoms of each type of defect.
Building defect, Structure 1, ARC3400, FRSB, Universiti Putra MalaysiaNangkula utaberta
There are several common sources of building defects, including human factors, biological attacks, chemical reactions, moisture problems, and physical movement. Human factors involve errors in design, faulty construction techniques, and extraordinary loads. Biological attacks include fungal or mold growth due to moisture and poor ventilation. Chemical reactions such as sulfate attack, corrosion, carbonation, and alkali-silicate reactions can cause cracking when water is present. Moisture issues arise from various sources and can cause shrinkage, expansion, and cracking in structures over time. Physical vibrations from nearby objects or building activities can also potentially damage structures. Proper design, construction, inspection, maintenance, and environmental controls throughout a building's lifecycle are important for preventing defects.
This document discusses techniques for demolishing structures. It begins by defining demolition and noting that it requires thorough planning. There are several key steps, including surveying the structure, removing hazardous materials, preparing a demolition plan, and implementing safety measures. The main methods of demolition discussed are ball and crane demolition, dismantling, using pneumatic/hydraulic breakers, and controlled implosions. The document concludes by noting that demolishing structures allows for reconstruction in a safe, economical, and timely manner.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
The document discusses common construction defects in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It defines construction defects and lists main causes as application of forces, effects of materials, temperature changes, and biological agents. Common cracks are categorized based on width and appearance. Cracks are further divided into structural and non-structural types. Main causes of cracks are identified as drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation growth. Specific defect examples and their causes are outlined, such as cracks in brickwork from lack of tying and defective flashing. Remedies for preventing common defects are also provided.
This document provides information on straw bale home construction including basics, concerns with moisture intrusion, foundation design, exterior design, interior design, plumbing routing, plaster types and application, and crack diagnostics. Straw bale homes can be load-bearing or non-load bearing and are typically plastered on the interior and exterior with cement, earthen, lime or gypsum plasters applied in multiple coats. Moisture intrusion is a key concern and design features aim to prevent moisture from entering or trapping in the walls.
This presentation contains basic demolishing techniques of concrete structure both manual and mechanical methods supported with photographic illustration.
Different types of damages that have been observed in masonry buildings durin...Nitin Kumar
The document summarizes different types of damages observed in masonry buildings during past earthquakes outside and inside India. For earthquakes outside India, it describes damages like through diagonal cracks or X-shaped cracks on walls, horizontal cracks on walls and bearing brick columns, severe damage to stair parts, and damage to non-structural components like parapets and corridor fences. It also discusses damages caused by structural irregularities. For earthquakes in India, it lists failure patterns of masonry structures under categories such as out-of-plane flexural failure, in-plane shear failure, separation of walls at junctions, corner separations, failure of masonry piers, and collapse of wythes.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Some Maintenance Issues in Civil Engineering WorksDr K M SONI
The document discusses maintenance of structures and the importance of quality construction for quality maintenance. It states that maintenance includes routine, annual, and special repairs to keep structures functioning well. The foundation of good maintenance is planning, execution, and construction quality. One and a half brick wall construction requires less maintenance than one brick construction and provides better insulation. Attention to details like waterproofing, drainage, and material quality can prevent issues requiring expensive repairs. Proper training and coordination between teams is important for effective maintenance.
The document discusses maintenance and repair of buildings. It defines maintenance as work to restore facilities to accepted standards and sustain utility values. The objectives of maintenance are to preserve buildings and services, restore deterioration, and make improvements. Maintenance includes condition-based, fixed-time, preventative, opportunity, day-to-day, and shutdown maintenance. Repair is defined as restoring devices to usable conditions and includes patching defects, repairing doors/windows, and electrical/plumbing repairs. Common repairs discussed are cracks in walls, plastering, and RCC members.
This document discusses several common types of building defects, including cracks in walls, peeling paint, dampness, and timber decay. It describes the causes, symptoms, and categories of each defect. Cracks in walls can be caused by settling, movement, or changes in temperature/moisture. Peeling paint results from improper surface preparation or moisture issues. Dampness occurs from sources like rain, condensation, rising groundwater, or leaks. Timber decay is caused by biological factors like fungi or insects attacking wood. The document provides details on evaluating and classifying the severity of wall cracks, as well as visual examples of several defect types.
The document provides information on the typical stages of construction for a building project, including conception of the scheme, site investigation, designs, drawings and estimating, preparation of specifications, procurement of materials, supervision, and preparation of a time schedule. It discusses the stages in more detail, including site clearance, demarcation, positioning of the central coordinate, surveying and layout. It also describes the sequences and procedures for substructure elements like foundations (shallow and deep), grade beams, and superstructure elements like columns, beams and slabs, brickwork, and finishing work. Reinforcement practices and requirements for concrete mixing are also outlined.
The document discusses various aspects of a construction project, including:
1. An introduction to the group members assigned to different sections of the project.
2. Details about the site location, developer, architect, contractor, and timeline of the project.
3. Explanations and photos of the external works including signage, site boundary, shelters, earthworks, drainage, sloping, and landscaping.
4. Descriptions of the different foundation types used - pile foundation, raft foundation, and stepped raft foundation. The construction processes for each foundation type are explained based on site visits.
5. A brief introduction to the superstructure section.
Common building defects include defective concrete that causes spalling or loose plaster, water seepage through external walls or ceilings, and structural cracks in walls, columns, and beams. Defects can be caused by aging materials, water leakage, overloading, corrosion, or poor construction practices. Defects in building services like plumbing, electricity, fire systems and HVAC can also occur and result in issues like water or electrical problems, non-functioning alarms, or inadequate heating or cooling. Identifying the source of water seepage, which can occur through roofs, ceilings, or external walls, often requires extensive investigation. Regular inspection and maintenance is needed to monitor for defects.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY(For 4h semester B.Tech Degree Students Under Kerala Technological University)
VISHNU VIJAYAN
HOD-Department Of Civil Engineering
Baselios Mathews II College Of Engineering Sasthamcotta, Kollam,Kerala,INDIA.
presentation on retro fit and repair methodsKumarS250747
This document discusses repair, restoration, and retrofitting of structures. It defines key terms like repair, restoration, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. It describes common types of structural distress like cracking, corrosion, settlement, and provides examples of repair techniques. Case studies are presented on repairing industrial structures affected by differential settlement through soil excavation and replacement, and strengthening of slabs through jacketing and overlays. Basic retrofitting techniques like beam jacketing are also introduced.
Retrofitting rehabilitation and repair of structureKumarS250747
The document provides information on repair, restoration, and retrofitting of structures. It defines key terms like repair, restoration, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. It describes common types of structural distress like cracking, honeycombing, corrosion, and settlement. It also includes 3 case studies on repair works: 1) Settlement of industrial floors involving soil excavation and replacement, 2) Restoration of a residential building affected by unequal settlement, and 3) Treatment for seepage in a basement. The document is a useful reference for understanding various repair and retrofitting techniques.
Maintenance and repair are important aspects of property management. Maintenance aims to preserve buildings and services through activities like preventative maintenance and day-to-day upkeep. Common maintenance tasks include inspecting water, electrical, and elevator systems. Repair restores broken or damaged items and addresses issues like cracks in walls, which can be repaired through patching, reinforcement, or structural replacement. Both maintenance and repair help sustain the utility and safety of buildings over time.
This document discusses techniques for repairing, rehabilitating, and retrofitting structures. It covers strengthening structural elements, repairing structures damaged by corrosion, fire, leakage, or earthquakes. Specific techniques addressed include repairing fire-damaged concrete, sealing leaks, repairing cracks, jacketing structural members, and dry packing. The document also covers engineered demolition methods like mechanical demolition, implosion, and deconstruction for taking down structures.
This document outlines the details of a course on Advanced Construction Technology. The course aims to teach students the latest construction techniques applied to substructure and superstructure. It covers 6 modules that will provide knowledge on techniques like box jacking, pipe jacking, ground improvement methods, dredging systems, and rehabilitation/strengthening techniques. On completing the course, students will gain expertise in evaluating construction procedures, understanding various construction stages, and applying new construction technologies to special structures.
for the subject offered in GTU, BCT, ace, cm
module 4 demolition of the structure
for the 3rd sem & also for the 6th sem subject and for the master of construction management
DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURE BY ABHINAV RAWATAbhinav Rawat
This document provides an overview of demolition processes and methods. It discusses the history of demolition using explosives, the objectives of demolition projects, and the typical steps and safety measures involved in planning a demolition. It then describes various demolition methods including ball and crane, dismantling, pneumatic breakers, pressure bursting, and explosives. Explosive demolition, also called implosion, involves strategically placing explosives to bring down a structure in a controlled collapse. Proper planning including pre-weakening, test blasts, and explosive placement is needed to conduct an implosion safely and minimize environmental impacts.
The document summarizes a technical seminar on roof treatment held by South Eastern Railway. It discusses various types of roofs used in Indian Railways and causes of leakage. It also describes treatments for flat roofs and pitched roofs. Guidelines are provided for leak proof flat roofs, including proper roof design with adequate slope, drainage, detailing at roof-wall junctions, and periodic maintenance of waterproofing.
Deepayan Mazumder completed a 60-day internship with Shanta Properties Ltd from November 28, 2015 to February 9, 2016. During this time, he observed formwork, floor slab casting, and curing practices on the Araddho construction project. He learned that steel formwork has advantages over other materials due to its strength, durability, and ability to be reused. Mazumder also studied how to properly cast floor slabs, including reinforcement and curing methods. His supervisor assessed that Mazumder met expectations in taking responsibility, problem solving, collaboration, and communication. Overall, the internship enhanced Mazumder's construction knowledge.
This document provides details on the construction of Creek Road in Greenwich, London using a bespoke concrete formwork system. It summarizes the location and surroundings, as well as the construction process which involved erecting vertical and horizontal formwork panels to pour concrete shear walls. Services routing and window installation were able to occur earlier in the process. Diagrams provide more details on cantilevered soffits, external walls, and window sections. The unique formwork system allowed for an aesthetically pleasing design and earlier trades to commence work.
This document discusses quality assurance for concrete structures. It defines quality assurance as ensuring all components of a structure perform as intended over the structure's lifetime. It identifies key parties that benefit from quality assurance, including clients, designers, material producers, contractors, and users. The document then describes the three main components of a quality management system: quality assurance plans, quality control processes, and quality audits. It provides details on what should be addressed in quality assurance plans and quality control processes. Finally, it discusses how quality audits are used to monitor and document quality assurance and control programs throughout the design and construction phases.
Precast concrete is produced by casting concrete in reusable molds away from the construction site. This allows for mass production of identical components like beams, floors, and walls in a controlled environment. When complete, the precast components are transported and lifted into place at the construction site. Using precast concrete can speed up construction time and reduce costs compared to traditional cast-in-place concrete through economies of scale in production.
Tata blue scope roof maintenance procedurePrudhvi raj
This document provides guidelines for maintaining roofing and rainwater goods to maximize their lifespan. Key points include:
- Inspect gutters, flashings, penetrations and roof sheeting every 3-12 months depending on location and sweep/wash off debris.
- Clean downpipes and check for blockages.
- Replace any deteriorated fasteners or washers.
- Inspect unwashed areas under eaves and wash off dust and debris.
- Record inspection results in a log book.
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structuresShahrukh Niaz
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures involves repair techniques, underpinning, and addressing causes of damage. Repair restores structures to their previous condition while rehabilitation considers strength. Retrofitting modifies structures to increase resistance to seismic activity. Common repair techniques include crack injection, routing and sealing cracks, adding reinforcement, prestressing steel, and grouting. Underpinning strengthens foundations by extending them deeper or wider. Mass concrete and mini-pile underpinning are two types. Causes of damage to masonry buildings include heavy weight, low tensile strength, brittle behavior, and weak structural connections.
This visual dictionary defines and describes various construction terms related to materials, components, and processes. Key terms covered include types of ventilation, cladding materials, brick bonds, concrete joints, framing elements, plumbing components, roofing materials and components, and window types. Diagrams and pictures are provided to illustrate many of the terms.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. It defines precast concrete as concrete that is cast in reusable molds and cured in a controlled environment off-site before being transported to the construction site. Benefits of precast construction include better quality control during curing, less weather dependence, faster construction time, and lower costs. Examples of precast concrete applications include buildings, bridges, retaining walls, and transportation products. The document also discusses design considerations, formwork, casting, handling, transportation and erection of precast concrete elements.
The document discusses several infrastructure defect cases and their causes, outcomes, and repair processes. Case 1 involves a dangerous road caused by an unprepared embankment without enough shoulder that was addressed by constructing an embankment and drainage system. Case 2 describes concrete column deterioration from weathering, workmanship, and lack of maintenance that can be repaired using epoxy to fill cracks and reinforce the structure. Case 5 involves a road and drainage collapse from flooding and improper drainage that was repaired by reconstructing the road and drainage structures.
Kerkstoel double walls consist of two reinforced concrete slabs joined by lattice girders. They provide advantages for construction like faster building, lower costs, and strength. The walls are manufactured according to requirements and can include built-in items. They are installed on site by filling the cavity with concrete poured according to specifications to create a solid, watertight wall.
Similar to advanced constructiion technologies (20)
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
High-Quality IPTV Monthly Subscription for $15advik4387
Experience high-quality entertainment with our IPTV monthly subscription for just $15. Access a vast array of live TV channels, movies, and on-demand shows with crystal-clear streaming. Our reliable service ensures smooth, uninterrupted viewing at an unbeatable price. Perfect for those seeking premium content without breaking the bank. Start streaming today!
https://rb.gy/f409dk
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
The Role of White Label Bookkeeping Services in Supporting the Growth and Sca...YourLegal Accounting
Effective financial management is important for expansion and scalability in the ever-changing US business environment. White Label Bookkeeping services is an innovative solution that is becoming more and more popular among businesses. These services provide a special method for managing financial duties effectively, freeing up companies to concentrate on their main operations and growth plans. We’ll look at how White Label Bookkeeping can help US firms expand and develop in this blog.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART INDIA MATKA KALYAN SATTA MATKA 420 INDIAN MATKA SATTA KING MATKA FIX JODI FIX FIX FIX SATTA NAMBAR MATKA INDIA SATTA BATTA
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN CHART
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
2. DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS
Necessity of demolition
Old building for further period can not be put
in use
Structural changes required
Modernization – old building to new building
Development of city – expansion of buildings
Structural failure – repair work not possible
Expansion or extension of buildings
3. Safety aspects
Number of accidents in building industry
to men at site is extremely high
Reduce the number of accidents
Better supervision and organization
( Safety rules, guide, insurance etc..)
4. General precautions during
demolition
Supervision aspects:
Many men in demolition work are not
conversant with structural stability
Guidance in this regard should be
continuous
Supervision should be entrusted to
experienced person
Supervisor has to examine the plan and to
make his own survey
5. Contd..
First service connections are to be
disconnected by appropriate authority or
under their direction
All windows and doors boarded up to use
Internal entrances to lift shafts should be
barricaded
Artificial lighting and ventilation provided
Safety helmets, belts, gloves etc..- provided
9. Contd..
Approaches of flooring should be barricaded
Balconies and cantilevers cut down first
Stone or concrete staircase used once they
have been disturbed
Staircase should be kept free from debris
Timbers removed to be stacked carefully
Glass windows should be removed first
On completion of day work – stable condition
Adequate hoisting facilities to be provided to
remove trusses, girders or beams
10. Sequence of demolition
Disconnect the services and made safe over
the whole site to be demolished
( EB, Water,Gas, Telephone , Television)
Demolition proceeds in the reverse order of
construction
Strip out roof coverings, fittings, pipe work and
all non structural parts
Roof trusses and timbers should be lifted down
All rubble and debris should be lowered to
ground and cleared to avoid build up
11. Demolition process of roof truss
o Dismantling the trusses in reverse order – erection
o No indiscriminate cutting should be allowed
o The structure should be braced or shored
o Roof claddings should be removed and lowered to
the ground
o The truss supported by a crane or rope
o For truss with large span brace the tie with heavy
timber or girder splinted along the components
o The truss is lowered to the ground & dismantled
21. Catch platform
Provided with sufficient strength while
demolishing exterior walls of multistory
buildings.
Injury may not be workers below
Debris should not be dumped at the
catch plat form
25. Lowering, removal and disposal of
materials
Debris should not be dropped
Lowered either by container rope and tackle
or chute
Chute provided >45˚ to horizontal should be
closed on all four sides except for open
Top of chute protected with guard rail
Debris removed at the earliest – space
provided
26. Methods of demolition
1. Demolition by hand
2. Pulling down by wire rope
3. Mechanical demolition
a) Demolition ball
b) Pusher arm machinery
4. Deliberate collapse
5. Explosives
6. Other methods
27. 1. Demolition by hand
Adopted for the highest and most inaccessible
section of the work
Prior to breakdown by machinery for complete
buildings
Tools like chisel, hammer, crow bar, pneumatic
drills, hand saw, power saw
30. 2. Pulling down by wire rope
For masonry and brick structures
All timbers, pipes, beams and lintels to be
removed by this way
Unsuitable for long members
A wire band is set around a portion of brick
work
Dragged by tracked vehicles
Cut into the BW, causing it to collapse
32. 3. Mechanical demolition
(a) Demolition ball
Used for large brick work structures –RC
buildings, mass concrete, RC slabs etc.
A ball weighs half a ton ( 500Kg) is dropped
vertically on to the structures or sides
By swinging ball – crane
Requires high standard supervision
35. (b) Pusher arm machinery
Use – extended arm and steel pad
Fitted to track vehicle in place of
excavator bucket
Machine is more controllable
Pusher arm is placed on top of section
Forward motion is applied
Hydraulic thrust mechanism used
38. 4. Deliberate collapse
Removal of certain key structural members
will cause collapse of the whole or part of
structures
Hazards operation - needs specialization
39. 5. Explosives
Most economic and quicker method
Holes are bored into various supported
sections
Explosive inserted
Charges are exploded – structures
Collapse
Breaking up on impact
42. 6. Other methods
Various machines and types of drills and
mechanical breakers
More than one or two techniques
Foundations of the buildings are broken
by using manual pneumatic breakers or
tractor mounted weight dropping breaker
45. Maintenance:
Work done to keep the Civil Engg. Structures
and Work in a condition
Enable to carry out the function for which
they are constructed
Necessity:
Prevention of damages and decay due to natural
agencies & wear / tear
Repair of the defects occurred and strengthening
46. CLASSIFICATIONS
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
•Work done before defects occurred
•Damage developed stage
•Include inspection, planning & execution
REMEDIAL MAINTENANCE
• After the defects or damage occurs
• It involves finding, causes, evaluation, need and
selection of methods and implementation
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
• Regular service / periodical maintenance
• SPECIAL MAINTENANCE: to rectify the heavy
damages, but not included in routine programme
49. Contd..
Defect of patch in plaster due to insufficient
adhesion between the plaster and base
50. Procedure
Cut the patch to a regular shape
Remove all the loose particles
Saturate the surface fully with water
When free water appears, apply mortar –
sufficiently higher than adj. structure
After 10 to 15 min – brought in level to the
adjacent surface
Thickness more – two layer
Proper curing and finishing colour
52. Procedure
Installation of dead shore above the floor
Check the suitability of opening lying floor
Holes provided for the needle beam are made
in wall – fix height
Holes are cut at a spacing of 1m to 1.5
Needle beam inserted and supported by
vertical props- braced
Make opening for doors and windows – width
20cm to 40cm strips – required open
Open provision include jambs and finish
55. Contd..
Insert precast RC lintel, props to be provided at
bottom till jambs get necessary strength
After completion of work the shores should be
removed atleast after 7 days
Loose the dead shore two days in advance
After two days needles and vertical props are
removed
56. Renewing glass panes with wooden
fillets or putty or glazing beads
windows consists of two parts
One frame fitted in the wall opening
Shutters fixed by hinges to the frame
Shutter frames contain sashes (glass inserting
frame with groove) and glass panes
The process of fixing glass with sash bars is
called
glazing
Rebates of 6mm depth on one side of sash bars to
support glass panes
57. Contd..
Glass panes are placed and in position by
means of putty, glazing beads or strips of
woods
Sash bars with glass panes are fixed on
shutters
59. Procedure
In RCC slab main reinforcement are provided in
shorter direction
In exsist. Slab mark the position of fan hook on
the slab
Chip the bottom concrete for above 300mm in
long span and 100mm in shorter span - depth :
50mm
Minimum of two rods are essential to hold the fan
hook: U type, S type ( >10mmdia - 1)
Fan hook placed and rich concrete using 10mm
chips- packed – finished - surface
60. Repair to Terrazo flooring
(Mosaic)
TYPES
Terrazo flooring laid in situ
Terrazo tile flooring
Terrazo flooring laid in situ rest on concrete base if
any repair cement slurry used on edges
Terrazo tile flooring
○ Dismantle the damage base
○ Clean the damaged surface
○ Without any damage piece reuse
○ Cement mortar strength – base – after clean
○ New tiles fixed usign mallet – leveled – curing – 7
days
61. General defects and remedies
in Mosaic flooring
Dusting on flooring :
Clean by acid wash
Polishing by machine and apply wax
Cracks:
Clean the opened joints or cracks
Fill with white cement mixed with coloring agent
Polish the total area and wax over it
Pot holes:
Chip the holes – place the mosaic chips - allow to dry – 3 days
Polish and finish by machine – wax
Structural Defects; cracks originating from the base – study the
cause – rectify the base crack first – repair the mosaic flooring
63. CRACKS:
Cracks are quite common in buildings
Cracks are developed in building component when the
stress exceeds the permissible value.
Stress could be caused by externally applied forces
(dead, live, wind, seismic load or foundation movement)
Other stress: Thermal changes, Moisture content,
chemical action.etc
66. Structural Cracks:
Due to incorrect design, faulty construction or overloading
Endanger the safety of a building
Example: Extensive cracks in RCC beam
67. Non-structural Cracks:
Due to internally induced stresses in building materials
and these do not directly result in structural weakening.
Do not endanger the safety of a building
Look unsightly or create an impression of faulty work or a
feeling of instability.
Ex: Vertical cracks in long compound wall due to thermal
expansion
69. Other Cracks
Hair cracks:
Fine random cracks in the surface of structures are
called hair cracks
Usually hair cracks are less than 1mm width and seen
mainly on top surface
Shrinkage cracks:
Shrinkage cracks occur when concrete members
undergo restrained volume changes, it results
volumetric drying or thermal effects .
Plastic shrinkage cracks are immediately visible on
fresh concrete surface.
70. Factors influencing cracks
• Differential settlement of soil
• Shrinkable clays or expansive soils
• New construction bonded with old construction
• Filled up earth
• Vegetation
• Thermal expansion
• Differential strain
• Drying shrinkage and thermal contraction
71. Differential settlement of soil
Shear cracks in buildings due to large differential
settlement of foundation
Unequal bearing pressure under different parts of
structure
Bearing pressure on soil exceed SBC of soil
Low factor of safety in the design of foundation
72.
73.
74. Shrinkable clays or expansive soils
Clay swell on absorbing moisture and shrink on
dry
Building cracks due to change in moisture
Shrinkable clay also called as expansive soil
76. New construction bonded with old construction
Newly constructed portion undergoes settlement
Unsightly cracks occur at junction of new and old
construction
77. Filled up earth
Building constructed in site with low and deep filling under
the floors in plinth level
If the filling is not well compacted, due to moisture entry
the soil may cause settlement and cause cracks in floor
78. Vegetation
Fast growing trees very near to compound wall, cause
cracks in walls due to expansive action of roots under
the foundation
Plants take root grow in fissures of walls because of
seeds from bird dropping cause severe cracking of wall
81. Thermal Expansion
Cracks start from DPC level and travel upward and
pass straightly through masonry
Make adequate provision for expansion joints
82.
83. Differential Strain
Vertical cracks below openings in line with
windows jambs
Due to shear caused by differential strain below
the opening
Crack at junction of masonry wall and RCC
columns
86. Drying shrinkage and thermal contraction
Horizontal cracks in window lintel or sill level
due to pull exerted on the wall by the slab
because of drying shrinkage and thermal
contraction
87. Chemical Reaction
Chemical reaction increase in volume of materials
and internal stresses are setup which may result in
outward thrust and formation of cracks.
The material gets weakened
Due to sulphate attack, carbonation in cement,
corrosion of reinforcement and alkali aggregate
reaction
91. General precautions to prevent
cracks in buildings
Bricks should be well burnt, don’t use very strong mortar
(cement content) and do plastering after curing and
drying
Bricks after taken from kilns to be exposed for at least 2 –
3 weeks
Season the timber
Mortar for parapet 1:1:6 (cement: lime : sand) and use
good bond
Plastering should be deferred( late plaster in after BW) as
much possible and made discontinuous at job by
providing V - groves
92.
93.
94.
95. General precautions to prevent
cracks in buildings
Adequate expansion joint must be provided for all types
of buildings
Provide slip joint or expansion joint between old and
new buildings
Mortar joints in brick masonry should be raked to 10mm
depth
96. General precautions to prevent
cracks in buildings
Cover to reinforcement as per IS456-2000
Provide water proof apron all round the
building on shrinkage able clay
Filling soil should be good and done in layers
of 25mm thick then each layer watered and
well rammed
Do not grow trees too close to buildings
97. Common cracks in buildings
• Horizontal cracks
• Vertical cracks
• Diagonal cracks
• Transverse cracks
98. Horizontal cracks in masonry
and plaster
In load bearing wall structure, roof slab under
goes alternate expansion and contraction due to
heat and cooling, shear crack occurs in cross
walls
To prevent this cracks , provide insulation/ cover
on top or slip joint at support
102. Horizontal Cracks in in a wall at
supports due to excessive deflection of
a slab of large span
When a slab or beam ( large span) undergoes
deflection, when the load on supporting wall is small,
horizontal crack appears in the supporting wall.
103. Horizontal Cracks in a wall at supports
due to excessive deflection of a slab of
large span
To prevent this type of cracks, increase the depth of slab
or beam or adopt bearing arrangements at support and
provide groove in plaster at the junction of wall and
ceiling
104. Horizontal Cracks in brick panels of a
framed structure
When panel walls are tightly built in framed structure,
cracks formed due to shortening of columns on elastic
shortening , creep and shrinkage or due to deflection of
upper beams
To prevent, construct the panel wall as late as possible
The walls should not be constructed tightly between the
RCC frame.
Joint may be left at the soffit of beam and top of wall
108. Vertical Cracks at the bearing
of RCC beams or pillars
When RCC column is introduced in load
bearing structure for heavier loads.
If undergoes elastic shortening due to
elastic deformation and creep, resulting
vertical cracks at junction
109. Vertical Cracks at the bearing
of RCC beams or pillars
To prevent, RC column may be
adequately cured or having an air gap
between masonry and column.
Provide a groove in plaster at the
junction
110. Vertical Cracks at window
openings in multi storeys
If the building has large opening in
external wall – sill level of window
subject to less loads cause differential
stress
111. Vertical Cracks at window
openings in multi storeys
To prevent, select size and location of
openings as to avoid unequal loading
condition
112. Vertical Cracks in BW panel in Framed
structure – due to expansion of brick
When the panel walls are tightly built in
the framed structure, vertical cracks
formed
If the length of panel is more
Wall between column get compressed
due to moisture movement, elastic
deformation
113. Vertical Cracks in BW panel in Framed
structure – due to expansion of brick
To prevent, construct the panel wall as late as
possible
Movement joint between top of wall and
bottom of beam filled with compressible
jointing material
115. Diagonal Cracks in Masonry (LB)
• Occur in load bearing structure
• Brick walls, RCC roof and Floor
• From Fig Wall A carries more load
compare to wall B
• Result shear stress in cross walls
cause diagonal cracks
• To prevent – design to ensure stress in
various walls of load is uniform
116. Diagonal Cracks in Brick Masonry
wall over lintel beam
• These cracks are due to drying
shrinkage of in-situ concrete lintel
• To prevent, use low shrinkage and slump
concrete for lintels
• Use precast lintel
118. Contd..
In continuous members like long RCC
sunshade, open verandah slab, RCC railing
exposed to sun
Subjected to alternate expansion and
contraction
Structures are not allowed for free
movement result in formation of transverse
cracks at regular intervals
119. Contd..
• Endanger the stability of the structure
• Prevention:
• Break the continuity
• Provide expansion joint
• Joints provide regular intervals
• 8to12 interval for sunshades
• 6to 9m for RCC railings
• 12 to 14m for verandah slab
• Joints sealed with water bar
• sealing compound
120. Repairs
• Repair of concrete structures – vary from Cosmetic
treatment to Total replacement
• Proper investigation and by equipments, tools and
materials
• Method depends cause and extent of damage,
importance of element and its location
Stages
1. Removal of damaged concrete
2. Pretreatment of surface and treatment
3. Application of repair material
4. Restoring the integrity of individual sections and
strengthening of structure
121. Classification of crack for repair purpose
• Cracks may be - Dormant crack, Active crack and
Growing crack
• Dormant crack – caused in the past (drying shrinkage),
do not recur, remain constant repaired by filling with a
rigid material
• Active crack – not constant in width, open and close as
the structure is loaded or due to thermal and hydral
changes in the concrete
• Growing crack – increase in width due to foundation
settlement or reinforcement corrosion
123. Materials used for filling cracks
1. Epoxy primer and epoxy moldable putty – for fine or
medium crack, hairline to 15mm wide
2. Structural epoxy pouring resin – for over 15mm wide
cracks
3. Thixotropic epoxy injection resin and epoxy glass rod –
for brick work stitching
4. Fillet seal powder or Bond acryl - for floor to wall joint
filling
5. Premixed cement mortar or concrete
6. Polymer modified mortars and concrete