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Infrastructure Services

The document discusses basic infrastructure services and social infrastructure in cities. It defines infrastructure as the physical systems that provide essential services to support societal living conditions, including utilities, transportation, buildings, and amenities. It outlines the key types of infrastructure - basic/civic services, utilities, social infrastructure, and amenities. It poses questions about the importance and provision of infrastructure and discusses criteria for evaluating infrastructure quality.

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BASIC SERVICES & SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Presented by – Taha Padrawala & Ketan Shah
The physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions. Infrastructure Basic/Civic Services Utilities Social Infrastructure Amenities Utility Systems: • Water supply • Sewerage • Solid Waste Management • Storm Water Drainage • Electricity • Street lights Buildings: • Health • Education • Fire stations • Police • Post • Community halls • Petrol Pumps Transport Systems: • Roads/Streets • Highways • Mass transit • Bridges etc. Amenities: • Open Spaces • Gardens
KEY QUESTIONS:  Is infrastructure important (city/citizens)? If so, why?  Who provides these infrastructure & what are its types?  What are the criteria to judge infrastructure facility – good or not-so-good?  How do these infrastructure facilities functions within a municipal area?  Class exercises
KEY POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS Infrastructure Service Delivery Mechanism: Public Vs. Private Infrastructure provision: Collective vs. Individual Infrastructure Distribution: Adequacy, Equity and Sustainability
Is infrastructure important (city/citizens)? If so, why?
People NEED infrastructure: • Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function Infrastructure
Nuisance – Mapping
Nuisance – Causes Ward, typically have good areas & not-so-good areas -----> NUISANCES  Civic Sense • Ignorance and carelessness • Awareness • No / inadequate support infrastructure • No limitations assigned like fines/charges etc.  Infrastructure • Lack of infrastructure • Insufficient/ inadequate / improper • Technical problems • Design issues • Resource constraints etc.
People NEED infrastructure: • Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function • To eradicate NUISANCES Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need Provide infrastructure Service Delivery Mechanism Public or Private Provision Collective or Individual Allocation & Distribution Adequate? Equity? Sustainability?
Let’s assume a situation where Your ward has no infrastructure provision Or Provided, but fails……
Municipal school no.1 at Noble nagar, Ahmedabad Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark Fundamental Right - ‘Right to education’ Imply, Right to ‘bare-minimum quality’ Non-uniform distribution, Accessibility, Differential opportunities, Sustainability, etc. Private Education – encourage?
Water supply …. Not there / fails
Water supply …. Not there / fails
Water supply …. Not there / fails
Water supply …. Not there / fails Private Tankers Private Borewells But WATER IS A COMMON RESOURCE SO EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS
Water supply …. Not there / fails Ahmedabad • Borewells main source of water – 30% • AMC – 500 + borewells • Private borewells estimated – more than30,000 • BPMCAct – approval of municipal commissioner must be obtained • Thousands of illegal borewells in the city.
Water supply …. Not there / fails Effects: • According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) – - 1997 – GW depth 63 meters - 2006 – GW depth 105 meters - 2007 – GW depth 97 meters - 2011 – GW depth around 100 meters - Reveals that ground water levels in Ahmedabad have dropped steeply. • Shallow aquifer (unconfined aquifer) zones – dry • Extraction – uneconomical for domestic use • Drying up of lakes (e.g. Chandlodia) • Extract groundwater economically even for domestic use • Deterioration in groundwater quality • Narmada water - not a good long term solution (expensive with population growth) WATER RESOURE DEPLETION ---->ACUTE WATER SHORTAGE
Rely on private infrastructure facilities….. • Costly, so unaffordable for many • Time consuming • Un-reliable • Quantity • Quality ? • Unequal distribution UN-SUSTAINABLE Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need
People NEED infrastructure: • To eradicate NUISANCES Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need Public or Private Collective or Individual Equity? Sustainability? Adequate? Public or Private Collective or Individual Equitable • Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES Sustainable • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function…… Adequate ?
Provision of ‘good’ public infrastructure facilities would reduce • Unsustainable demands on natural resources; • Checks depletion of environmental capital or resources; • Reduce stress on ecosystems; and • Helps in maintaining global cycles Infrastructure – City’s Need
1. Stress on natural resources 2. Poor living conditions 3. Unequal distribution/disparity Living in cities become: • Unhealthy • Unsafe • Stressful GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure – City / Citizen’s Need
GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC COLLECTIVE SUSTAINABLE EQUITABLE PUBLIC COLLECTIVE EQUITABLE SUSTAINABLE GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
Makes Urban Areas  Desirable &  Livable GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE physical or structural part of the city/ward/area
What are the criteria to judge ‘GOOD’ infrastructure?
Principles - ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility Adequate • Sufficient to satisfy needs • Dependence on other sources is less – private supplies or natural sources Reliable Affordable • Convenience to users • Consistent (time-wise and quantity wise) • Continuity/Dep endable (min. breakdown) • Good quality • Buy/pay for the services • Cost should be such that a household may not have to compromise on other basic necessities • Coverage • Quantity • Duration/timing • Frequency • Quality • Tariff levels
Principles - ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility Accessible • Non- discriminatory (race, gender, disability, income class) access to services, at least min. level Accountability Sustainability • Ultimate responsibility of ULB for service provision • Delivering appropriate services of required standards • Equity • Method of service delivery • Complain redre. • Social and economic impacts of the services provided • Resource usage – financially viable, environmentally sound and socially just • Resource conservation strategies
Parameters to measure Good Infrastructure Facility Service Mandate (population/area to be served) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coverage (proportion of total population/households/area serviced) Quantity (rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian /City average) Duration/Timing (hours of service delivery, morning/evening) Frequency (daily, twice a day, weekly, fortnightly) Quality (rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian average & public opinion)
Parameters to measure Good Infrastructure Facility Service Mandate (population/area to be served) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tariff levels (Service delivery charges to household) Equity (equitable distribution of services across all socio-economic groups) Method of Service Delivery (Mechanism adopted for service delivery) Complain Redressal System (availability /variety of ways in which people can approach ULB for filing complaints) Resource Conservation Strategies (adoption of techniques and policies for preservation of resources like water, water bodies, etc.)
‘Good’ Infrastructure facility  Represents health and hygiene level in the city  Indicates the Quality of life in the city  Is a decisive factor in creating image of the city
Who provides these infrastructure facilities & how?
Infrastructure provision & ULB • ULBs are formed under some State-level Act • ULBs are responsible for civic infrastructure & administration of the city • AMC - Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949 • Act defines the functions to be performed by AMC: A. Obligatory Functions – ULB has to make adequate provision by any means or resources which it may lawfully use for each the functions identified (within its municipal limits) B. Discretionary Functions – ULB may, in its discretion, provide either wholly or in part for certain functions (within its municipal limits) . • The provision of infrastructure facilities are defined under the obligatory and discretionary functions of ULBs.
Obligatory Functions: 1. Erection of boundary of city defining city limits 2. Watering, Scavenging and Cleansing of all public streets and places 3. Sewage services 4. Drainageservices 5. Fireservices 6. Health & Medical services 7. Street Lighting services 8. Maintenance of a monuments & open spaces 9. Identification of streets & houses 10.Regulation and abatement of offensive and dangerous trades or practices 11.Maintenance of burial houses and funeral homes 12.Construction or acquisition of public markets and slaughter houses 13.Construction or acquisition of cattle-pounds 14.Primary education services 15.Health and hygiene services 16.Construction, maintenance and alternation of bridges 17.Watersupply services 18.Preventingand checking the spread of dangerous diseases 19.The securing or removal of dangerous buildings and places 20.Construction of conservancy staff quarters 21.Maintenance of relief works in scarcity, floe etc. Infrastructure provision & ULB Discretionary services 1. Construction and maintenance of maternity homes & infant welfare houses 2. Maintenance of central laboratories 3. Swimming pool and other public health services 4. Tree plantation on road sides 5. Construction and maintenance of public parks & gardens 6. The holding of exhibition, athletics or games 7. The maintenance of an ambulance services 8. Construction and maintenance of theaters, community halls and museums etc. 9.Building or purchase of staff quarters 10.Construction and maintenance of public transport facilities 11.Construction and maintenance of educational institutes 12.Construction and maintenance of infirmaries and hospitals 13.The destruction of animals and birds causing a nuisance 14.Construction and maintenance of factory for the disposal of sewage 15.The building or purchase and maintenance of suitable dwellings for the poor and working classes 16.Provision of shelter to homeless persons and poor relief 17.Surveys of buildings or lands 18.Measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city any measure to promote public safety, health, convenience or instruction
Infrastructure provision & ULB Water supply Sewerage Solid Waste Management Storm Water Drainage Street lights Health Education Open Spaces & Gardens
Service Delivery Methods • ULBs should try to take as much direct responsibility in provision of services as possible. • However, ULBs may not provide all services directly based on municipal capacity. • First step in provision of good infrastructure: - Internal reconfiguration of the ULBs - Service decentralization • ULBs also look at new option in service delivery: - Corporatisation - Public-public partnerships - Partnerships with community-based organisations (CBOs) and nongovernment organisations (NGOs) - Contracting out - Privatisation (referred to as transfers of ownership) etc. • Ultimately, ULBs are responsible for provision and maintainance of GOOD PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE within its municipal limits.
How do these infrastructure facilities functions within a municipal area? • Importance • Diagram - Typical System • Status of service delivery – AMC
Water Supply
Typical Water Supply System • Ward level borewell • City level main trunk line or • both
 Sources Surface sources - impounding reservoir , Canal, River, Lakes OR  Ground Water -Deep and shallow tube wells ,Open Dug well Water Supply – Sources
 Treatment process of water purification  Filter  Disinfection- by chlorination Water Supply –Treatment process
Water Supply –Treatment process 200 MLD Water Treatment Plant at RASKA
 Distribution of water  ESR/GSR OR GSR Ground Service Reservoir (GSR) & Boosting  Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker Water Supply – Distribution of water
 Types of Supply  Intermittent supply 20 mi, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hour, morning & evening supply? OR 24 x 7 – continuous  Daily/ Alternate day/5 days per week etc.,  Coverage  Fully with HH connection  Partially with HH connection/ Stand post/Tanker  No Service area  Pressure- 2m?7m?,12m?,17m?  How to measure? Reading to fill up bucket of 15 liter in how many seconds form 15 min?  Quantity  How much liter per capita per head  Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker  No water? Parameters for water supply system
 Quality  Hard/ Soft  High TDS  Turbid  High PH  High fluoride  High Nitrite  Test  Instant filed test -Chlorine Test- disinfected water  Laboratory test- Bacteriological test What Type?
Parameters Ahmedabad Supply- Liter Per Capita Per day (LPCD) 150 Liter Population Coverage 90% Area Coverage 85% Production of water 980 Demand of Water Supply 900 MLD ( Domestic) Distribution of Water Supply 850 MLD Treatment Capacity in MLD 995 +200 (French well)+119(over load)= 1314 MLD Treatment / Supply capacity in % 146% Storage Capacity in MLD 977 MLD Supply / storage in % 108% Hours of Supply 120 mins to 150 mins No of House connections (March-12) 12,72,300 Status of Ahmedabad about water service * Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan
Sewerage
Typical Sewerage System Combined / Separate Centralized/De-centralized
Types Sewerage System Combined Sewer is used for Domestic Wastewater & rain water (Stormwater)combined together Separate Sewers are use separately for Domestic wastewater & Surface /Rainwater (storm water)
Typical Sewerage Treatment Plant - Centralized
Sewage Treatment Plant- 180 MLD at Pirana
Sewerage Treatment - Decentralized (DEWATS) Filtered Interceptor Tank Treatment Plant (Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor) Recirculation Tank Effluent Sewer Reticulation Disinfection Tank Treated Effluent Pump Tank To Irrigation Field
Sewerage Treatment - Decentralized (DEWATS)
Underground Sewerage System
Status of Ahmedabad about Sewerage service Parameters Ahmedabad Population Coverage 80% Area Coverage 85% Generation of waste water 800 MLD Treatment Capacity in MLD 1075 MLD Treatment / Generation capacity in % 100% Toilet coverage 82% No of House hold connections (March-12) 10,17,848 * Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan
Storm Water Drainage
Storm Water Drainage – Topics
Storm Water Drainage – Catches
Storm Water Drainage-Methods
Status of Ahmedabad about Storm water drainage service Parameters Ahmedabad Area Coverage of Storm water drainage network 69% Length of total storm water drain (March-2012) 710 kms No of water logging area 19 spots water logged area Indices of Water logging/flooding *(Aggregate number of incidents of water logging reported in year ) 214 * Source – AMC / GUDM
Solid Waste Management
SWM – Importance Presence or absence of garbage on streets, around water bodies and open spaces - how well does the SWM system of the city works
SWM – Importance  Civic sense of citizens  Overall impression of the city – quality of life  Control pollution  Critical for public health  Reflects effectiveness of governance
SW – Generation & Characteristics Generation points Waste type Share* Households Domestic Waste 71.5% Construction & demolition Construction Waste 22% Shops & specialized markets Commercial Waste 4.5% Hospitals & health facilities Bio-medical Waste 1% Hotels & restaurants Hotel Waste 1% Computers, electrical appliances, electronics devices E-waste -- * Source – AMC City Development Plan
Typical SWM System Transfer station Primary Collection Secondary Collection Processing & Disposal Waste Segregation Rag-pickers
Status of Ahmedabad about SWM Parameters Ahmedabad Daily collection of waste 3500 MT (Metric tonnes) No of sweepers More than 12000 No of Vehicles deployed per day (including vehicles of private contractor) 1010 Door/Gate to Dum site coverage of SWM services 100% No of secondary storage & containers 686+874=1560 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid waste 98% Treatment Capacity in MLD by 4 companies 2300 MT Land fill site capacity 11.50 Lac Metric Tonne- 12.88 Hectare land
Street lights
Street light – Importance  Road lighting provides visual conditions for safe, quick and comfortable movement of Road users  Prevention of accidents and increase in safety  A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.  Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather
Street lights – Types
• Steel I-sections • Mild Steel poles:  Tubular poles (swaged);  Hexagonal poles;  Modular poles • CI Pole : Tube poles ; Decorative poles Street lights – Poles & Fixtures Timer system • Automatic timer • Solar based time • Lunar calendar based timer • GPS/ GPRS based timer system • Alternative switching off circuit • Full moon saving system • Tube lights • Central Mercury vapour lighting • Central sodium vapour lighting • High Mast lighting
Education
• As per BMPC act Primary education is mandatory function of AMC • Management and Maintenance of Municipal School Buildings by AMC • As per the Right to Education (RTE) Optimal student teacher ratio of 30:1 for all Indian Schools. • Grants and Schemes: • Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan(SSA) • Computer Aided Learning Programme(CALP) • National Programme for Education for Girls at Elementary Level(NPEGEL) • Urban Development Plans Formation Implementation norms for planning Importance of educational infrastructure facilities
Education facilities – Types  Pre-primary schools  Primary schools  Secondary schools  Higher secondary schools  Colleges (higher education institutes)  Run by Municipal Corporation, private institutions and State and Central Government
Status of Ahmedabad about Education facilities
Status of Ahmedabad about Education facilities
Health • Importance • Diagram - Typical System • Status of service delivery – AMC
Health Care – Importance
Health Care – Importance
Health Care – Typical System  Family Welfare Centres  Dispensaries  Maternity homes  Referral hospitals  Multi-speciality Hospitals
Health Care – Medical Systems in AMC Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005
Open spaces/Gardens
Open space/Gardens – Typical System  Open spaces  Garden  Playground  Green belts  Recreational Area  129 ha are under open spaces in the entire city  Private agencies like Mother Dairy, Amul and Dairy Den work on leasehold basis with the Corporation for the development and maintenance of these parks.
Open space/Garden – AMC Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005
CLASS EXERCISE  Sub-group task  Group task
Sub-groups  Water supply – 2 students  Sewerage & Drainage – 2 students  Solid Waste Management – 2 students  Streetlights, open space, gardens – 2 students  Health facilities (public & private) – 2 students  Education facilities (public & private) – 2 students
Sub-group tasks 1. Understanding Infrastructure provision and its performance within your Ward (Ward Engineer) 1. Diagrammatic representation of utility 2. Mapping 3. Service delivery & Level of Service 4. Demand-Supply gap (Coverage Mapping, estimates) 5. Efficiency (comparison with MOUD benchmarks) 6. Identification of factors responsible for demand-supply gap 2. Summarize relevant issues (related to all utilities) within your Ward 3.1 General observations (e.g. nuisance points related to your utilities etc.) 3.2Technical observations (e.g. lack of water allocation to your ward or inadequate machinery for transfering SW) 3.3 Observations based on social aspects (e.g. slums and informal sectors) 3. People’s opinion on various discussion points  Sample size – minimum 20 people
Group task 1. Work out ‘Ward Performance Index’ 1. Compare each service with benchmarks proposed by MoUD 2. Create a rating system 3.Evaluate your ward performance (use the given template) 2. Create a ranking system for improvement of all services based on the need assessment (e.g. water supply as first priority area, solid waste management as second priority area etc.)  Quick public opinion survey 3. Outline strategies/projects to improve the performance index of your ward (service-wise).
CLASS EXERCISE – Water Supply Template
Diagrammatic representation of utility
Detailed Mapping of the systems  Source  Storage tank  Distribution Pipe network  Community standpost / supply through tankers  Location of hand pumps
Coverage No Supply Covered under water supply Covered under public stand-post
Level of Services – Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • 135 lpcd • Daily supply • Hours of supply (if possible 24 x 7) • Quality (potable water standards) • Water charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • No. of connection s to total households • Connection – public stand posts/ tankers • Coverage under slums • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Dependence on ground water • Rain water harvesting • Recycle of waste water
1 • Coverage of water supply connections 100% 2 • Per capita water supply 135 lpcd 3 • Extent of metering of water connections 100% 4 • Continuity of water supply 24 x 7 5 • Quality of water supplied (through public opinion) potable Efficiency - Service level benchmarks
Factors affecting Supply & Demand Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Primary & backup water source(s) - Type - Capacity/volume - Climate influences - Other water users • Consumer population • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Limited supply duration (more water storage) • Storage capacity • Per capita demand • Pumping capacity • Connection types • Flow/pipe capacity • Water pricing • Inadequate coverage • UCW, theft, illegal connections • System losses • Problems related to O&M - Water contamination - Leakage - Pipe bursting etc.
Discussion points 1. 24 x 7 Water supply 2. Metering Vs. Non-metering 3. User charges paid and willingness to pay (connection, annual)? Are they enough? 4. Need to restrict private borewells (ground water depletion, rate of ground water depletion, quality etc.) 5. Scenario in slums (connections, standposts, issues they face) 6. Private operators
CLASS EXERCISE – Sewerage Template
Diagrammatic representation - Typical System
Detailed Mapping of the systems  Pipe network  Location of pumping station  Sewerage outlets in water bodies / public nuisance
Level of Services – Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Breakage of sewerage pipe • Overflow sewerage line or septic tank • User charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • Individual connection /septic tank/none • Individual toilets/pub lic toilets in slums • No. of persons/se at in case of public toilets • Open defecation • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Recycle of waste water • Pollution in water bodies
Efficiency – Service Level Benchmarks 1 • Coverage of toilets 100% 2 • Coverage of Sewerage network services 100% 3 • Collection efficiency of Sewerage network services 100%
Coverage Not covered Covered Partially covered (open gutter, septic tank etc.)
What factors affects system? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Types of sewerage system - Open gutter - Pipe gutter - Individual/ combined sewerage system • Consumer population • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Connection types • HH with sewerage • Individual Toilet • Pumping capacity/efficiency • Drainage tax/ charge • Flow/pipe capacity • Illegal connections, industrial and commercial connection • Inadequate coverage • Sewage Treatment Plant (STPP • Drainage tax/ charge • Quality of discharge • Problems related to O&M - Mixing of sewerage with water - Overflowing/Chocked line - Repairs – Man hole ,Pipe, machinery
Discussion points 1. Decentralized or centralized treatment 2. Combined with storm water or not 3. Sewerage disposal in water bodies – allowed or no? 4. Scenario in slums (individual/common toilets or no toilets, network, connections, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
CLASS EXERCISE – Drainage Template
Diagrammatic representation – Typical System
Network diagram - System  Combined with sewerage or not  Pipe network / open channels / closed channels  Rain water harvesting (ponds, percolation wells, government buildings etc.)  Location of discharge points (water bodies, river, etc. )  Water logging areas
Level of Services – Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Breakage of storm water pipe • Water logging incidences • N.A. • N.A • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Rainwater harvesting • Ground water recharge
Efficiency – Service Level Benchmarks 1 • Coverage (storm water drainage network to road length) 100% 2 • Water logging 0%
Coverage No Supply Covered under piped network Covered under open/closed channels
What factors affects system? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Types of system - Open gutter - Pipe gutter - Individual/ combined sewerage system • Water logging due human activities (fill up of ponds, encroached in water course etc.) • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Sludge water line illegally connected to storm water line • Flow/pipe capacity • Closing storm water outlets • Inadequate coverage • Less awareness of RWH or GWR systems • Rain water harvesting/GW recharge • Problems related to O&M - Mixing of sewerage with water - Repairs
Discussion points 1. Water logging in your ward (area, depth, frequency of occurrence, last major flooding) 2. Alternate ways to collect storm water that should be encouraged within your Ward 3. Combined with storm water or no 4. Storm water disposal in water bodies – good or bad 5. Scenario in slums (water logging no toilets, network, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
CLASS EXERCISE – SWM Template
Diagrammatic representation – Typical System Transfer station Primary Collection Secondary Collection Processing & Disposal
Network diagram - System  Door-to-door collection system – yes or no  Secondary collection points – designated /undesignated (container/bins/open sites etc.)  Transportation (routes, frequency, capacity etc.)  Disposal points – official / unofficial (openspaces, drainage channels, water bodies etc.)
Level of Services – Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Waste generated / capita/day • Collection Efficiency: - Total SW generated - Total SW collected - Estimated Gap in collection - Collected SW/Generat ed SW • User charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • Coverage under primary collection/ door to door system • Coverage under slums • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Waste segregation • Disposal in environmet nally sensitive areas • Treatment • landfilling
MoUD - Service level benchmarks 1 • Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services 100% 2 • Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste 100% 3 • Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste 100% 4 • Extent of municipal solid waste recovered 80%
Coverage No Supply Covered under piped network Covered under open/closed channels
What factors affects SWM system? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors SWM - System design • Handling capacity/volume • Inadequate allocation of manpower and other resources • Consumer population • Inefficient collection system (lack of door-to-door collection) • Per capita waste generation • Improper route planning • Type of waste • Unpaved or open dumping sites • Un-segregated waste • Storage and handling capacity • Irresponsible behaviour • Financial constraints • Indiscriminate dumping of other waste (construction & demolition, hotel, medical waste etc.) • Unscientific disposal of waste
Discussion points 1. Door-to-door collection – should be encouraged or not? 2. Waste segregation – should be encouraged or not? What level? 3. Informal rag-picking activity. Should it be formalized? 4. Decentralized vs. centralized treatement facility and landfilling? 5. User charges paid (connection, annual)? Are they enough? 6. Scenario in slums (collection, frequency, dump sites around slums, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
CLASS EXERCISE – STREET LIGHTS Template
CLASS EXERCISE – EDUCATION / HEALTH/ OPEN- SPACE Template
Mapping  Location of facilities  Categorization of facilities
Level of Services – Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Check with UDPFI guidelines • Public opinion • Maintained/no n-maintained • To use the facility (Public opinion) • Low income groups/slu ms – inclusive • Within Pedestrian zone • Developed or non- developed • N.A
Diagrammatic representation - Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Family Welfare centres Dispensaries Maternity homes Referral hospitals Multi- speciality hospitals Other Total
Diagrammatic representation - Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Pre-primary school Primary schools Secondary schools Higher secondary schools Colleges Other Total
Diagrammatic representation - Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Open spaces Garden Playground Green belts Recreation Total
Discussion points 1. Adequacy and distribution within an area 2. Public vs. private 3. Operation & Maintenance issue 4. Minimum affordable user charges
Thank You ! Questions are welcome…..

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Infrastructure Services

  • 1.
    BASIC SERVICES &SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Presented by – Taha Padrawala & Ketan Shah
  • 2.
    The physical componentsof interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions. Infrastructure Basic/Civic Services Utilities Social Infrastructure Amenities Utility Systems: • Water supply • Sewerage • Solid Waste Management • Storm Water Drainage • Electricity • Street lights Buildings: • Health • Education • Fire stations • Police • Post • Community halls • Petrol Pumps Transport Systems: • Roads/Streets • Highways • Mass transit • Bridges etc. Amenities: • Open Spaces • Gardens
  • 3.
    KEY QUESTIONS:  Isinfrastructure important (city/citizens)? If so, why?  Who provides these infrastructure & what are its types?  What are the criteria to judge infrastructure facility – good or not-so-good?  How do these infrastructure facilities functions within a municipal area?  Class exercises
  • 4.
    KEY POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS InfrastructureService Delivery Mechanism: Public Vs. Private Infrastructure provision: Collective vs. Individual Infrastructure Distribution: Adequacy, Equity and Sustainability
  • 5.
    Is infrastructure important(city/citizens)? If so, why?
  • 6.
    People NEED infrastructure: •Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function Infrastructure
  • 7.
  • 8.
    Nuisance – Causes Ward,typically have good areas & not-so-good areas -----> NUISANCES  Civic Sense • Ignorance and carelessness • Awareness • No / inadequate support infrastructure • No limitations assigned like fines/charges etc.  Infrastructure • Lack of infrastructure • Insufficient/ inadequate / improper • Technical problems • Design issues • Resource constraints etc.
  • 9.
    People NEED infrastructure: •Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function • To eradicate NUISANCES Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need Provide infrastructure Service Delivery Mechanism Public or Private Provision Collective or Individual Allocation & Distribution Adequate? Equity? Sustainability?
  • 10.
    Let’s assume asituation where Your ward has no infrastructure provision Or Provided, but fails……
  • 11.
    Municipal school no.1at Noble nagar, Ahmedabad Education facilities…. Not good / up-to-mark
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
    Education facilities…. Notgood / up-to-mark Fundamental Right - ‘Right to education’ Imply, Right to ‘bare-minimum quality’ Non-uniform distribution, Accessibility, Differential opportunities, Sustainability, etc. Private Education – encourage?
  • 16.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails
  • 17.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails
  • 18.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails
  • 19.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails Private Tankers Private Borewells But WATER IS A COMMON RESOURCE SO EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS
  • 20.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails Ahmedabad • Borewells main source of water – 30% • AMC – 500 + borewells • Private borewells estimated – more than30,000 • BPMCAct – approval of municipal commissioner must be obtained • Thousands of illegal borewells in the city.
  • 21.
    Water supply ….Not there / fails Effects: • According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) – - 1997 – GW depth 63 meters - 2006 – GW depth 105 meters - 2007 – GW depth 97 meters - 2011 – GW depth around 100 meters - Reveals that ground water levels in Ahmedabad have dropped steeply. • Shallow aquifer (unconfined aquifer) zones – dry • Extraction – uneconomical for domestic use • Drying up of lakes (e.g. Chandlodia) • Extract groundwater economically even for domestic use • Deterioration in groundwater quality • Narmada water - not a good long term solution (expensive with population growth) WATER RESOURE DEPLETION ---->ACUTE WATER SHORTAGE
  • 22.
    Rely on privateinfrastructure facilities….. • Costly, so unaffordable for many • Time consuming • Un-reliable • Quantity • Quality ? • Unequal distribution UN-SUSTAINABLE Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need
  • 23.
    People NEED infrastructure: •To eradicate NUISANCES Infrastructure – Citizen’s Need Public or Private Collective or Individual Equity? Sustainability? Adequate? Public or Private Collective or Individual Equitable • Basic for all survival ACTIVITIES Sustainable • Necessary for any ECONOMY to function…… Adequate ?
  • 24.
    Provision of ‘good’public infrastructure facilities would reduce • Unsustainable demands on natural resources; • Checks depletion of environmental capital or resources; • Reduce stress on ecosystems; and • Helps in maintaining global cycles Infrastructure – City’s Need
  • 25.
    1. Stress onnatural resources 2. Poor living conditions 3. Unequal distribution/disparity Living in cities become: • Unhealthy • Unsafe • Stressful GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure – City / Citizen’s Need
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Makes Urban Areas Desirable &  Livable GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE physical or structural part of the city/ward/area
  • 29.
    What are thecriteria to judge ‘GOOD’ infrastructure?
  • 30.
    Principles - ‘Good’Infrastructure facility Adequate • Sufficient to satisfy needs • Dependence on other sources is less – private supplies or natural sources Reliable Affordable • Convenience to users • Consistent (time-wise and quantity wise) • Continuity/Dep endable (min. breakdown) • Good quality • Buy/pay for the services • Cost should be such that a household may not have to compromise on other basic necessities • Coverage • Quantity • Duration/timing • Frequency • Quality • Tariff levels
  • 31.
    Principles - ‘Good’Infrastructure facility Accessible • Non- discriminatory (race, gender, disability, income class) access to services, at least min. level Accountability Sustainability • Ultimate responsibility of ULB for service provision • Delivering appropriate services of required standards • Equity • Method of service delivery • Complain redre. • Social and economic impacts of the services provided • Resource usage – financially viable, environmentally sound and socially just • Resource conservation strategies
  • 32.
    Parameters to measureGood Infrastructure Facility Service Mandate (population/area to be served) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Coverage (proportion of total population/households/area serviced) Quantity (rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian /City average) Duration/Timing (hours of service delivery, morning/evening) Frequency (daily, twice a day, weekly, fortnightly) Quality (rate the quantity against benchmark – standard / Indian average & public opinion)
  • 33.
    Parameters to measureGood Infrastructure Facility Service Mandate (population/area to be served) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tariff levels (Service delivery charges to household) Equity (equitable distribution of services across all socio-economic groups) Method of Service Delivery (Mechanism adopted for service delivery) Complain Redressal System (availability /variety of ways in which people can approach ULB for filing complaints) Resource Conservation Strategies (adoption of techniques and policies for preservation of resources like water, water bodies, etc.)
  • 34.
    ‘Good’ Infrastructure facility Represents health and hygiene level in the city  Indicates the Quality of life in the city  Is a decisive factor in creating image of the city
  • 35.
    Who provides theseinfrastructure facilities & how?
  • 36.
    Infrastructure provision &ULB • ULBs are formed under some State-level Act • ULBs are responsible for civic infrastructure & administration of the city • AMC - Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949 • Act defines the functions to be performed by AMC: A. Obligatory Functions – ULB has to make adequate provision by any means or resources which it may lawfully use for each the functions identified (within its municipal limits) B. Discretionary Functions – ULB may, in its discretion, provide either wholly or in part for certain functions (within its municipal limits) . • The provision of infrastructure facilities are defined under the obligatory and discretionary functions of ULBs.
  • 37.
    Obligatory Functions: 1. Erectionof boundary of city defining city limits 2. Watering, Scavenging and Cleansing of all public streets and places 3. Sewage services 4. Drainageservices 5. Fireservices 6. Health & Medical services 7. Street Lighting services 8. Maintenance of a monuments & open spaces 9. Identification of streets & houses 10.Regulation and abatement of offensive and dangerous trades or practices 11.Maintenance of burial houses and funeral homes 12.Construction or acquisition of public markets and slaughter houses 13.Construction or acquisition of cattle-pounds 14.Primary education services 15.Health and hygiene services 16.Construction, maintenance and alternation of bridges 17.Watersupply services 18.Preventingand checking the spread of dangerous diseases 19.The securing or removal of dangerous buildings and places 20.Construction of conservancy staff quarters 21.Maintenance of relief works in scarcity, floe etc. Infrastructure provision & ULB Discretionary services 1. Construction and maintenance of maternity homes & infant welfare houses 2. Maintenance of central laboratories 3. Swimming pool and other public health services 4. Tree plantation on road sides 5. Construction and maintenance of public parks & gardens 6. The holding of exhibition, athletics or games 7. The maintenance of an ambulance services 8. Construction and maintenance of theaters, community halls and museums etc. 9.Building or purchase of staff quarters 10.Construction and maintenance of public transport facilities 11.Construction and maintenance of educational institutes 12.Construction and maintenance of infirmaries and hospitals 13.The destruction of animals and birds causing a nuisance 14.Construction and maintenance of factory for the disposal of sewage 15.The building or purchase and maintenance of suitable dwellings for the poor and working classes 16.Provision of shelter to homeless persons and poor relief 17.Surveys of buildings or lands 18.Measures to meet any calamity affecting the public in the city any measure to promote public safety, health, convenience or instruction
  • 38.
    Infrastructure provision &ULB Water supply Sewerage Solid Waste Management Storm Water Drainage Street lights Health Education Open Spaces & Gardens
  • 39.
    Service Delivery Methods •ULBs should try to take as much direct responsibility in provision of services as possible. • However, ULBs may not provide all services directly based on municipal capacity. • First step in provision of good infrastructure: - Internal reconfiguration of the ULBs - Service decentralization • ULBs also look at new option in service delivery: - Corporatisation - Public-public partnerships - Partnerships with community-based organisations (CBOs) and nongovernment organisations (NGOs) - Contracting out - Privatisation (referred to as transfers of ownership) etc. • Ultimately, ULBs are responsible for provision and maintainance of GOOD PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE within its municipal limits.
  • 40.
    How do theseinfrastructure facilities functions within a municipal area? • Importance • Diagram - Typical System • Status of service delivery – AMC
  • 41.
  • 42.
    Typical Water SupplySystem • Ward level borewell • City level main trunk line or • both
  • 43.
     Sources Surface sources- impounding reservoir , Canal, River, Lakes OR  Ground Water -Deep and shallow tube wells ,Open Dug well Water Supply – Sources
  • 44.
     Treatment processof water purification  Filter  Disinfection- by chlorination Water Supply –Treatment process
  • 45.
    Water Supply –Treatmentprocess 200 MLD Water Treatment Plant at RASKA
  • 46.
     Distribution ofwater  ESR/GSR OR GSR Ground Service Reservoir (GSR) & Boosting  Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker Water Supply – Distribution of water
  • 47.
     Types ofSupply  Intermittent supply 20 mi, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hour, morning & evening supply? OR 24 x 7 – continuous  Daily/ Alternate day/5 days per week etc.,  Coverage  Fully with HH connection  Partially with HH connection/ Stand post/Tanker  No Service area  Pressure- 2m?7m?,12m?,17m?  How to measure? Reading to fill up bucket of 15 liter in how many seconds form 15 min?  Quantity  How much liter per capita per head  Household connection/ Stand post/ Tanker  No water? Parameters for water supply system
  • 48.
     Quality  Hard/Soft  High TDS  Turbid  High PH  High fluoride  High Nitrite  Test  Instant filed test -Chlorine Test- disinfected water  Laboratory test- Bacteriological test What Type?
  • 49.
    Parameters Ahmedabad Supply- LiterPer Capita Per day (LPCD) 150 Liter Population Coverage 90% Area Coverage 85% Production of water 980 Demand of Water Supply 900 MLD ( Domestic) Distribution of Water Supply 850 MLD Treatment Capacity in MLD 995 +200 (French well)+119(over load)= 1314 MLD Treatment / Supply capacity in % 146% Storage Capacity in MLD 977 MLD Supply / storage in % 108% Hours of Supply 120 mins to 150 mins No of House connections (March-12) 12,72,300 Status of Ahmedabad about water service * Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Typical Sewerage System Combined/ Separate Centralized/De-centralized
  • 52.
    Types Sewerage System CombinedSewer is used for Domestic Wastewater & rain water (Stormwater)combined together Separate Sewers are use separately for Domestic wastewater & Surface /Rainwater (storm water)
  • 53.
    Typical Sewerage TreatmentPlant - Centralized
  • 54.
    Sewage Treatment Plant-180 MLD at Pirana
  • 55.
    Sewerage Treatment -Decentralized (DEWATS) Filtered Interceptor Tank Treatment Plant (Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor) Recirculation Tank Effluent Sewer Reticulation Disinfection Tank Treated Effluent Pump Tank To Irrigation Field
  • 56.
    Sewerage Treatment -Decentralized (DEWATS)
  • 57.
  • 58.
    Status of Ahmedabadabout Sewerage service Parameters Ahmedabad Population Coverage 80% Area Coverage 85% Generation of waste water 800 MLD Treatment Capacity in MLD 1075 MLD Treatment / Generation capacity in % 100% Toilet coverage 82% No of House hold connections (March-12) 10,17,848 * Source – AMC web site/ City sanitation Plan
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Status of Ahmedabadabout Storm water drainage service Parameters Ahmedabad Area Coverage of Storm water drainage network 69% Length of total storm water drain (March-2012) 710 kms No of water logging area 19 spots water logged area Indices of Water logging/flooding *(Aggregate number of incidents of water logging reported in year ) 214 * Source – AMC / GUDM
  • 64.
  • 65.
    SWM – Importance Presenceor absence of garbage on streets, around water bodies and open spaces - how well does the SWM system of the city works
  • 66.
    SWM – Importance Civic sense of citizens  Overall impression of the city – quality of life  Control pollution  Critical for public health  Reflects effectiveness of governance
  • 67.
    SW – Generation& Characteristics Generation points Waste type Share* Households Domestic Waste 71.5% Construction & demolition Construction Waste 22% Shops & specialized markets Commercial Waste 4.5% Hospitals & health facilities Bio-medical Waste 1% Hotels & restaurants Hotel Waste 1% Computers, electrical appliances, electronics devices E-waste -- * Source – AMC City Development Plan
  • 68.
  • 69.
    Status of Ahmedabadabout SWM Parameters Ahmedabad Daily collection of waste 3500 MT (Metric tonnes) No of sweepers More than 12000 No of Vehicles deployed per day (including vehicles of private contractor) 1010 Door/Gate to Dum site coverage of SWM services 100% No of secondary storage & containers 686+874=1560 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid waste 98% Treatment Capacity in MLD by 4 companies 2300 MT Land fill site capacity 11.50 Lac Metric Tonne- 12.88 Hectare land
  • 70.
  • 71.
    Street light –Importance  Road lighting provides visual conditions for safe, quick and comfortable movement of Road users  Prevention of accidents and increase in safety  A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.  Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather
  • 72.
  • 73.
    • Steel I-sections •Mild Steel poles:  Tubular poles (swaged);  Hexagonal poles;  Modular poles • CI Pole : Tube poles ; Decorative poles Street lights – Poles & Fixtures Timer system • Automatic timer • Solar based time • Lunar calendar based timer • GPS/ GPRS based timer system • Alternative switching off circuit • Full moon saving system • Tube lights • Central Mercury vapour lighting • Central sodium vapour lighting • High Mast lighting
  • 74.
  • 75.
    • As perBMPC act Primary education is mandatory function of AMC • Management and Maintenance of Municipal School Buildings by AMC • As per the Right to Education (RTE) Optimal student teacher ratio of 30:1 for all Indian Schools. • Grants and Schemes: • Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan(SSA) • Computer Aided Learning Programme(CALP) • National Programme for Education for Girls at Elementary Level(NPEGEL) • Urban Development Plans Formation Implementation norms for planning Importance of educational infrastructure facilities
  • 76.
    Education facilities –Types  Pre-primary schools  Primary schools  Secondary schools  Higher secondary schools  Colleges (higher education institutes)  Run by Municipal Corporation, private institutions and State and Central Government
  • 77.
    Status of Ahmedabadabout Education facilities
  • 78.
    Status of Ahmedabadabout Education facilities
  • 79.
    Health • Importance • Diagram- Typical System • Status of service delivery – AMC
  • 80.
    Health Care –Importance
  • 81.
    Health Care –Importance
  • 82.
    Health Care –Typical System  Family Welfare Centres  Dispensaries  Maternity homes  Referral hospitals  Multi-speciality Hospitals
  • 83.
    Health Care –Medical Systems in AMC Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005
  • 84.
  • 85.
    Open space/Gardens –Typical System  Open spaces  Garden  Playground  Green belts  Recreational Area  129 ha are under open spaces in the entire city  Private agencies like Mother Dairy, Amul and Dairy Den work on leasehold basis with the Corporation for the development and maintenance of these parks.
  • 86.
    Open space/Garden –AMC Source: CDP Ahmedabad, 2005
  • 87.
    CLASS EXERCISE  Sub-grouptask  Group task
  • 88.
    Sub-groups  Water supply– 2 students  Sewerage & Drainage – 2 students  Solid Waste Management – 2 students  Streetlights, open space, gardens – 2 students  Health facilities (public & private) – 2 students  Education facilities (public & private) – 2 students
  • 89.
    Sub-group tasks 1. UnderstandingInfrastructure provision and its performance within your Ward (Ward Engineer) 1. Diagrammatic representation of utility 2. Mapping 3. Service delivery & Level of Service 4. Demand-Supply gap (Coverage Mapping, estimates) 5. Efficiency (comparison with MOUD benchmarks) 6. Identification of factors responsible for demand-supply gap 2. Summarize relevant issues (related to all utilities) within your Ward 3.1 General observations (e.g. nuisance points related to your utilities etc.) 3.2Technical observations (e.g. lack of water allocation to your ward or inadequate machinery for transfering SW) 3.3 Observations based on social aspects (e.g. slums and informal sectors) 3. People’s opinion on various discussion points  Sample size – minimum 20 people
  • 90.
    Group task 1. Workout ‘Ward Performance Index’ 1. Compare each service with benchmarks proposed by MoUD 2. Create a rating system 3.Evaluate your ward performance (use the given template) 2. Create a ranking system for improvement of all services based on the need assessment (e.g. water supply as first priority area, solid waste management as second priority area etc.)  Quick public opinion survey 3. Outline strategies/projects to improve the performance index of your ward (service-wise).
  • 91.
    CLASS EXERCISE –Water Supply Template
  • 92.
  • 93.
    Detailed Mapping ofthe systems  Source  Storage tank  Distribution Pipe network  Community standpost / supply through tankers  Location of hand pumps
  • 94.
  • 95.
    Level of Services– Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • 135 lpcd • Daily supply • Hours of supply (if possible 24 x 7) • Quality (potable water standards) • Water charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • No. of connection s to total households • Connection – public stand posts/ tankers • Coverage under slums • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Dependence on ground water • Rain water harvesting • Recycle of waste water
  • 96.
    1 • Coverage ofwater supply connections 100% 2 • Per capita water supply 135 lpcd 3 • Extent of metering of water connections 100% 4 • Continuity of water supply 24 x 7 5 • Quality of water supplied (through public opinion) potable Efficiency - Service level benchmarks
  • 97.
    Factors affecting Supply& Demand Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Primary & backup water source(s) - Type - Capacity/volume - Climate influences - Other water users • Consumer population • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Limited supply duration (more water storage) • Storage capacity • Per capita demand • Pumping capacity • Connection types • Flow/pipe capacity • Water pricing • Inadequate coverage • UCW, theft, illegal connections • System losses • Problems related to O&M - Water contamination - Leakage - Pipe bursting etc.
  • 98.
    Discussion points 1. 24x 7 Water supply 2. Metering Vs. Non-metering 3. User charges paid and willingness to pay (connection, annual)? Are they enough? 4. Need to restrict private borewells (ground water depletion, rate of ground water depletion, quality etc.) 5. Scenario in slums (connections, standposts, issues they face) 6. Private operators
  • 99.
    CLASS EXERCISE –Sewerage Template
  • 100.
  • 101.
    Detailed Mapping ofthe systems  Pipe network  Location of pumping station  Sewerage outlets in water bodies / public nuisance
  • 102.
    Level of Services– Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Breakage of sewerage pipe • Overflow sewerage line or septic tank • User charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • Individual connection /septic tank/none • Individual toilets/pub lic toilets in slums • No. of persons/se at in case of public toilets • Open defecation • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Recycle of waste water • Pollution in water bodies
  • 103.
    Efficiency – ServiceLevel Benchmarks 1 • Coverage of toilets 100% 2 • Coverage of Sewerage network services 100% 3 • Collection efficiency of Sewerage network services 100%
  • 104.
  • 105.
    What factors affectssystem? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Types of sewerage system - Open gutter - Pipe gutter - Individual/ combined sewerage system • Consumer population • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Connection types • HH with sewerage • Individual Toilet • Pumping capacity/efficiency • Drainage tax/ charge • Flow/pipe capacity • Illegal connections, industrial and commercial connection • Inadequate coverage • Sewage Treatment Plant (STPP • Drainage tax/ charge • Quality of discharge • Problems related to O&M - Mixing of sewerage with water - Overflowing/Chocked line - Repairs – Man hole ,Pipe, machinery
  • 106.
    Discussion points 1. Decentralizedor centralized treatment 2. Combined with storm water or not 3. Sewerage disposal in water bodies – allowed or no? 4. Scenario in slums (individual/common toilets or no toilets, network, connections, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
  • 107.
    CLASS EXERCISE –Drainage Template
  • 108.
  • 109.
    Network diagram -System  Combined with sewerage or not  Pipe network / open channels / closed channels  Rain water harvesting (ponds, percolation wells, government buildings etc.)  Location of discharge points (water bodies, river, etc. )  Water logging areas
  • 110.
    Level of Services– Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Breakage of storm water pipe • Water logging incidences • N.A. • N.A • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Rainwater harvesting • Ground water recharge
  • 111.
    Efficiency – ServiceLevel Benchmarks 1 • Coverage (storm water drainage network to road length) 100% 2 • Water logging 0%
  • 112.
  • 113.
    What factors affectssystem? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors • Types of system - Open gutter - Pipe gutter - Individual/ combined sewerage system • Water logging due human activities (fill up of ponds, encroached in water course etc.) • Network design & distributional inefficiency • Sludge water line illegally connected to storm water line • Flow/pipe capacity • Closing storm water outlets • Inadequate coverage • Less awareness of RWH or GWR systems • Rain water harvesting/GW recharge • Problems related to O&M - Mixing of sewerage with water - Repairs
  • 114.
    Discussion points 1. Waterlogging in your ward (area, depth, frequency of occurrence, last major flooding) 2. Alternate ways to collect storm water that should be encouraged within your Ward 3. Combined with storm water or no 4. Storm water disposal in water bodies – good or bad 5. Scenario in slums (water logging no toilets, network, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
  • 115.
    CLASS EXERCISE –SWM Template
  • 116.
    Diagrammatic representation –Typical System Transfer station Primary Collection Secondary Collection Processing & Disposal
  • 117.
    Network diagram -System  Door-to-door collection system – yes or no  Secondary collection points – designated /undesignated (container/bins/open sites etc.)  Transportation (routes, frequency, capacity etc.)  Disposal points – official / unofficial (openspaces, drainage channels, water bodies etc.)
  • 118.
    Level of Services– Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Population coverage • Area coverage • Pipeline length to road length • Waste generated / capita/day • Collection Efficiency: - Total SW generated - Total SW collected - Estimated Gap in collection - Collected SW/Generat ed SW • User charges (Tariff ) • Public opinion • Coverage under primary collection/ door to door system • Coverage under slums • Service delivery mechanism • Complain- redressal mechanism • Waste segregation • Disposal in environmet nally sensitive areas • Treatment • landfilling
  • 119.
    MoUD - Servicelevel benchmarks 1 • Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services 100% 2 • Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste 100% 3 • Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste 100% 4 • Extent of municipal solid waste recovered 80%
  • 120.
  • 121.
    What factors affectsSWM system? Supply-side factors Demand-side factors SWM - System design • Handling capacity/volume • Inadequate allocation of manpower and other resources • Consumer population • Inefficient collection system (lack of door-to-door collection) • Per capita waste generation • Improper route planning • Type of waste • Unpaved or open dumping sites • Un-segregated waste • Storage and handling capacity • Irresponsible behaviour • Financial constraints • Indiscriminate dumping of other waste (construction & demolition, hotel, medical waste etc.) • Unscientific disposal of waste
  • 122.
    Discussion points 1. Door-to-doorcollection – should be encouraged or not? 2. Waste segregation – should be encouraged or not? What level? 3. Informal rag-picking activity. Should it be formalized? 4. Decentralized vs. centralized treatement facility and landfilling? 5. User charges paid (connection, annual)? Are they enough? 6. Scenario in slums (collection, frequency, dump sites around slums, issues they face, health effects, hygiene conditions)
  • 123.
    CLASS EXERCISE –STREET LIGHTS Template
  • 124.
    CLASS EXERCISE –EDUCATION / HEALTH/ OPEN- SPACE Template
  • 125.
    Mapping  Location offacilities  Categorization of facilities
  • 126.
    Level of Services– Indicators Adequacy Reliability Affordability Accessibility Accountability Sustainability • Check with UDPFI guidelines • Public opinion • Maintained/no n-maintained • To use the facility (Public opinion) • Low income groups/slu ms – inclusive • Within Pedestrian zone • Developed or non- developed • N.A
  • 127.
    Diagrammatic representation -Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Family Welfare centres Dispensaries Maternity homes Referral hospitals Multi- speciality hospitals Other Total
  • 128.
    Diagrammatic representation -Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Pre-primary school Primary schools Secondary schools Higher secondary schools Colleges Other Total
  • 129.
    Diagrammatic representation -Typical System Proposed (as per DP/TPS) Existing (survey based) No. Area) No. Area) Present use Open spaces Garden Playground Green belts Recreation Total
  • 130.
    Discussion points 1. Adequacyand distribution within an area 2. Public vs. private 3. Operation & Maintenance issue 4. Minimum affordable user charges
  • 131.
    Thank You ! Questionsare welcome…..