about infrastructure thematic area

1. Urban Planning Project (UPDG-7403)
Urban Infrastructure thematic area
April, 2024
Wolaita Sodo University College of Engineering
Department of Architecture
Urban Planning and Development Masters
(Weekend) program

2. Presentation Outlines
 Concept and importance's
 introduction
 Why urban infrastructure study?
 Importance's of studying urban infrastructure for urban
planning?
 On what issues of infrastructure to be focus for urban
planning?
 Data Collection
 Major Infrastructure Issues to be collected and
analyzed
 Data Analysis with respect to urban Planning.
Standard

3. I. Why infrastructure components studied for
structure planning?
II. What are the key points to be studied under
this sector?
III. How could you relate different issues
identified from infrastructure point of view
of the given area to determine the future
Urban Development of A given urban center?
3
Guiding questions

5. • Definition
• According to the Definition of infrastructure posed in survey by Harvard
University, Infrastructure is defined as facilities, structures, networks,
systems, plant, property, equipment, or assets that:
– are essential to driving sustainable economic development and growth,
lifting levels of productivity and boosting employment and critical to
encouraging business innovation and improving the global competitiveness of
enterprises.
– provide services and support that are basic to the functioning of a
community, organization, or society and crucial to its economic productivity.
– are key to managing population growth and meeting current and future
environmental challenges.
– provide a platform for economic development, social cohesion and stability.
– provide primary services which are crucial to the success of economic
development in society in that their absence or their less than optimal
performance would severely hamper its productivity and growth.
– provide social services and support private sector economic activity.
– are capital intensive/have high fixed costs and long economic lives and have
strong links to economic development, and a tradition of public sector
involvement.

6. • Introduction
– Infrastructure
• Backbone and the basis of a country’s welfare and economic
development.
• Plays a critical role in promoting economic growth through
enhancing productivity, improving competitiveness, reducing
poverty, linking people and organizations together through
telecommunications and contributing to environmental
sustainability.
• support of development and communication in a national or
regional economy
• they assist in the social living conditions of the population

7. WHY do we need eco-efficient
and socially inclusive urban
infrastructure?
Why focus on
infrastructure?
Because they
Shaping our cities,
shaping our lives

8. WHY do we need eco-efficient and socially inclusive urban
infrastructure?
• Infrastructure determines the competitiveness, liveability
and environmental health of cities.
• There is a strong correlation between the infrastructure and
environmental health, economic competitiveness and the
quality of life in our cities.
• Infrastructure has a long lifespan and once built, it locks
cities into consumption and production patterns for decades.
These patterns can have positive or negative outcomes,
depending on how the infrastructure is designed
• Infrastructure developments tend to be very resource
intensive and generate pollution throughout their life cycle
• Improper planning and urban design of infrastructure also
adds to environmental degradation.

9. WHY do we need eco-efficient and socially inclusive urban
infrastructure?

10. System of infrastructure

11. • Types of infrastructure
– A. physical infrastructure
• Technical Infrastructure (electric supply system, water supply system, drainage
and sewerage system, landfill site etc..
• Transport Infrastructure (Road, rail, port, airport, terminals and bus stations)
• Administrative Infrastructure
• Security Infrastructure
• Trade Infrastructure
– B. Social Infrastructure: used or needed by society very frequently.
A) Education and Culture
B) Health Services
C) Retail (trade)
D) Sport and Leisure Time Facilities
E) Public Administrations
F) Market Place
G) Slaughter Houses (Abattoir)
H) Cemetery/Religious centers

12. • Types of infrastructure
• Particularly, the Asian and Pacific Countries’ Economic and Social
Commission states that it is possible to classify infrastructure into
four.
– first category is environmental conservation infrastructure
– The second category is social infrastructure and it includes social
and cultural infrastructures that serve and improve the life of the
society.
– The third category is about economic infrastructure
– The fourth and last type of infrastructure is called supporting
infrastructure

13. • Types of infrastructure cont…
– Therefore, in the case of infrastructure, too,
environmental, social and economic infrastructures
should be developed in an integrated manner and
they should be sustainable and resilient as well
economic
Transport: road, rail, ports and airports;
Water: waste/water;
Power & telecommunications
Social
health, education, prisons,,,
• Environmental

14. Way city and /or regional planners’
view infrastructure (importance's
• Reason why planners view in studying infrastructure
– There is no doubt that infrastructure plays a
significant role in:
transmitting information,
improving productivity,
attracting investment, investors,
expanding commerce,
creating job opportunities,
reducing poverty and
eradicating dependency,
protecting the environment.
– Infrastructure and transport had vital interdependent role for
economic social and environment suitability of urban
centers.

15. Criteria for Provision of Infrastructure
• Criteria are required to determine the appropriate quantity,
timing and location of infrastructure provision and appropriate
funding methods.
• Three criteria - efficiency, equity, and administrative
effectiveness.
• Efficiency- allocating an efficient amount of resources to
infrastructure. Providing at least cost the infrastructure services
that households want and are willing to pay for
• Equity -either the beneficiary principle or the capacity to pay
(affordability) principle- cross subsidize
• Administrative effectiveness requires an expeditious, certain
and transparent process for planning and delivery of urban
infrastructure.

16. Challenges in Infrastructure
Provisions
• Inefficiency of Operations
• Inadequate Maintenance
• Financial Inefficiency and Fiscal Drain
• Unresponsiveness to User Demand
• Neglect of the Poor
• Neglect of the Environment

17. •2.Literature review
• Student of this specific thematic area should have to
review the following

18. Different types of Infrastructure system
(interdependences)
Please Review literature concerning the following points
2. Literature review
2.1. Theoretical literature review
2.1.1.. Concepts and definition urban infrastructure planning
2.1.1.1 definition of terms
(eco efficient urban infrastructure , green infrastructure,
2.1.1.2. concept of eco efficient urban infrastructure planning
2.1.1.3. Different Types of urban infrastructure ( Technical, social,
physical and recreational etc.)
2.1.2. benefits and costs of urban infrastructure planning
2.1.3. models or approaches to urban infrastructure planning
2.1.4. The Spatial Imprint of Urban Infrastructure
2.1.5. standards and norms of different urban infrastructure
Etc….

19. • Please Review literature concerning the
following points
• Empirical review
– Nature of infrastructure development system in
developed countries
– Nature of infrastructure development system in
developing countries
– Ethiopian case
– Addis Ababa case
– Gap
– Lesson learnt.
Different types of Infrastructure
system (interdependences)

20. II. Data Collection

22. • Technical Infrastructure
– 1. Issues to be considered in plan preparation for
Electricity
• Collect information and Analyze the institutional
capacity and working environment of EEPCO;
• Assess electric service coverage;
• Assess the history of electrification and growth
trend;
• Identify the available source of power supply;
• Assess the distribution of substations by their
installed capacity;
• Identify supply network with their standard
clearance
• Identify distribution network with its standard
clearance
• Identify the number of meter connection
• Identify the supply system;
• Assess the challenges and prospects of power
service;
• Asses electricity network coverage;
• Forecast future power requirement during the
planning period
Distribution
Network characteristics
Capacity
Demand and supply
Do not forget to identify
major planning issues of
the electric

23. • Technical Infrastructure
– 2. Issues to be considered in plan preparation for
telecommunication
• Assess history of telecommunication services
• Identify the type of service station/exchange;
• Identify the transmission link;
• Identify the installed capacity of the exchange;
• Describe the subscribed lines against the population
size;
• Identify types of services provided;
• Analyze the institutional set-up of the Ethiopian
Telecommunication corporation;
• Assess adequacy of the service
• Assess challenges and prospects of the service;
• Analyze the location of telecommunication office;
• Forecast the future requirement of the service
Distribution
Network
characteristics
Capacity
Demand and supply

24. • Technical Infrastructure
– 3. Issues to be considered in plan preparation for
water supply
• Assess history of water supply services
• Identify the type of service station/exchange;
• Identify the water sources and their sanitary issue;
• Identify the installed water reservoirs and their location
and their capacity to deliver (of the exchange;
• Describe the subscribed lines against the population size;
• Identify types of services provided;
• Analyze the institutional set-up of the Ethiopian water
supply authority
• Assess adequacy of the service
• Assess challenges and prospects of the service;
• Analyze the location of water supply plants and their
offices;
• Forecast the future requirement of the service
• current and future water demand by each use
Distribution
Network characteristics
Reservation capacity
Potential water
resources

25.  2. Transport Infrastructure (Road, rail, port,
airport, terminals and bus stations)
 Terminals
 Bus , Light Rail Transport(LRT) ,Rail, Water and Air
 Intra-city terminal (Bus, Bus Rapid Tansport (BRT), LRT, etc.)
 Inter-city Terminal (Rail, Air, Bus, Lake & River port)
 Freight-Terminal (Dry Port, Freight, etc.)
 Parking
 Parking building
 Park and Ride
 Surface parking
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space, accessibility,
Location, Physical condition, Centrality etc. of Parking and Terminals and
take graphic and written notes
 Road
 Rail & Tram way
 LR , inter-city Rail, tram
 Conduct observation on hierarchical articulation, distribution, spaces
between streets and rail way systems, accessibility, Network, Physical
condition, paving materials,
 Extent of utilization etc. of all streets, Rail and tram ways and take graphic
and written notes
Keynote
Interrelate it with
potential land use
function and
its efficiency and
effectiveness to
provide the
services required.
What its main
constraint
How to solve
etc…
Adequacy of
spaces
Its proper layout
Its Impact on
environment etc..

26. D. Data Collection on Social and Utility Services
 Education
 Preschool (Kindergarten, Religious and Traditional)
 Schools & Institutions (Primary School, High School, Research &
Training Centers, Special need, TVET, University or College)
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, Physical condition etc. of educational
facilities and take graphic and written notes
 Health
 Health post, Health Center, Hospital, Specialized/Referral
Hospital, Veterinary
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, Physical condition etc. of Health facilities
and take graphic and written notes
 Municipal Services
 Slaughterhouse, Municipal Cemetery, Fire and emergency
Service, Solid waste disposal site, Liquid waste transfer stations,
Liquid waste disposal site, treatment plant.
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, Physical condition, etc. of Municipal
Services and take graphic and written notes
Keynote
Do not forget to identify
 distribution,
Compatibility,
accessibility
 try to relate it safety
of the people and
compatibility of the area
for providing safety to
its inhabitants s
Nature of the
infrastructure the main
problems , issues to be
considered etc…
Locational distribution
Area/capacity/catchm
ent etc

27.  3. collect data on Administrative and security
Infrastructure
 Collect information on the location, distribution, size,
accessibility and compatibility, of:
 Government institutions (sector offices and local area
administration , police, correctional institutions, etc)
 Non-Governmental institutions/organizations (local,
regional, international, CBOs, Trade unions, etc)
 Conduct observation on the location, distribution,
adequacy of space, accessibility, etc. of the above land
use functions and take graphic and written notes.
Keynote
Do not forget to identify the
kind of services that
administrative land use provide
for the society and
try to identify number of trip
generation and destination/day
from that specific area
 try to look to it with spaces
of parking and safe
transportation
Nature of the transportation
route and mode of
transportation available
Its accessibility, compatibility
etc..
Location/ functional
distribution
Area/ capacity/ catchment
area
Area coverage/size

28. 4. Trade Infrastructure
 Commerce
 General/Open Market or weekly market
 Cattle Market
 Covered market and backstreet markets/Gulits
 Conduct observation in relation to accessibility, compatibility,
centrality, sufficiency, etc. and take graphic and written notes.
 Business & Trade
 Hotels, Restaurants, Motels, Grocery, Cafeteria, Kiosk,
Supermarket, Barberry, fuel station, etc.
 Mall /Plaza, Star or tourist standard Hotels, Business centers,
Hyper Market, etc.
 Import-Export, Wholesale, Consultancy and company offices,
etc.
 Financial institutions
 Bank, Insurance, Credit Associations, Micro Finance, etc.
 Conduct site observation on the general features and
characteristics of Commerce, Business and Trade activities, and
take the necessary graphic and written notes
Keynote
Do not forget to identify
the kind of services that
infrastructure s provide
for the society and
try to identify nature
of services delivery and
required integration to
other infrastructures
 try to relate it with
spaces of parking and
safety, comfort ,
compatibility, centrality
and accessibility etc.

29. 2. Social infrastructure cont.…
 Civic, Cultural & Welfare
 Library, Museum , Historical site & Building, multipurpose hall, etc;
 Religious, traditional & Public Festivity areas
 Youth center, Orphanage, People with disability centers etc.
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, Physical condition etc. of Civic, Cultural &
Welfare centers and take graphic and written notes
 Religious Institutions & Cemeteries
 Orthodox Church, Non-Orthodox Churches, Mosque, Others.
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, appearances etc. of Religious institutions &
Cemeteries and take graphic and written notes
 Utility Services & Infrastructure
 Telecom service; Postal Office
 Electric power Office, sub-station, high and medium tension lines,
etc.
 Water supply Office, reservoirs, treatment plant, etc.
 Meteorology station/office
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space,
accessibility, Location, Physical condition etc. of Utility Services
&Infrastructure and take graphic and written notes
keynote
Do not forget to identify the kind of
services that land use provide for the
society and
try to identify number of trip
generation and destination/day from
that specific area
Peak time, off time /day/week etc..
 try to relate it with spaces of
parking and safe transportation,
loading and unloading
Nature of the transportation route
and mode of transportation available
Location/ functional distribution
Area/ capacity/ catchment area
Area coverage/size

30. Green infrastructures
 Open spaces
 Play Lot, playground and Sport field ,
 Formal green
 Green areas, Parks, Botanical Garden, Zoo, Lake and River side resort
Centers, etc.
 Sport centers
 Gymnasium, Club, Circus, ground tennis, etc.
 Stadium
 Golf centers, Horse-riding fields, athletics centers, etc.
 Conduct observation on distribution, adequacy of space, accessibility,
Location, Physical condition, Centrality, adverse effect on the youth and
people as a result of inadequacy etc. of Recreational and take graphic and
written notes
 Environmental
 Forest (manmade & natural)
 Buffer zones,
 Nursery sites
 Environmentally sensitive (Marshes, lakes, rivers, ground water potential
areas, etc.)
 Conduct observation on their distribution, general features and
characteristics; and take graphic and written notes
Key note
Do not forget to identify
 peak time, and off time,
try to identify number of
trip generation and
destination/day from that
specific area
 try to relate it safety of
the people and
compatibility of the area for
providing safe
transportation system
Nature of the
transportation route and
mode of transportation
available
Location/ functional
distribution
Area/ capacity/
catchment area
Area coverage/size

31. 3. Sanitary services/ other
municipal
Infrastructures
– Sewerage and drainage
system & characteristics
• Service level requirement
• Utility and environment
– Solid and liquid waste
collection, transportation
& disposal methods
– Site with relation to
environmental pollution
Infrastructure…Cont’d
4/16/2024 31
Hint
Do not forget to identify and collect
information concerning

Collect information on user interference,
collection conveyances, treatment and
reuses/disposal system of each sanitary as
well as municipal services of your project
area
the status of each sanitary infrastructures
and their impact on community transport
system, their safety, susceptibility to risks,
accident, and pollution of the areas.
 try to relate it safety of the people and
compatibility of the area for providing safe
transportation system
Nature of the transportation route and
mode of transportation available to
properly dispose or collect the solid and
liquid wastes.

32. – Sport and recreational services
• Tourist sites
• Public parks and green areas
• Cinema /theater
– Postal services
– Cultural centers and religious institutions &
related services
• Cemeteries
• Worship places
– Location
– Catchment area
– Functional integrity/compatibility
Infrastructure…Cont’d
4/16/2024 32
Hint
Do not forget to identify
 peak time, and off time,
try to identify number of
trip generation and
destination/day from that
specific area
Adequacy of the spaces for
ever coming masses specially
parking spaces and the likes
 try to relate it safety of the
people and compatibility of
the area for providing safe
transportation system
Nature of the transportation
route and mode of
transportation available

33. iii. Points to be analyzed Regarding
Spatial Aspects relative to urban
infrastructure planning
Hint
Do not forget to analysis each infrastructure functions with respect to eco efficient
urban infrastructure planning in urban development planning project projects.
 location, adequacy, distribution, environmental impact
try to relate it to safety of the people and compatibility of the area for
providing safe transportation system
Nature of the each urban infrastructure
Key issues planning of each urban infrastructure

34. Generally Regarding to Urban Infrastructure
students should have to:
• Identify and locate all existing utility lines
• Collect and analyze data on the drainage pattern and network
• Collect and analyze data on the electric power system
• Collect and analyze data on water supply lines
• Collect and analyze data on Telecommunications system
• Identify and analyze problems associated with utilities
location, size/quantity, distribution, and standards of utility
lines
• Collect and analyze data on services, community facilities and
amenities
• Analyze the location, type, hierarchy and adequacy, challenges
and prospects of public facilities
• Identify and study the extent of shortages and lacks regarding
the present status and future needs of services and utilities by
comparing it with population size

35. Standards and technical
relation of different
infrastructure

36. Electricity network

37. Norms and standards for Clearance of
Telecommunication lines
• The distance between two manholes or hand holes for
duct cable installation should not be more than 200 cm
• Cables shall be placed in chambers or cable
vaults/trenches in such a manner that they do not block
vacant ducts and/or restrict the working space.
• Aerial cable shall be regularly suspended at 50 cm from
top of each pole
• The optimum pole span shall be approximately 40 m and
shall not exceed 50 m without any strengthening measure
for keeping the specific strength
• The covering depth from the top of PVC ducts to the
surface of ground shall be as follows: a) Side-walk, farm
land, forest 80 cm or more b) Carriage way 100 cm or
more

38. 1. Water Supply
• Amount of water to be supplied
• Shortage is aggravated by losses
• Water System Design Principle -Peak Demand
Estimates and Water Quantity
• Water Treatment
• Design Period- In general large dams and
transmission mains are designed to function for
50 or more years. Wells, filter plants, pumping
stations and distribution systems for 25 years
• Distribution Storage Requirement

39. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

40. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

41. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

42. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

43. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS........

44. Waste Management
Criteria for Proper Waste water Disposal
• Prevention of pollution of water supplied and
contamination of fish intended for human consumption.
• Prevention of pollution of bathing and recreational areas
• Prevention of nuisance unsightliness and unpleasant
odors.
• Prevention of human wastes coming in contact with man,
animals, food or being exposed on the ground surface
accessible to children and pets.
• Prevention of fly and mosquito breeding; excision of
rodents and other animals.
• Strict adherence to standards for ground water, and
surface waters compliance with local regulations governing
waste water disposal and water pollution control.
Basic sanitation and Onsite sanitation issues

45. Schematic of a typical wastewater treatment plant

46. Solid Waste Management
• Proper application of storage, collection,
disposal of waste. Waste production and
recycling
• Features of Solid Waste Management
A) Composition, Weight and Volume
B) Solid Waste Storage
C) Collection
D) Transfer Station
E) Treatment and Disposal of Solid Wastes Site taking re
use- Open Dump, Hog Feeding , Grinding, Composting
, Incineration

47. Sanitary Landfill Planning and Design
1. Legal Requirements
2. Social and Political Factors
3. Planning
4. Location
5. Accessibility
6. Land Area (Volume) Required

48. Planning for Public facilities (Social)
• Public facilities satisfy specific individual or
community needs - including safety and security,
communication, recreation, sport, education,
health, public administration, religious, cultural
and social.
• Higher-order public facilities
• Middle-order public facilities
• Lower-order public facilities
• Mobile public facilities

49. Relationships between public facilities

50. Relationships between public facilities
The relationships depicted in the example refer to
• Individual facilities (e.g. individual school buildings with
their own individual playing or exercise areas);and
• shared facilities, including
o Specialized facilities (e.g. main hall, main library), and
o Sport facilities (e.g. swimming pools, tennis courts).
• The shared facilities will not exclusively serve the
schools but also be accessible to the public.
• Multipurpose facility cluster

51. Functional clusters- Educational

52. Guidelines for public facility planning
• International comparisons indicate that public facilities
and amenities should together generally take up
between 15% and 25% of land in a development
(Behrens and Watson 1996).
• Of this combined amount, ±33% should be taken up by
public facilities, and ± 66% taken up by public open
spaces.
• An ideal breakdown of private (i.e. housing, commerce
and industry), and semi-public (i.e. roadways and
footways) use of land is in the region of 50-60%
private, 15-25% semi-public and 15-20% public.

53. Planning Social facilities (Ethiopian
context)
• In planning of social services, the
following aspects should be considered:
- Catchments and population size,
accessibility
- Plot size
- Compatibility of land-use
- Hierarchy

54. Education

55. Health

56. Recreation Facilities-Sport

57. Recreation Facilities-Play fields & Stadium

58. Recreation Facilities-
Theatre –Cinema -Community center
• The area needed for the theatre, cinema and
community center depends on the number of seats.
The planning of these facilities should take into account
the size of the hall and parking as well as other
specifications of architectural design.
• The floor area requirement for theatre, cinema,
concert hall and community center is 0.5m² per
person. In the case of dance hall, the floor area should
be 0.55m² per person.
• The location of these facilities should follow centralities
(CBD and sub centers) to ensure fair distribution and
accessibility.
• They should be located at nearby distance from mass
transport.

59. Recreation Facilities-Green areas
• At neighborhood level, the neighborhood plan should precisely
locate the green areas with enforcement mechanism to prevent
the current abuses: informal settlement, garbage dumping, etc.
• The area of a neighborhood green is about 5 m² per inhabitant.
• They should be located inside the neighborhood with fair
distribution and accessibility.
• Parks are to be planned at sub-city and city levels. They are
mostly large in size with botanic, zoo and recreational services
(bar, restaurants).
• The standard area for parks is about 0.5 m² per inhabitant.
• Parks can be located within natural reserves with good
accessibility with mass transport.

60. Worship places

61. Cemeteries
The planning of cemeteries should consider the
followings:
• The international standard : for a town of 10 000
population, a cemetery area of 40 ha is needed of
which 65% is for the graves and the remaining is
for other important facilities such as road, green,
toilet and pray hall, etc.
• Location o Spatial location: about 2 kms
catchments (it can be far depending on the
availability of land, transportation facility, number
of demand)
• Compatibility o Green buffer of 100m between
cemeteries and housing setbacks of 20m from
road

62. Deliverables