This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effect of aggregate gradation on Marshall properties of semi-dense bituminous concrete (SDBC) mix design. Five mixes with different gradations within the limits specified by the Indian Roads Congress were tested. The results showed that aggregate gradation significantly impacts Marshall properties like stability, flow, density, air voids and voids filled with bitumen. Specifically, mixes with lower middle grade gradation achieved the highest stability and density values as well as the lowest optimum bitumen content. Mixes with middle grade gradation achieved the highest flow values. Overall, the study demonstrated that aggregate gradation is an important factor influencing the performance characteristics of SDBC mixes.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Introduction to pavement materials. Different types of materials used in the construction of roads and highways. Learn what are different types of materials and what are requirements of materials used in the pavement construction.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Introduction to pavement materials. Different types of materials used in the construction of roads and highways. Learn what are different types of materials and what are requirements of materials used in the pavement construction.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
Influence of mix properties on the permanent deformation characteristics of b...eSAT Journals
Abstract
India is one of the countries having the largest road network where majority of the roads are paved with bitumen-based macadamized roads with a thin bituminous surfacing or a premix carpet as a wearing course. Bituminous roads are mainly composed of naturally available aggregates and hot bitumen/asphalt. In these bituminous pavements Permanent deformation is one of the main failure modes in pavement structures subjected to mechanical loading. Load acting by the vehicle wheel on the pavement of a road result in permanent deformation. Permanent deformations, primarily in the form of ruts in the form of corrugations, tracks, imprints, and shoving are one of the basic asphalt pavement damages impairing its service properties. Ruts may cause vehicles to skid during rains in that case they are more dangerous than the listed above. So as to increase the pavement performance there is a need to increase the quality of pavement in the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the permanent deformation characteristics of a bitumen mixture with different mix proportions. Wheel tracking testing equipment used to evaluate the rutting performance of bituminous mixtures. By the data of wheel tracking testing can identify the pavement performance and to improve the quality of a road. By developing a model can understand the performance of VG30 bitumen under different temperature conditions.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
Influence of mix properties on the permanent deformation characteristics of b...eSAT Journals
Abstract
India is one of the countries having the largest road network where majority of the roads are paved with bitumen-based macadamized roads with a thin bituminous surfacing or a premix carpet as a wearing course. Bituminous roads are mainly composed of naturally available aggregates and hot bitumen/asphalt. In these bituminous pavements Permanent deformation is one of the main failure modes in pavement structures subjected to mechanical loading. Load acting by the vehicle wheel on the pavement of a road result in permanent deformation. Permanent deformations, primarily in the form of ruts in the form of corrugations, tracks, imprints, and shoving are one of the basic asphalt pavement damages impairing its service properties. Ruts may cause vehicles to skid during rains in that case they are more dangerous than the listed above. So as to increase the pavement performance there is a need to increase the quality of pavement in the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the permanent deformation characteristics of a bitumen mixture with different mix proportions. Wheel tracking testing equipment used to evaluate the rutting performance of bituminous mixtures. By the data of wheel tracking testing can identify the pavement performance and to improve the quality of a road. By developing a model can understand the performance of VG30 bitumen under different temperature conditions.
Asphalt mixtures are made up of aggregates, binder and air voids. In order to make a economic and satisfactory performing asphalt mixture the quantity of these individual constituent is required. Mixture design is a tool to determine these optimum quantities.
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These programs are administered by RIMSR, EFS Academy, which are technology driven dedicated skill-enhancement institutions in India. The programs are delivered on e-platform. Upon successful completion of the courses, the participants are duly certified.
These Programs offers more than 200 skill-sets so that professional has option to choose based on their specific needs. The focus is on the content, quality and the learning index of the participants.
To say it in short, these programs are extremely useful, to professionals to professionalize themselves with the global standards.
Study of bituminous concrete under different mix conditionseSAT Journals
Abstract The use of bitumen in road construction has increased many-fold throughout the world due to its compatibility, the ease in road construction and above all the advantage of allowing traffic immediately after construction. The most common binder used for road surfacing is bitumen obtained from petroleum However; Petroleum is nowadays becoming scarce due to depletion of its source. Even though bitumen is widely used in road construction, there are some drawbacks in bituminous mix like high susceptibility to temperature variation, tendency to crack, lesser effective service life etc. Therefore, bituminous pavements fail to give the expected service life under adverse climatic, environmental and traffic condition. In an attempt to enhance the service life of bituminous surfacing under adverse prevailing conditions, research is going on throughout the world in the area of additives in search of improved, durable and cost effective bituminous binders. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the properties of bituminous mixes that can be made by use of different grading of bitumen like VG10 VG30 VG40 and different grading of aggregate with using of code references. Keywords: Bitumen, Petroleum, Susceptibility
Study on the Effect of Ggbs & M Sand in Self Compacting oncretetheijes
Conventional concrete is the most widely used construction material throughout the world because of its versality, mouldability, durability, and resistance to fire and energy efficiency. However, its major disadvantages like poor tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking resists its use as a structural material. Hence, in order to overcome these difficulties several new materials have been developed in the recent past.Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing. Mineral admixtures are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete, to improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion and sulphate attack and to enable a reduction in cement content. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various mineral admixtures in producing SCC. In this study the scope of GGBS ( Ground granular blast furnace slag ) as a mineral admixture to some percentage replace cement in SCC were studied. The study showed that a maximum of 50% GGBS were able to be used as a mineral admixture without affecting the self-compactability
Performance evaluation of dense bituminous macadam mix a refusal density ap...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Secondary compaction is a state; where the pavement which is compacted with the conventional compaction has been further
compacted due to the movement of traffic and which corresponds to the ultimate density which can be attained on the bituminous
pavement called as “Refusal density” of the pavement. Secondary compaction has to be studied in detail and it is understood that the
75 blows of the Marshall test does not determine the actual field circumstances. The Marshall design actually in the field will not
simulate the field conditions hence there will be a reduction in the air voids at the refusal density. Then due to fineness of the mix, this
causes the plastic deformation on the pavement surfaces. Hence an attempt has been made to study the air void content at refusal
density. Also the Bulk Density, Air voids (Va), Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA),Voids filled with Bitumen (VFB) of the mix at the
refusal density are also studied. For the simulation of the field density in the laboratory a Hugo hammer is used. The usage of the
Polymer Modified Bitumen reduces the plastic deformation and other distresses of the pavement.
Keywords: Dense bituminous macadam (DBM), Refusal density, Hugo hammers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Aggregates sustainability through preparation of bituminous mixes at combined...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates have to primarily bear load stresses and resist abrasive action of traffic movement under dry and wet conditions, when used in the surface course of the pavement. The aggregate gradation plays a vital role in securing desirable properties of resulting bituminous mixes. Different types of mixes are used under different conditions. Generally, the mixes are designed adopting midpoint gradation from the respective gradation tables. Often, the desired mix properties are not completely satisfied and needs some reworking of gradation. Sometimes the required quantity of aggregates may not be available in nearby areas so as to design a required type of mix. To overcome this, the desired aggregates may have to be brought from far off places, leading to time and cost escalation. This further aggravates the already prevailing scarcity of aggregates. Alternatively, if aggregates are available and satisfies the graduation requirements of two different type of mixes, attempt may be made to design a mix combining the gradation of two types of mixes. Possibly, the resulting mix could still satisfy the specified requirements. If so, the available aggregates could be used economically, without compromising on the quality of mixes. This would result in aggregate sustainability. With this objective, two types of bituminous mixes namely SDBC and BC were prepared at midpoint gradation of the specified ranges, as per MoRTH gradation tables and subsequently by combining the above two gradations taking average of the two midpoint gradations. The Marshall mix properties were compared and found that the mix requirements are largely satisfied at the combined gradation as well. Keywords: Aggregate, sustainability, bituminous mixes, midpoint gradation, combined gradation
Similar to Effect of gradation of aggregates on marshall properties of sdbc mix design (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
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plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
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heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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Effect of gradation of aggregates on marshall properties of sdbc mix design
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 25
EFFECT OF GRADATION OF AGGREGATES ON MARSHALL
PROPERTIES OF SDBC MIX DESIGN
Deepesh Kumar Singh Lodhi1
, R. K. Yadav2
1
Student, M.E. Geo-Technical Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College
Jabalpur, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering College Jabalpur, India.
Abstract
Semi Dense Bituminous concrete (SDBC) is the upper bituminous layer of the road subjected to moderate traffic loads. The
grading of aggregates used to prepare the SDBC mix should fall within the limits specified in MoRTH. For each aggregate
fraction there is a specified gradation range with lower and higher limits of aggregates passing through a particular sieve size.
The gradation range specified in MoRTH is quite wide. Therefore mix design by adopting a particular gradation of the aggregate
falling within the MoRTH range also affects the Marshall properties. The present study is taken to evaluate the Marshall property
of SDBC mix prepared using the aggregate having different grading within the grading limits specified by the MoRTH. In order to
study this aspect five mixes having different gradation were prepared. The gradation used correspond to Lower Grade (L.G.),
Lower Middle Grade (L.M.G.), Middle Grade (M.G.), Higher Middle Grade (H.M.G.), Higher Grade (H.G.) of the gradation
range specified by MoRTH . The test result revealed that there is significant variation in Marshall Properties of the mixes having
different gradation of the aggregates. The Stability values obtained is maximum for the Lower Middle Grade (L.M.G.) range of
MoRTH specification. The Flow values obtained is maximum for the Middle Grade (M.G.).The Optimum Bitumen Content
(O.B.C.) is also minimum in Lower Middle Grade (L.M.G.).
Keywords: Aggregate Gradation, Semi Dense Bitumen Concrete, Marshall Properties, Morth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s road transportation plays important role in
development of any country. Due to this finding the best
design of surfacing layer had been a positive competition
among manufactures and designers. India has a road network
of over 4.69 million kilometers, second large roadways in the
world. Highway can be divided into two groups functionally
and structurally. Functional classification further classified
into five more categories as National Highways, State
Highways, Major District Road, Other district roads, Village
Road. Based on Structural performance, pavements can be
classified into two types – Rigid and Flexible. Flexible
pavements are those which are surface with bituminous
materials. On the other hand Rigid pavements are composed
of pre-stress cement concrete (P.C.C.). Most of the Indian
roads are flexible pavements. SDBC mix is a heterogeneous
material that consists of aggregate, filler, bitumen binder,
stone dust and air voids. The particle size distribution, or
gradation, of aggregates is most important factor that affects
the whole performs of the pavement material. Gradation is
one of most influence factors for Marshall Properties of
SDBC mix, so it required to select best aggregates gradation.
The best gradation is that gradation of aggregates which gives
the highest density. When fine particles are properly packed
between coarser particles, which reduces the voids space
between particles is called as Best gradation. In the present
study five gradation Lower Grade (L.G.).,Lower Middle
Grade (L.M.G.), Middle Grade (M.G.), Higher Middle Grade
(H.M.G.), Higher Grade (H.G.) were used within the range
specified by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH) at 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% bitumen content, Marshall
mixes were prepared and tested for its properties.
2. BACKGROUND LITERATURE
Vaniyapurackal et al. (2015) reported that for economy
considering minimum percent bitumen content with
maximum stability, bulk density and optimum flow the most
suitable shape of aggregate appears to be cubical through our
experimental study. P. Sarika et al. (2015) reported that
MORTH lower gradation trial present the best result
compared to the upper and middle gradations trials and the
Superpave gradation can be considered as more economical
than the MoRTH gradation due less binder content
consumption and more stability. Mohamed Ilyas Anjum
(2013) the obtained Marshall test properties fall within the
MoRTH specifications for both SDBC and BC mixes at mid
point gradation, with flow values exceeding the limit. Roberts
et al. (1996) suggested that gradation is the most important
property of bitumen mixes which affects properties of a
bituminous mixture such as stiffness, stability, durability,
workability, fatigue resistance, permeability, frictional
resistance, and resistance to moisture damage. Afaf A.H.M.
(2014) reported that course gradation of asphalt mixture
design gives superior results against flow while fine
gradation has the highest amount of deformation. Arijit
Kumar Banerji et al. (2014) reported that variation in
aggregate gradation within the specified limits can affect the
essential mix design properties of bituminous mix. Ahlrich
(1996) also reported that aggregate characteristics and
gradations highly affected properties of Hot mix Asphalt.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 26
3. MATERIALS USED
3.1 Bitumen:-
Bitumen binders used in pavement construction works
include both bitumen and tar. Bitumen is a petroleum product
obtained by the distillation of petroleum crude whereas road
tar is obtained by the destructive distillation of coal or wood.
Both bitumen and tar have similar appearance, black in color
through they have different characteristics. In this study VG
30 grade of bitumen is used as a binder. Various test results
as shown in table 1.
3.2 Aggregates:-
Aggregates is a collection of mineral materials like sand,
gravel and crushed stone that are used with binding medium
such as water, bitumen, Portland cement, lime to produced
compound materials like that bitumen concrete and Portland
cement concrete. Prime ingredients of pavement construction
are aggregates. The aggregate should have good and
sufficient Strength, Hardness, Toughness, Crushed Aggregate
produced higher Stability. In this study crushed basalt
aggregates of 10 mm, 6 mm nominal size and crusher dust
was used. Various test results observed on aggregates shown
in table 2.
3.3 Filler:-
Aggregate passing through 0.075 mm IS sieve is called as
filler. In bitumen mixes there is different type of fillers were
used like limestone dust, cement, stone dust, brick dust, silica
fume or marble dust cement, fly ash and Stone dust are used
as filler. Function of filler is to fill up the voids in the mixes.
By using of Filler in the bitumen mixes can makes the
bitumen more harder and stiffer. This will cause least
possible of deformation occurs due to the traffic load. The
filler which used in design of bitumen mixes always free
from organic impurities. In this study lime is used as filler.
The specific gravity of lime found out to be 2.4.
3.4 Aggregates Gradation:-
Gradation of aggregates is a important factor which affecting
permanent deformation of hot mix asphalt. Aggregate
grading and binder content when tested in accordance with
IS:2386 Part 1 the combined grading of the coarse and fine
aggregate and added filler shall fall within the limits as
shown in table .The combined gradation range for the
different size of aggregates as specified in MoRTH for SDBC
mix is present in table 3.
Table 1.
S.N Description of Test Specification as per IS: 73 (2007) Test Method Test result
1 Penetration Value of bitumen 50-70 mm IS-1203 62.5 mm
2 Ductility Min. 40 cm IS-1208 90.4 cm
3 Specific Gravity Min.0.99 IS-1202 1.025
4 Softening Point >47°C IS-1205 56°C
5 Viscosity at 135°C Min.350 cSt IS-1206 380 cSt
Table 2.
S.NO. Description of Test Specification as per MORTH table-500-18 Test Method Test result
1 Aggregate Crushing value (%) Max 10-25 IS-2386 (P IV) 14.48%
2 Aggregate Impact value (%) Max 24% IS-2386 (P IV) 17.9%
3 Loss Angles Abrasion (%) Max 30% IS-2386 (P IV) 22.08%
4 Water Absorption Max 2% IS-2386 (P III) 0.65%
5
Specific gravity
10 mm
6mm
Dust
Lime
2.5-3.0 -
2.67
2.72
2.78
2.4
6 Stripping Min. retained coating 95% IS-6241-1971 97%
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 27
Table 3.
Grading 1 2
Nominal
aggregate size
19 mm 13 mm
Layer
Thickness
50-65 mm 30-45 mm
IS Sieve(mm)
Cumulative
aggregate passing
%
Cumulative
aggregate passing
%
45
37.5
26.5
19
13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
-
-
100
79-100
59-79
52-72
35-55
28-44
20-34
15-27
10-20
5-13
2-8
-
-
-
-
100
90-100
35-51
24-39
15-30
-
9-19
-
3-8
Bitumen
content % by
mass of total
mix
5.00-6.00 5.00-7.00
Bitumen grade
(pen.)
65 65
In this study the grading 2 was selected, nominal aggregate
size is 13 mm for layer thickness 30-45 mm. Then gradation
range divided into five grades Lower Grade (LG), Lower
Middle Grade (LMG), Middle Grade (MG), Higher Middle
Grade (HMG), and Higher Grade (HG) shown in table 4 and
fig 1.
Table 4.
Sieve
size
L.G L.M.G M.G H.M.G H.G. MoRTH
9.5
mm
90 92.5 95 97.5 100 90-10
4.75
mm
35 39 43 47 51 35-51
2.36
mm
24 27.75 31.5 35 39 24-39
1.18
mm
15 18.75 22.5 26 30 15-30
0.30
mm
9 11.5 14 16.5 19 9-19
0.075
mm
3 4.25 5.5 6.75 8 3-8
Gradation curve
Fig 1. Gradation curve for different -different sieve size
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Marshall Parameters obtained as Stability, Flow, Density, Air
voids, Voids filled with bitumen (VFB) for Lower Grade
(L.G.), Lower Middle Grade (L.M.G.), Middle Grade (M.G.),
Higher Middle Grade (H.M.G.), Higher Grade (H.G.) at
4.5%, 5%, 5.5% bitumen are shown in figures 2 to 6.
4.1 STABILITY
According to MoRTH table 500-16 minimum Stability for
Semi Dense Bituminous concrete pavements is 8.2 KN at
60°C. The stability values for all five gradations are much
higher that of minimum value prescribed in guidelines. In this
study it is observed that when bitumen percent is increased
stability is also increased at certain point after increment of
bitumen percent it again decreasing. Stability value is highest
in M.G. and lowest in H.G. at 4.5% bitumen content.
Stability value is highest in L.M.G. and lowest in H.G. at 5%
bitumen content. Stability value is highest in L.M.G. and
lowest in H.G. at 5.5% bitumen content. Shown in fig. 2.
Fig 2. Variation of stability at different bitumen content
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Stability
Bitumen%
Stability (L.G.)
Stability (L.M.G.)
Stability (M.G.)
Stability (H.M.G.)
Stability (H.G.)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 28
4.2 FLOW VALUES
MoRTH specified the flow values in the range of 2 to 4 mm
for S.D.B.C. mix. In this study for all gradations, the flow
values are in this range. It is observed that due to increasing
bitumen percent the flow value is also increasing. Flow value
is highest in L.M.G. and lowest in H.G. at 4.5% bitumen
content. Flow value is highest in M.G. and lowest in H.M.G.
at 5% bitumen content. Flow value is highest in M.G. and
lowest in H.M.G. at 5.5% bitumen content. Shown in fig 3.
Fig 3. Variation of Flow at different bitumen content
4.3 DENSITY
In this study it is observed that when bitumen percent is
increased Density is also increased at certain point after
increment of bitumen percent it again decreasing. Density
value is highest in L.M.G. and lowest in H.G. at 4.5%
bitumen content. Density value is highest in L.M.G. and
lowest in M.G. at 5% bitumen content. Density value is
highest in L.M.G. and lowest in M.G. at 5.5% bitumen
content. Shown in fig 4.
Fig 4
4.4 AIR VOIDS, Vv
The value of air voids in range of 3-5 % is specified by
MoRTH table 500-16. In this study for all gradations, the air
voids percent are in this range. It is observed that at lower
percent of bitumen air voids is higher, due to increasing of
percent of bitumen the air voids percent are decreasing. Air
voids is highest in L.M.G. and lowest in H.G. at 4.5%
bitumen content. Air voids is highest in M.G. and lowest in
H.M.G. at 5% bitumen content. Air voids is highest in M.G.
and lowest in H.M.G. at 5.5% bitumen content. Shown in fig
5.
Fig 5. Variation of Air Voids at different bitumen content
4.5 VOIDS FILLED WITH BITUMEN (V.F.B.)
MoRTH specified the Voids filled with bitumen (V.F.B.)
values in the range of 65 to 78 % for S.D.B.C. mix. It is
observed that for all gradations VFB values are in this
specified range. This study observed that when the percent of
bitumen is increasing then the value to V.F.B. is increasing
for all gradation. V.F.B. value is highest in L.M.G. and
lowest in H.G. at 4.5% bitumen content. V.F.B. value is
highest in L.M.G. and lowest in M.G. at 5% bitumen content.
V.F.B. value is highest in L.M.G. and lowest in M.G. at 5.5%
bitumen content. Shown in fig 6.
Fig 6: Variation of V.F.B. at different bitumen content
5. Summary of Marshall Test:-
At each gradation and aggregate type, Marshall test
specimens of 101.6 mm dia. And 63.5 mm thick were
prepared at 4.5%,5%,5.5% bitumen content to study the
effect of aggregate gradation on the Marshall properties of
SDBC mix. The optimum bitumen content (OBC),and other
properties such as Stability, Bulk Density, Flow, Voids filled
with bitumen (V.F.B.) and Air voids obtained at OBC were
plotted against respective gradations shown in table 5 and fig.
7 to 12.
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Flow
Bitumen
Flow (L.G.)
Flow (L.M.G.)
Flow (M.G.)
Flow (H.M.G.)
Flow (H.G.)
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Density(gm/cc)
Bitumen%
Density (L.G.)
Density (L.M.G.)
Density (M.G.)
Density (H.M.G.)
Density (H.G.)
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Vv(mm)
Bitumen
Voids Vv (L.G.)
Voids Vv(L.M.G.)
Voids Vv (M.G.)
Voids Vv (H.M.G.)
Voids Vv (H.G.)
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
VFB
Bitumen
VFB(L.G.)
VFB (L.M.G.)
VFB (M.G.)
VFB (H.M.G.)
VFB (H.G.)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 29
Table 5.
Properties L.G. L.M.G. M.G. H.M.G. H.G.
O.B.C. % 4.97 4.9 5.1 4.93 4.98
Stability,
kg
9.65 10.1 9.75 9.56 9.36
Flow, mm 2.8 3 3.3 2.7 3.2
Density 2.347 2.344 2.338 2.345 2.349
V.F.B. 74.5 76 74 76.5 74.2
Air voids,
%
3.8 3.6 4.1 3.56 3.76
Fig 7. All Gradation vs O.B.C. variation
Fig 8. All Gradation vs Stability variation
Fig 9. All Gradation vs Flow variation
Fig 10. All Gradation vs Density variation
Fig 11. All Gradation vs V.F.B. variation
Fig 12. All Gradation vs Air voids
6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the various laboratory tests the following results
concluded that:-
1. The Optimum Binder Content (O.B.C.) is minimum in
lower middle grade (L.M.G.) which is more economical.
2. Stability is also maximum in Lower Middle Grade
(L.M.G.).
2.33
2.335
2.34
2.345
2.35
Density
Gradation
Density
Density
72.5
73
73.5
74
74.5
75
75.5
76
76.5
77
VFB
Gradations
VFB
VFB
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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3. Flow is highest in Middle Grade (M.G.) and minimum is
at Higher Middle Grade (H.M.G.).
4. The density is highest in Lower Grade (L.G.) and lowest
in Middle Grade (M.G.)
5. V.F.B. is highest at Higher Middle Grade (H.M.G.) and
lower middle grade (L.M.G), lowest in middle grade
(M.G.)
6. Air voids highest in Middle Grade (M.G.) and lowest in
Higher Middle Grade (H.M.G.).
Based on the observations it concluded that the conventional
practice of designing semi dense bituminous concrete mixes
at mid point gradation does not result in the best mix. The
other Marshall properties are not superior at mid point
gradation. From the above points it can be concluded that in
the design of S.D.B.C. mix most of the Marshall properties
are superior at Lower Middle gradation of MoRTH
specifications.
REFERENCES
[1]. Ministry of Roads Transport and Highways (MoRTH)
2013,Specifications for Road and Bridges works, Fifth
Revision, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.
[2]. Banerji A.K. and Das A. (2014) “Influence of Variation
in the Aggregate Gradation Range on Mix Design Properties
of Bituminous Concrete mixes used as Wearing Course “
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT), Vol. 3, September- 2014.
[3]. Afaf A.H.M. (2014) “Effect of gradation and type on hot
asphalt concrete mix properties “Journal of Engineering
Science Assiut University Faculty of Engineering, Vol. 42
No.3
May 2014 Pages: 567-574.
[5].Sarika P., Sandra A.K. (2015) “Comparing properties of
bituminous concrete mixes prepared using Morth and super
pave gradations” International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 04, Feb-2015.
[6]. Ahlrich, R.C.(1996), “Influence of aggregate gradation
and Particle shape/Texture on Permanent Deformation of Hot
Mix Asphalt Pavements”, Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station Vicksburg MS Geotechnical Lab.
[7]. Roberts, F. L., Kandhal, P. S., Brown, E. R., Lee, D., and
Kennedy, T., (1996), “Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixtures
Design, and Construction” NAPA Education Foundation,
Lanham, Maryland. First Edition, pp. 241-250.
[8]. C.E.G. Justo et al. (2009), “Highway Materials &
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[9]. Joseph J.V (2015).” To Determine Impact of Shape of
Course Aggregate on DBM Mix” International Journal of
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[10]. Anjum M.I.(2013) “Aggregates Sustainability Through
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