Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
Self-compacting concrete is high performance concrete which is highly flowable, non-segregating, spread on its
own weight and doesn‟t need any compaction. This paper deals with flow and strength characteristics such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of Self-compacting concrete
with various percentages of waste plastic fibres like 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.20%, 1.3% and
1.4% is added by weight of cement. The mix proportion for M40 grade of concrete was done by using Nan Su
method (Cement: GGBS: Fine aggregate: Course aggregate 1: 0.705: 3.34: 2.62). Water powder (W/P) ratio
0.36, cement content 280kg/m3
, GGBS 220 kg/m3 was calculated and maintained as constant throughout the
experimental work for all eight mixes, only the superplastizers dosage was varied for different percentage of
fibres. In this experimental investigation one control mix and eight (8) different mixes were considered. Totally
81 Cube, beam, Cylindrical specimens and square plates were casted, cured and tested as per IS specifications.
For determining impact strength drop weight method was used. The results obtained indicate that fresh
(workability) characteristics satisfy the lower and upper limit as suggested by EFNARC. The tests on hardened
properties indicate that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength was improved
proportionally with the addition of waste plastic fibers upto 1.0% by weight of cement and then decreases. The
impact strength improved proportionally with addition of fibres upto 1.2% by weight of cement and then
decreases
Design of High Compressive Strength Concrete Mix without AdditivesIJERA Editor
In this paper, the crashed Basalt and uncrushed granite is used in concrete mixes as coarse aggregate. The selected materials, with high specification using special production techniques, the properties ,the mix design procedure and mix proportion of the high strength concrete (HSC) were discussed. Different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement (410,430 and 450) kg/m3 with different crashed Basalt and uncrushed Granite coarse aggregate amount (1120 and 1050) kg/m3 and fine aggregate with fine modulus of 3.65 were used. Eight concrete mixes were prepared: two as control mix for crashed Basalt and uncrushed Granite, three with crashed Basalt and three with uncrushed Granite coarse aggregate with mix amount(410:680:1120,430:610:1050 and 450:550:1050) kg/m3,(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate)respectively. The study showed that the use of granite coarse aggregate in concrete mixes has a clear effect in mix proportion. The compressive strength of concrete was measured at ages of 7, 28 and 56 days and it was found that the granite (Mix3) of (450:550:1050) kg/m3 with w/c of 0.46 give the highest of strength in 28 and 56 days among the abovementioned mixes its 56 and 64 N/mm2 respectively. The paper shows that good results of compressive strength and workability of concrete were obtained when using granite coarse aggregate.
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized F...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
Self-compacting concrete is high performance concrete which is highly flowable, non-segregating, spread on its
own weight and doesn‟t need any compaction. This paper deals with flow and strength characteristics such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of Self-compacting concrete
with various percentages of waste plastic fibres like 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.20%, 1.3% and
1.4% is added by weight of cement. The mix proportion for M40 grade of concrete was done by using Nan Su
method (Cement: GGBS: Fine aggregate: Course aggregate 1: 0.705: 3.34: 2.62). Water powder (W/P) ratio
0.36, cement content 280kg/m3
, GGBS 220 kg/m3 was calculated and maintained as constant throughout the
experimental work for all eight mixes, only the superplastizers dosage was varied for different percentage of
fibres. In this experimental investigation one control mix and eight (8) different mixes were considered. Totally
81 Cube, beam, Cylindrical specimens and square plates were casted, cured and tested as per IS specifications.
For determining impact strength drop weight method was used. The results obtained indicate that fresh
(workability) characteristics satisfy the lower and upper limit as suggested by EFNARC. The tests on hardened
properties indicate that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength was improved
proportionally with the addition of waste plastic fibers upto 1.0% by weight of cement and then decreases. The
impact strength improved proportionally with addition of fibres upto 1.2% by weight of cement and then
decreases
Design of High Compressive Strength Concrete Mix without AdditivesIJERA Editor
In this paper, the crashed Basalt and uncrushed granite is used in concrete mixes as coarse aggregate. The selected materials, with high specification using special production techniques, the properties ,the mix design procedure and mix proportion of the high strength concrete (HSC) were discussed. Different proportions of Ordinary Portland cement (410,430 and 450) kg/m3 with different crashed Basalt and uncrushed Granite coarse aggregate amount (1120 and 1050) kg/m3 and fine aggregate with fine modulus of 3.65 were used. Eight concrete mixes were prepared: two as control mix for crashed Basalt and uncrushed Granite, three with crashed Basalt and three with uncrushed Granite coarse aggregate with mix amount(410:680:1120,430:610:1050 and 450:550:1050) kg/m3,(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate)respectively. The study showed that the use of granite coarse aggregate in concrete mixes has a clear effect in mix proportion. The compressive strength of concrete was measured at ages of 7, 28 and 56 days and it was found that the granite (Mix3) of (450:550:1050) kg/m3 with w/c of 0.46 give the highest of strength in 28 and 56 days among the abovementioned mixes its 56 and 64 N/mm2 respectively. The paper shows that good results of compressive strength and workability of concrete were obtained when using granite coarse aggregate.
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized F...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Impact test on geopolymer concrete slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Geopolymer is an eco-friendly binding material alternative for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymer concrete is
produced by mixing fly ash, GGBS, alkaline solution, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Alkaline solution is composed of
NaOH and Na2SiO3 solution. This paper deals with the study of impact resistance capacity of geopolymer concrete slabs
subjected to impact loading. For this study, ten specimens of size 600 mm (length) × 600 mm (width) × 60 mm (thick) were casted
with nine different combination of geopolymer concrete mix using different molar sodium hydroxide solutions and different
percentages of mineral admixtures and a normal concrete slab as control slab. The molarity of NaOH solution used was 8M, 12M
and 16M. Fly ash and GGBS admixtures were used in three different ratios of 100:0, 75:25 and 50:50.The slabs were oven cured
at 600C for 24 hours. These slabs were subjected to impact loading by drop weight test method. All the slabs were tested under a
drop weight of 75.50 N through a guide pipe from a height of 700mm. The results obtained from this study showed that with the
increase in molarity of NaOH solution, the strength characteristics and the impact resistance capacity of the specimen increases.
Also increase in percentage of GGBS content as replacement for Fly ash content increases the impact resistance and overall
strength characteristics of geopolymer concrete. From the test results, geopolymer concrete slab with 16M NaOH solution using
50:50 Fly ash and GGBS content showed higher impact energy absorption capacity as compared other geopolymer mixes.
Key Words: Geopolymer, Molarity, Impact loading, First crack, Ultimate failure etc…
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Some Studies on Mode-Ii Fracture Of Artificial Light Weight Wood Ash Pelletiz...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Some Studies on Mode-Ii Fracture Of Artificial Light Weight Wood Ash Pelletiz...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
Investigation on fine aggregate by broken tiles in concreteIJARIIT
This examination manages the effect on the concrete by the partial replacement of fine aggregate by ceramic
aggregate. Studies were done on a concrete, with various replacement. The impacts of various replacements 0, 10, 20, 30&40
percent of the waste ceramic tile by weight of concrete with M-30 review. At last, it was reasoned that all the strength qualities
(compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength) of concrete increases with the various replacements.
Study of Mechanical Properties in SCC by Blending Cement Partially With Fly A...IJSRD
The development of self-compacting concrete has been one of the most important materials in the modern building industry. The purpose of this concrete concept is to decrease the risk due to human factor. The use of SCC is spreading worldwide because of its very attractive properties. In the present investigation Blended SCC is the one in which some percentage of cement content used for the concrete is replaced by any of the mineral admixtures. Here, the present study to development of blended self-compacting concrete by replaced in the mineral admixtures using Fly ash 0-30% and metakaolin 0-30% as the weight of cement. Study the rheological properties and mechanical properties of developed blended SCC mixes in the laboratory condition and different curing ages. In recent years, many researchers have established that the use of supplementary cementatious materials (SCMs) like blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin (MK), fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) etc. can, not only improve the various properties of concrete both in its fresh and hardened states, but also can contribute to economy in construction costsruning.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and Disc Bending Test
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Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and Disc Bending Test Anant Kumar1, Chandan Kumar1, Shyam Kishor Kumar2, Amit Kumar3 1P.G Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, B.I.T Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand (India). 2Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, B.I.T Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand (India). 3Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad college of engineering, Neora, Patna, Bihar (India). ABSTRACT
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study. KEYWORDS: compressive strength, flexural strength, disc bending test, M 40, Super plasticizer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is most widely used construction materials because of its specialty of being cast in any desirable shape. It has replaced stone and brick masonry. In spite of all this, it has some serious deficiency for its remarkable qualities of resilience, flexibility and ability to redistribute stress, would have prevented its use as a building material Plane concrete is weak in tension and has limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Micro cracks are present in concrete and because of its poor tensile strength; the crack propagates with the application of loads, leading to brittle fracture of concrete. Micro cracks in concrete are formed during the hardening stage. A discontinuous heterogeneous system exists even before application of any external load. When the load is applied, micro cracks start developing along the planes which may experience relatively low tensile strains at about 20 -25 % of the ultimate strength in compression. Further application of load leads to uncontrolled growth of micro cracks. The low tensile strength of concrete being compensated for in several ways, and this has been achieved by the use of reinforcing bars and also by applying prestressing method. Though these methods provide tensile strength to concrete member, they do not increase the inherent tensile strength of concrete itself. Further conventionally reinforce concrete is not a two phase material in true sense. These deficiencies have laid researchers to investigate and develop a material which could perform in area where conventional concrete has several limitations. One such development has been two phase composite material i.e. Admixture and concrete. Preventing these from enlarging under load into cracks which eventually cause failure. Prevention of propagation of cracks originating from internal flaws can result in improvement in static and dynamic properties of the matrix. There is currently a great deal of interest in developing the technology for using admixture in cement composites. With change in time, demands are also changing but the inherent properties of material remains same. So for the solution of existing problems, new materials are ought to be developed. The challenged behind such material is that it should be easily available. Admixtures possess all the property be need hence it has become the most important construction materials. These days concrete are being used for different purpose. In these conditions ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality performance. In such case to modify the properties of concrete so as to make its suitable for different conditions admixtures are used.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Rosenhaupt, Van Real and Wijler, 1957 Proposed a new indirect method of deterring the tensile strength of concrete. In this test a compressive load is applied along the middle of two opposite faces of a concrete cube. The tensile stress thus setup result in a rupture of the specimen along the plain containing the load. As in the case of split test applied to cylinders, the same moulds and loading apparatus can be used for both tension and compression tests. Moreover the test is even simpler as the problem of alignment does not arise. Nevertheless a detailed experimental and theoretical investigation is required to make the test generally acceptable and to define all the conditions and limitations that may be necessary. For example no optimum relation between the width of loading strip and the cube size has been given. B.R. Sen. and A.L. Bharara,1961 Proposed a new indirect tensile test for concrete. In this test a compressive load is applied in a vertical plane on two opposite faces of a concrete prism obtained by breaking a specimen by the flexure test. The split along the plane containing the load due to tensile stresses setup. An advantage of this method which may be called the “ prism split test” is that the bending , compression and tensile strengths of concrete can all be obtained from one specimen.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
3.1 Materials
The material used in present investigation were locally available in Sindri, Dist-Dhanbad(Jharkhand) and physical properties were found through various laboratory tests conducted in Concrete and Road material lab, B.I.T Sindri.
3.1.1 Fine aggregate
Ordinary sand available in Sindri, Dhanbad (Damodar river sand) having following properties has been used :
Fineness modulus
: 2.77
Unit weight
: 1.674 gm/cc
Water absorption
: 0.44%
Bulking
: 26%
Sand after sieve analysis confirm to zone-II as per IS 383-1970.
3.1.2 Coarse aggregate
Locally available black crushed stone (Pakur stone) in Sindri with maximum nominal size of 20 mm and 10 mm have been used as coarse aggregate. The physical properties for the coarse aggregate as found through laboratory test according to IS 2386- 1963 is resulted as
Aggregate crushing value
=24%
Aggregate impact value
= 29%
Specific gravity
= 2.64
Water absorption
= 0.94%
Unit weight
= 1.60gm/cc
Fineness Modulus
= 6.15
3.1.3 Cement
Commercially available Portland slag cement confirming to IS 455: 1989[5]with brand name (ACC CEMENT) was used M-40 grade of concrete. The physical properties of the cement are given as
Initial setting time (minute)
: 145
Final setting time (minute): 230
Specific surface (m2/Kg)
: 325
Specific gravity: 3.15
Residue on 200 μm (%)
: 1.00
Normalconsistency (%)
: 28
28 days compressive strength (MPa) : 49
Le-Chatelier expansion (mm)
: 0.5
3.1.4 Water
Tap water was used throughout the test procedure which is available in concrete laboratory 3.2 Mix design of concrete Using Indian Standard recommended guidelines for mix design of concrete of grade M-40 as per IS 10262-2009. The mix proportion is calculated and the value of different ingradients for one cubic meter concrete by mass is given as
W a t e r
C e m e n t
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
1 48 . 5 0
4 50 . 0
663 . 0
1 2 58 . 0
0 . 33
1
1.473
2.8
3.3 Mixing and casting procedure The specimen were prepared according to IS 516-1959. Mixing of all the material were done manually in the laboratory at room temperature.
The coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and cement were weighed and placed on the mixing floor, moistened in advance and mixed homogeneously. After mixing these ingradient, weight the water and placed on the dry mix. The mixing of total mass was continued until the binding paste covered all the aggregates and mixture become homogeneous and uniform in colour. Fresh concrete was castin steel mould and each cube specimen was cast in three layers by compacting manually(as shown in fig 2.2) as well as by using vibration table as shown in fig.(2.3). Each layer received 35 strokes of compaction by standard compaction rod for concrete, followed by further compaction on the vibration table.The cube specimens of size 150×150×150 mm
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size were used for compressive strength determination after demoulding at one day, the specification were cured in water at 20oc until 28 days age and then cured in air with a temperature of 20oc and 50% relative humidity. After the feeding operation, each of the specimen was allowed to stand for 24 hours before demoulding, stored in fresh tap water at 20 ± 2oc for 28 days and the removed and kept at room temperature until the time of the experiment.
Figure- 1 Compaction on vibrating table.
IV. TESTING METODOLOGY
Three cubes each was tested for different strength at 7 days and 28 days of curing using testing machines.
4.1 Compressive strength test:- For this it is proposed that 6 (six) cubes of the size 150mm×150mm×150mm have to be cast for each set (i.e. for nominal concrete and with variation of different % of admixtures(0.6% to 1.2%) or super plasticizers ),which will be tested after 7 days and 28 days curing separately.
4.2 Determination of tensile strength: - two methods are available for determination of tensile strength (a) direct pull test. (b)Indirect test.
4.2.2 Direct pull test: - The direct pull test is difficult to conduct free of eccentricity and is further complicated by secondary stresses induced by the gripping devices (Davies and boss-1968 and Neville-1977)
4.2.3 Indirect test: - these difficulties gave rise to the use of indirect tensile tests. Two methods are widely used for indirect test namely (I) Modulus of rupture test (ii) Splitting test.
4.3 Modulus of rupture test (ASTMC-78):- In the modulus of rupture test, concrete beams of size of 500mm×100mm×100mm, are subjected to centre point loading or symmetrically two point loading with clear span of 400mm.the tensile stress in the bottom face of the beam at failure (none as modulus of rupture), is calculated by assuming that the stresses across the section is proportional to the distance from the modulus of rupture test is higher than that determined from the direct from the direct tensile test made on concrete from the same batch. The explanation for this was given by (Neville-1977)
The modulus of rupture is determined by the formula, fr= 푀 푏푑2 = 푃퐿 푏푑2 Where, p=applied load. L=length (clear span of beam). d=depth of beam. b=width of beam. 4.4 Splitting test (ASTMC-496)-(IS-5816-99):- Another indirect tensile test method i.e. the splitting test method was proposed by (carneiro and barecllos- 1953) in Brazil and developed independently by Akazawa (1953) in Japan. In this test commonly called Brazilian test. A concrete cylinder specimen of size 30 cm in length and15 cm in dia. is led horizontally between the loading platens of the testing machine and is compressed along a vertical diameter as shown in fig. (2), strips of comparatively soft packing material are placed between the specimen and plates of the machine load are applied until the specimen splits along the vertical diameter.
The Brazilians test namely gives consistent results that lie between those based on other two methods (wrigh-1955). In this method the split tensile strength, t = 2푃 휋퐿퐷
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Where, p=applied load. L= length of cylinder. D=Dia. of cylinder. 4.5 Disc bending test: - The direct tensile strength is quite difficult to measure with direct axial tension loads because of the problems in gripping test specimen so as to avoid stress concentrations and because of difficulty in aligning the loads. As results of these problems two indirect tests are available to measure concrete tensile strength namely flexural test and split cylinder test. Some practical difficulties like gripping of specimens, Application of loads, Handling of specimens during the tests, stress concentration of tensile strength of concrete can be minimized up to a great extent utilizing the principle of disc bending test given by (seely and smith-1952) as expressed below.
Where, t = maximum tensile stress = Poisson’s ratio of the material P = applied load t = thickness of the disc rd = radius of the disc. ro = radius of the area under uniform force. The relationship is valid under the following conditions. (1) The deflection of plate is relatively small(less than t/2). (2) The material is ideally elastic (3) The plates remain flat.
Figure-2 Bending of Disc 4.6 Experimental investigation The experimental set-up employed for testing the concrete disc comprises of the following components:
1) Mild steel hollow cylinder with required arrangement to provide free circumferential support to concrete disc specimen.
2) Circular splittable mould of mild steel for making of concrete disc specimen.
3) Motorized load frame- strain controlled.
4) Dial gauges and device to hold them.
4.6.1 Mild steel hollow cylinder
To provide free circumferential support to the concrete disc specimen a mild steel hollow cylinder with appropriate edge bearing was fabricated. The clear span i.e., 2rd is kept at 152.4 mm whereas the dimension 177.8mm with circumferential edge bearing of 12.7mm has was provided as the inner diameter of cylinder to accommodate the concrete disc of 177.8mm diameter in order to meet the requirement of free support condition. 4.7 Circular split table mild steel mould In case of diametral compression test the specimen of 6” diameter and 12”length is used. Keeping this in view concrete disc of 178mm (7”) diameter of various thickness ranging from 25.4mm (1”) to 50.8mm (2”) are proposed for bending test. In order to prepare the sample of the diameter split table mould as shown in plate 3.1 was made. The split table mould was used to get the sample with least disturbances. The mould was fabricated using mild steel plate which consists clamp with nuts and bolts to tie the two halves of the mould firmly. 4.8 Motorized load frame:- Strain controlled motorized load frame manufactured by AIMIL (as available in lab) is shown in the plate 3.2 and is used to apply the load with a choice of ten constant rate of strain ranging from a maximum of 1.25 mm/minute. 4.8.1 Operation Specimen to be tested for bending is placed on the bottom of loading plate in the cylindrical mild steel mould. A proving ring of desired capacity is fixed to the adopter for measuring the load. Loading platen is raised or lowering by operating the hand wheel with the strain rate lever kept at neutral. The proving ring devise to measure the load is brought in to the contact with test specimen with the help of a circular steel ball kept on a circular mild steel plate on the specimen. Being ensure that the proving ring is in contact with the test specimen, loading system is operated by switching on the main supply.
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4.8.2 Dial gauges and devices In order to measure the central deflection of the disc, the arrangement was made to fixed up the dial gauges through clamp to the loading frame and to rest the needle of the dial gauges on mild steel strips attached to the circular mild steel plate which is placed at the centre of the specimen to provide the uniformly distributed load as shown in plate 3.3, the least count of the dial gauge was 0.01 mm.
4.9 Mild steel rectangular, cylindrical and cubical split table mould for beam bending split cylinder and cube test For beam bending test, mild steel rectangular splittable mould of internal dimension 500mm × 100mm × 100mm, for split cylinder test mild steel splittable mould of internal diameter 150mm and length 300mm and to know the characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube, mould of internal dimension 150mm × 150mm × 150mm were used for casting the specimens. 4.9.1 Universal compression testing machine For split cylinder and cube test the standard universal testing machine of capacity 1500 KN and constant rate strain loading was used. 4.9.2 Loading frame for flexure test A standard well established loading frame system consisting of jack for loading and proving ring attached to the jack was used for beam bending test. 4.9.3 Sample preparations and curing of sample In order to prepare the concrete specimens for test, cement, sand and stone chips were taken by weight in proportion of 1:1.47:2.79.
For preparation of concrete samples for disc bending test, disc of 152.4 mm diameter and 38mm thickness, were prepared with constituent of cement, sand and stone chips were taken by weight in proportion of 1:1.47:2.79. Twelve numbers of samples were prepared in split table mould for each test such as disc bending and diametral test at water cement ratio 0.33 and with compacting effort of 25 nos. of temping by temping rod of 1” diameter. The samples were also prepared of varying thickness 30mm and 25mm at varying % of admixture (0.6 to 1.2 %) keeping water cement ratio constant for the same test disc bending and diametral test. In flexural test, beams of 500mm × 100mm × 100mm in 6 numbers for split tensile test of 6 cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm length and compressive strength 6 cube of 150mm × 150mm × 150mm size were also prepared from the same batch of mix for the sake of comparison of tensile strength of disc bending test with flexural strength and diametral compression strength and cube strength wherever required. The same process was adopted for different % of admixture. The specimens of concrete discs, beams, cylinders and cubes after preparation were kept for 7 days and 28 days under water in tank before testing. 4.9.4 Testing Procedure:- To study the effect of tensile strength in bending, the test set-up as shown in fig. was eused for testing the compacted concrete disc specimens. Before application of load the center of specimen was marked and it the mild steel hollow cylinder in such a way that the free support condition exists. 4.10 Mode of Failure:- By Visualization of the concrete sample tested in disc bending method, it is found that the samples had failure with the development of cracks at the bottom face of the sample near the centre. The photographic views of some specimen failed are shown in plate. The mode of failure is because of tension. Most of the failures have taken place due to normal bending of disc which usually occurs inside the ring 2 rd with the development of radial cracks. The failure pattern of the concrete disc in the present study is similar to a great extent as earlier reported by jaeger (1967) in case of rocks.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimental results are presented and discussed in appendix. Each of the strength test data
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plotted in Table no 1-3, corresponds to the mean value of the strengths.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, application of theoretical approach namely Grashof’s theory of bending of the plate has been considered. It is based on the similar application as used by Protodyakonov (1961) and Sharma (1997) as an indirect method for obtaining tensile strength of rocks and soil. This method gives the best possible representation of tensile behavior of materials and very useful also in determining their anisotropic strength. In spite of the fact that bending tests usually gives higher values than the direct tensile test, this method may still be useful to determine the tensile strength of concrete an should be termed as the modulus of rupture or flexural strength of concrete. The analysis of results indicate that the sensitivity of experiments depends entirely on certain elemental variation and hence tensile behavior of concrete for any concrete structure covers a broad and extensive field of study because the factors involved are numerous and to a large extent unpredictable analysis even on the most simplified basis under such circumstances. Therefore, it is not possible to make generalized conclusions. The work presented in this thesis is therefore concluded as follows:-
I. The concrete, which is prepared in proportion of 1:1.47:2.79 by weight having fairly good tensile strength.
II. The tensile strength of the concrete increases with an increase in % of admixture up to in the range of 0% to 1.0% and at 1.2% of admixture its value decreases. It is valid for all the cases like compressive strength and the diametral stress and fracture strength too. The tensile strength obtained from bending test (disc bending and beam bending) is higher than the compression test (disc diameteral compression test, split cylinder test and cube test).
III. The tensile strength obtained from disc bending test is higher than the beam bending test.
IV. The tensile strength obtained from disc diameteral compression test is higher than the split cylinder compression test and cube compression test.
V. The value of tensile strength obtained from cube test is lower than the Flexural Strength, Diametral Stress and tensile strength from Disc bending test but it is slightly greater than the tensile strength from split cylindrical test.
VI. It is observed from the test data that % of admixture increase upto 1.0 %. The value of all types of strength of concrete is going to be increased. At the same time flow ability of
concrete increases even at 1.2% of addition of admixture.
Further scope of studies:-
As discussed earlier, there are several factors which affect the tensile behavior of the concrete and it is not possible to include all of them in analysis even on the most simplified basis. However, an effort has been made in the present study to include, major factors and their influence on the tensile behavior of the concrete. For further work, the effect of the following factors on tensile strength by disc bending method may be studied:
1. Effect of the other methods of compaction.
2. Effect of creep.
3. Effect of stress concentration at surface cracks and flaws.
4. Effect of frictional forces between loading surface and specimen surface.
5. Effect of % of admixtures by considering the various thickness of the disc plate.
6. Effect of the size of aggregates on characteristic strength of M-40 Grades of concrete with various % of Admixture can be studies.
7. Studies of characteristic strength of M-40 Grade of concrete with different % of Admixture with different types of cement.
REFRENCES
[1] ASTMC 496, 1979. Standard Method of Test for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.
[2] ASTM C 78, 1982. Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of concrete.
[3] Clegg, B.1965, “weekly cemented sand and its behavior in model pavement structure”. Proc. Of the 6th international conf. on soil mechanics and foundations engineering, vol- 2 pp. 27-32.
[4] CEB-FIP Model Code, (1990).
[5] Helenelud K.V. (1967),” Vane tests and tension tests in Fibrous Peat”, proceeding of geotechnical conference, Oslo, Norway, vol- 1 pp.199-203.
[6] IS 269, 1989, Specification for 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement (4th Revision).
[7] IS 456, 2000, Plain and Reinforced concrete code of Practice (4th Revision).
[8] IS 516, 1959.Method of tests for Strength of concrete in flexural test.
[9] IS 5816-1999, Method of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders (1st revision).
[10] Jaeger, J.C., 1967.Failure of rocks under tensile conditions, Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci., Vol.4, No.2, pp219-227.
7. Anant Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 5), August 2014, pp.01-07
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[11] Kupfer. H, Hilsdrof.H.K and rusch, H.1969.Behaviour of concrete under biaxial stresses Aci, V.66, Aug, 1969, pp 655-666.
[12] Mazanti, B.B and sowers, G.F., 1965.Laboratory testing of strength proc. Symp. Testing techniques for rock Mech., Seattle, Wash., p.p207-227.
[13] Nevelle.A.M, 1981. Properties of concrete. Pitman book ltd., 128 Long acre, London WC 2E 9AN.
[14] Park. R and Paulay. T.1975. Reinforced concrete structure, John Wiley and sons, Inc, New York.
[15] Price W.H., 1951. Factors Influencing concrete strength, J, ACI, V47 pp 417-432.
[16] Protodyakonov, M.M.1961. Methods of studying the strength of rocks used in the USSR, proc.int symp.Min.Res. Rolla, Missouri, Vol.2, pp. 649-668.
[17] Seely, F.B., and Smith, J.O.1952. Advanced Mechanics of Materials, New York, and Willey 680.
[18] Sharma R.P and Verma N.C.1997.Tensile strength of compacted clay by Disc Bending Test, Proceedings 14th International conference on soil Mech and foundation Engineering, Hamburg, Vol.1 pp 197-200.
[19] Timoshenko, S.P. And Krieger. S.W Theory of plate’s shells. 1970. Mcgraw Hill Book International Book Company.
[20] M.R.Rixon, Chemical Admixtures for concrete. A Halsted press book John Wiley and sona, New York.
APENDIX Table no: 1 Comparative results of % increments’ of all data with 0% Admixture for 28 days
Sr.No
% of Admixture
% increments’ in compressive strength
% increments’ in Split tensile
% increments’ in Flexural strength
% increments’ in Diametral stress
% increments’ in Disc Bending
01
0
------
------
------
-----
-----
02
0.6
3.88
3.43
1.94
1.53
3.32
03
0.8
8.53
7.47
6.79
6.32
7.75
04
1.0
12.49
11.11
12.03
7.85
12.36
05
1.2
5.42
0.80
0.00
3.256 (Decreases)
0.92
Table no: 2 Comparative Results of Deflection in flexural test and disc bending test of different % of admixture at 28 days.
Sr. No.
% of Admixture
In Flexural
In Disc Bending
Load in N
Deflection in mm
Load in N
Deflection in mm
01
0%
1.13
0.85
6500
0.69
02
0.6%
1.17
0.75
7250
0.64
03
0.8%
1.38
0.68
8000
0.58
04
1.0%
1.42
0.61
8750
0.50
05
1.2%
1.185
0.92
8133.33
0.77
Table 3. COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF OBSERVATION DATA FOR 28 DAYS
Sr. No
Compressive Strength N/mm2
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2
Flexural Strength N/mm2
Diametral Stress N/mm2
Fracture Strength Fr. 0.7× 푓푐푘
Disc Bending Test(Tensile Strength) N/mm2
M0
43
4.95
5.15
5.22
4.58
5.42
M1
44.67
5.12
5.25
5.30
4.67
5.60
M2
46.67
5.32
5.50
5.55
4.78
5.84
M3
48.33
5.50
5.77
5.65
4.86
6.09
M4
45.33
4.99
5.15
5.05
4.71
5.5