The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Recycling Dumped Concrete for Making Concrete Paving Blocksdrboon
This study applies recycled concrete as a replacement of coarse aggregate to produce concrete paving blocks. The experiment is conducted to observe concrete strength of the specimen samples. The Thai Industrial Standard for concrete paving blocks (TIS 827-2531) has specified concrete samples at 28 days to have compressive strength surplus 350ksc. This study, recycled concrete has been used at various proportions, 50%, 70%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. The mix concrete uses water-cement ratio 0.47 with design slump 10±2.5cm. Average concrete strengths at 28days are 665 ksc, 456 ksc and 350 ksc. Thus, this work shows possibility that dumped concrete can be recycled with full 100% replacement of coarse aggregate in making concrete paving blocks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Recycling Dumped Concrete for Making Concrete Paving Blocksdrboon
This study applies recycled concrete as a replacement of coarse aggregate to produce concrete paving blocks. The experiment is conducted to observe concrete strength of the specimen samples. The Thai Industrial Standard for concrete paving blocks (TIS 827-2531) has specified concrete samples at 28 days to have compressive strength surplus 350ksc. This study, recycled concrete has been used at various proportions, 50%, 70%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate. The mix concrete uses water-cement ratio 0.47 with design slump 10±2.5cm. Average concrete strengths at 28days are 665 ksc, 456 ksc and 350 ksc. Thus, this work shows possibility that dumped concrete can be recycled with full 100% replacement of coarse aggregate in making concrete paving blocks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Conventional concrete is robust in compression and weak in tension in order to swamp the weakness natural fibre is being equipped. The adoption of inherent fibres as edifice constituents is boon to procure a livable production. The comprehensive mission of this exploration is to stake out the discernible inspection of natural fibre in concrete structure. The coir fibre freshly tempted an influence as a workable fibre composite material, due to certain precise mechanical property which can be compared to artificial fibre. The coir fibre is treated using natural fluid before using in concrete, so that it is not be affected by moisture content presented in concrete. In this tentative study coir fibre is extant consumed in concrete thereby, the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of M30Grade concrete and by capricious the spoonful of fibre gratified from0%, 2% 4%,6% and 8%. Stimulation should be given for the appliance of natural fibres which are regionally procurable materials, in the domain of civil engineering.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Polypropylene reinforcement is a common method of strengthening soil. The aim of the present study is to understand the behavior of randomly distributed discrete polypropylene reinforced cohesive soil subjected to different strain rates.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Conventional concrete is robust in compression and weak in tension in order to swamp the weakness natural fibre is being equipped. The adoption of inherent fibres as edifice constituents is boon to procure a livable production. The comprehensive mission of this exploration is to stake out the discernible inspection of natural fibre in concrete structure. The coir fibre freshly tempted an influence as a workable fibre composite material, due to certain precise mechanical property which can be compared to artificial fibre. The coir fibre is treated using natural fluid before using in concrete, so that it is not be affected by moisture content presented in concrete. In this tentative study coir fibre is extant consumed in concrete thereby, the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of M30Grade concrete and by capricious the spoonful of fibre gratified from0%, 2% 4%,6% and 8%. Stimulation should be given for the appliance of natural fibres which are regionally procurable materials, in the domain of civil engineering.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Polypropylene reinforcement is a common method of strengthening soil. The aim of the present study is to understand the behavior of randomly distributed discrete polypropylene reinforced cohesive soil subjected to different strain rates.
MODELS FOR CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH FIBER COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
Many studies have been done to find a convenient representation of physical behavior Fiber Reinforced Polymers for strengthening or retrofitted techniques which can enhance stress-strain performance of existing reinforced concrete structures. FRP composites are used for strengthening applications mainly due to the lightweight, high compressive strength, resistance to corrosion, speed and ease of application and formed on site. Conceptually, the s tress strain relation of concrete as a non-homogenous and nonlinear composite material is not unique that depends on the many variables.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Forum Empresarial da Taquara - Salas Comerciais - TaquaraAntonio Neto
Fórum Empresarial da Taquara - Salas comerciais na Taquara; são 247 salas com área privativa entre 20,83 e 69,33m², com possibilidade de junção de duas ou mais unidades; com direito a uso de vaga de garagem e 4 elevadores. Possui Business Center, sala de reunião, serviço de recebimento de correspondências e total segurança. Seus negócios em um dos pólos comerciais mais desenvolvidos da Cidade. Mais um empreendimento com a qualidade João Fortes. Garanta já sua unidade!
El comercio Internacional se realiza entre países, incluye la importación y exportación de bienes y servicios. El comercio hace que todos esten mejor porque permite que cada país, empresa o persona se especialice en lo que mejor sabe hacer.
En este documento se busca profundizar la temática del Comercio Internacional desde sus partes más esenciales, industria, balanza comercial, permite conocer cuándo un país tiene superávit o cuándo tiene un déficit.
Qué es la Ventaja Comparativa y qué es la Ventaja Absoluta, Cuáles son las ventajas del Comercio Internacional, qué es el mercado de divisas? y Cuáles son los principales tratados a nivel mundial que permiten el libre comercio entre países que forman parte de economías multilaterales.
Pullout Behavior of Geotextiles: Numerical PredictionIJERA Editor
The mechanism of soil-geosynthetic interaction is usually complex and depends on the nature of the reinforcement, as well as on the characteristics of the surrounding soil. The strength parameters of the interface are the key for the design of reinforced soil slopes. Usually, these parameters are defined from laboratory pullout tests. The absence of test results implies on conservative assumptions and higher costs. The possibility of using computer programs for analyzing the load transfer mechanism arises as an attractive design tool. This paper presents the numerical simulation of pullout tests, conducted in large equipments. The numerical predictions of the load and displacement distribution along the geosynthetic length were compared to instrumented test results, available in the literature. The analyses revealed to be satisfactory and consistent with the experimental results. Thus, it becomes possible to reduce the uncertainties in the design of the anchorage length for the reinforcement by previously performing studies with computer programs that simulates stress x strain behavior of geotechnical problems.
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
Decreasing availability of good construction sites and increasing construction activities for infrastructural developments throughout the world has forced the civil engineers to utilize unsuitable sites or weak soil. So for sustainable infrastructural development, there is a need to utilize these type of unsuitable land by the use of ground improvement techniques. There are different ground improvement techniques to stabilize the poor ground in which soil reinforcement is an effective and reliable technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the geo-grid reinforcement on the bearing capacity of sand. The model tests have been conducted using square footing at u/B=0.25 & 0.55. The average relative density kept up throughout all the tests is 65%. The sand is reinforced by multiple layers (1, 2, 3 & 4) of geo-grid. The ultimate bearing capacity of sand with square footing was computed by load-settlement curve. By these load-settlement curve, an appreciable increase in bearing capacity of sand was observed as the depth to the first layer of reinforcement increased. The optimum depth of placement of the first layer was 0.5B.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
MODELLING OF AN INFILL WALL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A BUILDING FRAME SUBJECTED TO...IAEME Publication
In general the analysis of a building frame is carried out with a bare frame but the presence of masonry infill in a framed structure results in high stiffness and influence the distribution of lateral load and also the response of the framed buildings. It can be noted that there is a large variation of mechanical properties of bricks. Masonry, a combination of brick and mortar, behaves in a highly nonlinear manner. The infill panel needs to be modelled in the analysis of a structural frame subjected to lateral load to obtain its true behaviour. In order to model the masonry infill, its properties required. In order to determine the properties of brick masonry compression tests were conducted on masonry infill panels and prisms.
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
EFFECT OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT ON LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COARSE SAND BEDIAEME Publication
A series of laboratory model tests was conducted to study the improvement in bearing capacity of coarse sands compacted to a relative density of 50%. A surface footing plate of diameter 60 mm was used as the shallow foundation. Circular geogrids of diameter 120 mm were used as horizontal reinforcement layers. The number of geogrids and the spacing between them were varied in the study. It was found that the bearing capacity of loose sand layers improved with introduction of horizontal geogrid reinforcement layer. Bearing capacity was found to improve further with increase in number of geogrid layers and with decrease in spacing between them. The depth to the geogrid layer from the base of the foundation was also varied in the study.
SOIL-SHEET PILE INTERACTION - PART II: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONIAEME Publication
This study investigates the interaction between soil and the embedded sheet pile wall at the interface which is not generally well captured in the conventional theoretical and design methods. This was implemented by carrying out numerical analysis to study the behavior and response of the
two contacting materials using incremental loading technique. The effects of the interaction were investigated in terms of deformations and stress distributions, all based on Finite Element technique. Numerical analyses of sheet pile wall embedded in homogenous and heterogeneous soil strata were
performedindependently. The results showed variation between the theoretical conventional design approach and that of the numerical analysis for both anchored and cantilevered sheet pile walls
The use of geo-grids in reinforced concrete sets a new dimension for employing
geo synthetics as reinforcement in structural concrete. The aim of the present study is
to investigate the use of geo-grid as a strengthening material to one way reinforced
concrete slabs. The experimental program contains testing of six RC slab
strengthened with different type of Geo-Grid and one reference slab. The specimens
have been tested under two line loads. Experimental results indicate that geo-grid
may be an effective alternative material for strengthening of reinforced concrete slabs
as compared to conventional confining techniques. Finally, A Finite Element model
(FEM) has been developed using ANSYS program to analyze the tested slabs, then the
experimental and theoretical results were compared.
In many projects, water logging of parking and walkway is the major issue, especially during monsoon, as pavement and floors are normally impermeable. As the usage of pervious concrete is continuously increasing dramatically, a better understanding of linkages between microstructure,
transport properties and durability will assist in mix preparation and design. In this study deals with the effect of fine aggregate in strength and durability properties of pervious concrete. A total numbers of 42 specimens were cast cured and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio.
Similar to LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MODEL REINFORCED SOIL WALL (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Sriharsha. Baditala and Yohannes Feyissa Beyisho
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 366 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Tremendous increase in infrastructure development in India during the past decade
has increased the reinforced soil applications manifolds. Apart from design, the
effective functioning of these reinforced soil walls (RSW), is also dependent on the
quality of materials used and the control on quality exercised during construction.
Any slackness on these two issues results in low relative compaction, which in turn
results in underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. It is a known fact
that, remediation of such walls adds to cost and affect project completion schedules. It
is therefore necessary to understand the role of in-situ dry density of the reinforced
soil fill on the performance of reinforced soil walls, such that, the performance of the
reinforced soil fill can be predicted in advance. Essentially, efforts are made in this
study, in this direction.
1.1. Review of Literature
Considerable research has been carried out on the behaviour of reinforced soil walls.
Juran, I. and Christopher, B., (1988), studied the behavior of soil wall reinforced with
different materials viz., woven polyester, geo-textile strips, plastic grids, and non-
woven materials. Ho, S.K., and Kerry Rowe, R., (1996), studied the effect of
geometric parameters. Vafaeian, M. and Abbaszadeh, R., (2008), have studied model
studies on soil wall reinforced with three types of cotton papers. They studied the
effect of tensile strength of the reinforcement, the number of layers, the vertical
spacing, the offset distance of the load applied on the surface and concluded that, the
failure surface was found to be an arc of a circle when stiffer reinforcement is used
and that for weaker reinforcement was almost a straight line. They also concluded
that, the performance of the RSW was better when tensile strength of the
reinforcement was higher and number of reinforcement layers was higher. However,
limited studies were carried out on the effect of density on performance of RSW,
which has been addressed in the present study.
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology includes collection and characterisation of the materials;
performing monotonic load tests; analysis and interpretation of test results and
drawing observations and conclusions.
2.1. Characterization of Silty Sand
The Silty Sand used in this study (locally called as Morum) is collected from
Mahaboob nagar district of Telangana state. The index and engineering properties of
soil are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of Silty Sand
Parameter Value
Gravel sized particles 16.4 %
Sand sized particles 78%
Fine grained particles 5.6%
Consistency Non plastic
MDD (IS HCT) 2.03 g/cc
OMC (IS HCT) 9.60 %
Classification
(IS:1498-1970)
SP
3. Laboratory Model Tests To Effect of Density To Fill Material On The Performance of A
Model Reinforced Soil Wall
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 367 editor@iaeme.com
2.2. Characteristics of Woven Geotextile
The woven geotextile used in this study is shown in Fig. 1 and its characteristics are
indicated in Table 2
Figure 1 A view of the woven geotextile
Table 2 Characteristics of Woven Geotextile
Property Value
Type of geosynthetic
Polypropylene slit filmtape woven
geotextile
Commercial name SKAPS W-250
Mass per unit area 170 (g/sqm)
Thickness 0.425 (mm)
Grab Tensile strength 1.11 (kN)
Grab elongation 15 (%)
Puncture resistance 4.005 (kN)
2.3. Test set up
The experimental test set up is shown in Fig 1. The PC controlled Tri-axial test
facility is utilised to conduct the model plate load tests. The application of load is by
hydraulic control system and the load is measured by an electronic load cell with a
sensitivity of 1 kg. The settlement is measured by electronic Linear Voltage
Differential Transducer (LVDT) of ± 50 mm range. The PC controlled facility is run
by software that enables to give the operating conditions as input. The facility logs the
load and settlement observations continuously and provides online display of the
progress of the mechanism.
Figure 2 A view of the test set up
4. Sriharsha. Baditala and Yohannes Feyissa Beyisho
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 368 editor@iaeme.com
2.4. Model test tank & Model footing
A model test tank of size 300mmx750mmx600mm is used. The tests are carried out
using model footing of size 50 mm such that the width of the tank 300 mm and depth
300 mm, will be more than or equal to 5B, such that the boundary effects are avoided.
The model footings are made of 25mm thick aluminium plates with a rough base.
2.5. Scheme of experiments
The investigations are carried out systematically as per the scheme of experiments,
which includes determining the resistance to the load applied at an offset distance of 1
(B), on the soil wall prepared at three different relative compactions viz., 70%, 85%
and 95% ; without and with woven geotextile in wrap around form.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Pertaining to un-reinforced soil wall
The results of monotonic load tests on un-reinforced soil wall represented in terms of
bearing pressure versus settlement are presented in Fig. 3 and the typical failure is
depicted in Fig. 4.
Figure 3 Variation in Bearing Pressure with Settlement pertaining to Unreinforced Soil Wall
Figure 4 A view of failure of Unreinforced Soil Wall at 70% relative compaction, with load
applied at an offset distance of 1B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 2 4 6 8 10
BearingPressure(kPa)
Settlement
70% relative compaction
80% relative compaction
95% relative compaction
5. Laboratory Model Tests To Effect of Density To Fill Material On The Performance of A
Model Reinforced Soil Wall
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 369 editor@iaeme.com
3.2. Pertaining to reinforced soil wall
The results of similar monotonic load tests carried out on soil wall reinforced with
woven geotextile in wrapped around form ; compacted at three specified relative
compactions; subjected to the load applied at an offset distance of 1.0 B ; is presented
in Fig. 5 and a typical view of failure is shown in Fig. 6.
Figure 5 Variation in Bearing Pressure with Settlement pertaining to Reinforced Soil Wall
Figure 6 A view of failure of the reinforced soil wall at a relative compaction of 70%, with
load applied at an offset distance of 1B
4. OBSERVATIONS
4.1. Pertaining to unreinforced soil wall
Based on the analysis of test results pertaining to monotonic load tests on
unreinforced soil wall, the following observations are made:
1. As it can be seen from Fig. 3, the nature of bearing pressure versus settlement curve,
in general is elasto-plastic. A closer examination reveals the fact that, complete
failure without considerable plastic deformation was observed specifically at lower
relative compaction of 70%.
2. As depicted in Fig. 4, the mode of failure included separation and collapse of plastic
zone formed on the unsupported vertical face. The rupture surface was found to be
curvilinear akin to a paraboloid.
3. The variation in resistance against applied loads with variation in relative compaction
is presented in Fig. 7. It can be seen that, higher the relative compaction, higher is the
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
BearingPressure(kPa)
Settlement (mm)
70% relative compaction
80% relative compaction
95% relative compaction
6. Sriharsha. Baditala and Yohannes Feyissa Beyisho
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 370 editor@iaeme.com
resistance offered against the applied load. The relationship is well represented by a
second order polynomial or by a power equation.
Figure 7 Variation in Bearing Pressure at failure with Relative Compaction pertaining to
Unreinforced Soil Wall
4.2. Pertaining to Reinforced soil wall
The observations pertaining to the reinforced soil wall are as presented below:
1. The nature of bearing pressure versus settlement curve, for reinforced soil wall, is
also elasto-plastic, as seen in Fig. 5. Interestingly, when reinforced, complete failure
was not observed even at lower relative compaction of 70%.
2. As shown in Fig. 6, the reinforced soil wall sustained deformation, but not undergone
complete failure, as it happened in unreinforced soil wall.
3. As it can be observed in Fig. 8, resistance to the applied load is increasing with increase in
relative compaction. The relationship is well represented by 2nd
order polynomial as well as
power equation; similar to that for unreinforced soil wall.
Figure 8 Variation in Bearing Pressure at failure with Relative Compaction pertaining to
Reinforced Soil Wall
y = 11.906x - 856.59
R² = 0.9338
y = 4E-25x13.647
R² = 0.9725
y = 0.4636x2 - 64.954x + 2279.5
R² = 1
y = 6E-05e0.1647x
R² = 0.9569
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
60 70 80 90 100
BearingPressureatfailure,kPa
Relative Compaction, (%)
y = 59.029x - 4076.3
R² = 0.9529
y = 4E-12x7.3667
R² = 1
y = 1.9187x2 - 259.07x + 8902.8
R² = 1
y = 0.3333e0.0895x
R² = 0.9978
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
60 70 80 90 100
BearingPressureatfailure,kPa
Relative Compaction, (%)
7. Laboratory Model Tests To Effect of Density To Fill Material On The Performance of A
Model Reinforced Soil Wall
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 371 editor@iaeme.com
4.3. Observations pertaining to general comparison
The behaviour of unreinforced and reinforced soil wall is compared one-to-one and
the following observations are drawn:
1. It is clearly seen from Fig. 9 that, at any relative compaction, a definite increase in
resistance offered against the applied load is seen when the soil wall is reinforced.
Figure 9 Comparison of Bearing Pressure at failure soil wall with and without reinforcement
1. The variation of percentage increase in the resistance with relative compaction, is
shown in Fig. 10. As established in earlier research, weaker the soil, higher is the
percentage increase when reinforced.
Figure 10 Variation of Percentage increase in Bearing Pressure at failure due to
reinforcement
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental investigations carried out in this study, the following
important conclusions are drawn:
1. This study clearly established that, higher the dry density of the fill material, higher is
the resistance offered against the applied loads. This was observed in both
Unreinforced Soil Wall and Reinforced Soil Wall.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
70 80 95
Un-reinforced Soil Wall
Reinforced Soil Wall
BearingPressureatfailure,kPa
Relative Compaction,(%)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
70 80 95
Percentageincrease
Relative Compaction (%)
8. Sriharsha. Baditala and Yohannes Feyissa Beyisho
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 372 editor@iaeme.com
2. A definite increase in resistance to the applied loads was observed when soil wall is
reinforced. For the materials used and for the test conditions adopted in this paper, the
increase was in the range 449 % to 3827 %. This emphasizes the importance of
reinforcement in soil walls.
3. The mode of failure in Unreinforced Soil Wall was consisting of separation and
collapse of a zone of soil near the face of wall. This was contained when reinforced.
Hence, this study showed that, collapse of soil wall can be effectively contained when
reinforced.
4. On the whole, this study clearly brought out the mechanisms of failure of soil walls
when subjected to applied loads without and with reinforcement. This study is useful
to the designers and practitioners in prediction of the impact of under compaction on
the behavior of reinforced soil wall.
REFERENCES
[1] Ashmawy, A.K. and Bourdeau, P.L., (1995), Geosynthetic Reinforced Soils
under Repeated Loading: A Review and Comparative Design Study,
Geosynthetics International, 2(4), pp.643–678
[2] Lee, K. L., Adams, B. D. and Vagneron, J. M. J, Reinforced Earth Retaining
Walls, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. SM10, (1973), pp.745–764.
[3] Juran, I. and Christopher, B., Laboratory Model Study on Geosynthetic
Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls”, J. of Geotech. and Geoenv. Eng., ASCE,
115(5) 1988, pp.905–926.
[4] Vafaeian, M. and Abbaszadeh, R., Laboratory Model Tests To Study The
Behavior of Soil Wall Reinforced by Weak Reinforcing Layers, IJE, 21(4) Dec
2008, pp.361–374.
[5] Bathurst, R.J., Nernheim, A., Walters, D.L., Allen, T.M., Burgess, P., and
Saunders, D.D, Influence of reinforcement stiffness and compaction on the
performance of four geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls, Geosynthetics
International, 16(1), pp.43–59
[6] Ho, S.K., and Kerry Rowe, R., Effect of wall geometry on reinforced soil walls”,
Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 14(10) Oct-1996, pp.521–541.
[7] Binquet, J., and Lee, L.K., (1975), Bearing Capacity Tests on Reinforced Earth
Slabs, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 101(12), pp.1241–
1255.
[8] Sridharan, A., Srinivasamurthy, B R., Bindumakhava., and Vasudevan, A K.,
Reinforced Soil Foundation on Soft Soil, Geotextile Conference, (1988),pp. C53-
60
[9] K.V. Maheshwari, Dr. A.K. Desai and Dr. C.H. Solanki, Bearing Capacity of
Fiber Reinforced Soil. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 4(1), 2013, pp.159–164.
[10] Machhindra S.Purkar and Sunil Y. Kute, Numerical Modeling of Reinforced Soil
Segmental Wall under Surcharge Loading. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 4(1), 2013, pp.1–15.