This document summarizes a research study on the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of lime-stabilized soil. Laboratory tests including vane shear tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests were conducted on natural soil stabilized with 3-9% lime and cured for 7-28 days. The following key findings were reported:
1) Undrained cohesion and UCC strength increased with higher lime content and longer curing periods. However, under a given lime content and curing, undrained cohesion increased but angle of internal friction decreased with higher consolidation stress.
2) Triaxial tests showed the undrained strength of stabilized soil, like natural soil, is dependent on the consolidation stress. Und
Soil Stabilization by Using Lime and Fly Ashijtsrd
For any type of structure, the foundation is very important and it has to be strong to support the entire structure. In order for the strong foundation, the soil around it plays a very critical role. To work on soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their properties and factors which affect their behaviour. By consolidating under load and changing volumetrically along with seasonal moisture variation, these problems are manifested through swelling, shrinkage and unequal settlement. In this paper the experimental results obtained in the laboratory on expansive soils treated with industrial waste fly ash and lime are presented. A study is carried out to check the improvements in the properties of expansive soil with fly ash and lime in varying percentages. The test results such as liquid limit, standard proctor and differential free swelling test obtained on expansive clays mixed at different proportions of lime and fly ash admixture are presented and discussed in this paper. The results show that the stabilized clay has lesser swelling potential whereas an increase in optimum moisture content has been observed. P. Bala Krishana | G. Seshu Pavan "Soil Stabilization by Using Lime & Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26442.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26442/soil-stabilization-by-using-lime-and-fly-ash/p-bala-krishana
Polypropylene reinforcement is a common method of strengthening soil. The aim of the present study is to understand the behavior of randomly distributed discrete polypropylene reinforced cohesive soil subjected to different strain rates.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
soil stabilization using lime and polypropyleneMalothHarish
This document summarizes a technical seminar on soil stabilization using lime and polypropylene fibers. It discusses how soil stabilization helps strengthen soil to support structures by improving properties. The literature review examines previous research on using waste fibers for geotechnical applications. Details are provided on the materials used, including black cotton soil, lime, and polypropylene fibers. A series of experiments are outlined to determine the effects of different fiber percentages on soil properties like density, moisture content, and strength. The conclusion indicates that adding polypropylene fibers increases the strength of black cotton soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Behaviour of interfaces between carbon fibre reinforced polymer and gravel soilseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses experimental investigations into the material properties and compressive/shear behavior of brick masonry with different mortar ratios. Tests were conducted on brick units, mortar cubes/cylinders, and brick prism triplets with varying mortar ratios to evaluate properties like compressive strength, bond strength, and interface behavior. The results were then evaluated and compared to better understand the behavior of unreinforced brick masonry under shear and compression loading for use in numerical simulations.
Soil Stabilization by Using Lime and Fly Ashijtsrd
For any type of structure, the foundation is very important and it has to be strong to support the entire structure. In order for the strong foundation, the soil around it plays a very critical role. To work on soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their properties and factors which affect their behaviour. By consolidating under load and changing volumetrically along with seasonal moisture variation, these problems are manifested through swelling, shrinkage and unequal settlement. In this paper the experimental results obtained in the laboratory on expansive soils treated with industrial waste fly ash and lime are presented. A study is carried out to check the improvements in the properties of expansive soil with fly ash and lime in varying percentages. The test results such as liquid limit, standard proctor and differential free swelling test obtained on expansive clays mixed at different proportions of lime and fly ash admixture are presented and discussed in this paper. The results show that the stabilized clay has lesser swelling potential whereas an increase in optimum moisture content has been observed. P. Bala Krishana | G. Seshu Pavan "Soil Stabilization by Using Lime & Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26442.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26442/soil-stabilization-by-using-lime-and-fly-ash/p-bala-krishana
Polypropylene reinforcement is a common method of strengthening soil. The aim of the present study is to understand the behavior of randomly distributed discrete polypropylene reinforced cohesive soil subjected to different strain rates.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
soil stabilization using lime and polypropyleneMalothHarish
This document summarizes a technical seminar on soil stabilization using lime and polypropylene fibers. It discusses how soil stabilization helps strengthen soil to support structures by improving properties. The literature review examines previous research on using waste fibers for geotechnical applications. Details are provided on the materials used, including black cotton soil, lime, and polypropylene fibers. A series of experiments are outlined to determine the effects of different fiber percentages on soil properties like density, moisture content, and strength. The conclusion indicates that adding polypropylene fibers increases the strength of black cotton soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Behaviour of interfaces between carbon fibre reinforced polymer and gravel soilseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses experimental investigations into the material properties and compressive/shear behavior of brick masonry with different mortar ratios. Tests were conducted on brick units, mortar cubes/cylinders, and brick prism triplets with varying mortar ratios to evaluate properties like compressive strength, bond strength, and interface behavior. The results were then evaluated and compared to better understand the behavior of unreinforced brick masonry under shear and compression loading for use in numerical simulations.
IRJET- Behaviour of Reinforced Soil using GeogridIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of reinforced soil using geogrid. Laboratory tests were conducted including liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests. The optimum moisture content of the soil was determined to be used in testing. Unreinforced soil samples were tested to establish a baseline shear strength of 1.03 N/mm2. Reinforced soil samples with geogrid placed at different depths were then tested, finding the highest shear strength of 1.43 N/mm2 when the geogrid was placed at a depth of 1/3 from the top of the sample. The results indicate that geogrid reinforcement can significantly increase the shear strength of soil.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
Improvement of Marine Clay Performance Using Geo-Textile Encased Stone ColumnIJERA Editor
The use of stone columns is a popular ground reinforcing technique for flexible structures like raft foundations,
oil storage tanks, embankments etc. The stone column technique is a cost effective method of improving the
strength parameters like bearing capacity and reduce the settlements. When stone columns in soft soil are
loaded, it undergoes excessive bulging due to low lateral confinement. To avoid this excessive bulging, stone
column is encased with geotextile. In the present study tests were performed with and without encasement of
geotextile. Stone column is encased with geotextile with different lengths of encasement like L/4, L/2, 3L/4 &
L. The tests indicate that the bearing capacity increases with increase of encasement length.
soil stabilization using waste finber by RAJ S PYARArajkumar pyara
The document summarizes an experimental study on using waste plastic to stabilize soil. Key points:
- Tests were conducted on soil and plastic samples to determine properties like specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and CBR value.
- Samples with varying percentages of mixed plastic (0-2%) were tested to find the optimum mix.
- Results showed that a 1.5% plastic mix achieved the highest CBR value of 5.98, improving strength over the natural soil CBR of 2.87.
- The study concluded that plastic can enhance soil stability up to a certain content but adding more plastic past the optimum amount has detrimental effects.
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
Evaluation of concrete spall repairs by pullout testfrank collins
This document summarizes a study that evaluated concrete spall repairs using pullout tests. Concrete specimens were damaged via an initial pullout test, repaired with epoxy mortar, and subjected to a second pullout test. The tests showed that:
1) Pullout force of repaired specimens was linearly correlated with concrete cylinder compressive strength up to around 45 kN/2.26 MPa, but diminished at higher strengths.
2) Pullout force/stress of repaired specimens increased similarly to concrete specimens as age increased up to 90 days, but was lower than unrepaired concrete.
3) Higher initial pullout damage forces resulted in higher pullout forces for repaired specimens, up to around 43
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using coir (coconut fiber). It describes evaluating the properties of clayey soil, determining index properties, and testing the effect of adding different percentages of coir fiber (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) on unconfined compressive strength and CBR value. The results showed that compressive strength increased by 78.8% and CBR value increased with 1.5% coir fiber addition compared to unreinforced soil. The optimum moisture content increased while maximum dry density decreased with fiber content. Overall, the study demonstrated coir fiber is effective and economical for improving soil strength properties.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
Mathematical Relationships between the Compressive Strength and Some Other St...IOSR Journals
This document establishes mathematical relationships between the compressive strength and other properties (water absorption, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) of sand-quarry dust blocks through regression analysis. Tests were conducted on blocks with varying mix ratios of cement, sand, and quarry dust. Linear and quadratic models relating each additional property to compressive strength were developed. The models were found to have low standard error and high coefficient of determination, indicating they adequately predict relationships between compressive strength and other block properties. The relationships can be used when only compressive strength testing is conducted to estimate additional properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses research on using Recron 3S fiber to improve the strength properties of silty subgrade soil in Kurukshetra, India. Laboratory experiments were conducted that included index tests, modified Proctor compaction tests, CBR tests, and UCS tests on the silty soil alone and mixed with 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% Recron 3S fiber by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the addition of Recron 3S fiber increased the maximum dry density, CBR values, and UCS of the silty soil. The greatest improvements were seen at the lowest fiber content of 0.15%. Therefore, Recron 3S fiber has potential
STUDY OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEJournal For Research
Fiber Reinforced Concrete" is relatively a new construction material developed through extensive research and development work during the last two decades. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is defined as composite material which consists of conventional concrete reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibers of specific geometry, made of steel, synthetic (polymeric) or natural fibers. Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength and causes formation of micro cracks in stressed and unstressed states of concrete. Also, it has a low strain at fracture and brittleness with less ductility especially in case of High Performance Concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is the answer to modify these properties of Plain Concrete. The recent development of Secondary reinforcement in Concrete in various fields has provided a strong technical base for improving the quality of the material. To overcome the deficiencies fibers are used as secondary reinforcement. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibers. The choice of fibers varies from synthetic organic materials such as polypropylene or carbon, synthetic inorganic such as steel or polyster, natural organic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inorganic asbestos. The interaction between the fiber and concrete matrix is the fundamental property that affects the performance of a cement based fiber composite materials. An understanding of this interaction is needed for forecasting the fiber contribution and for predicting the behavior of such composites. In present investigation concrete with addition of polyester fiber Recron 3s at various at dosages of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by weight of cement in the mix design is studied to find the optimum dosage of Polyster fiber for concrete.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using recycled polyester fibers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to reinforce clay soils. The study tested two different types of clay soils with different liquid limits and plasticity indexes. Samples were prepared with the soils mixed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% recycled polyester fibers by dry weight. Atterberg limit tests showed that adding fibers increased the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit of the soils, and decreased the plasticity index. Direct shear tests under three normal stresses showed that adding fibers increased the peak shear strength of the soils. California Bearing Ratio tests also showed improved strength with the addition of fibers. The study concluded that
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Behaviour of Reinforced Soil using GeogridIRJET Journal
This document investigates the behavior of reinforced soil using geogrid. Laboratory tests were conducted including liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction, and unconfined compression tests. The optimum moisture content of the soil was determined to be used in testing. Unreinforced soil samples were tested to establish a baseline shear strength of 1.03 N/mm2. Reinforced soil samples with geogrid placed at different depths were then tested, finding the highest shear strength of 1.43 N/mm2 when the geogrid was placed at a depth of 1/3 from the top of the sample. The results indicate that geogrid reinforcement can significantly increase the shear strength of soil.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Literature study on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
Combines waste products into useful product.
Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
Curing temp is between 60-90oC.
Flat panels are being used in floor construction for low cost housing due to it’s low cost and good structural performance and are suitable for low cost roofing, pre-cast units and man-hole covers.
Pre cast panels are also used for the construction of domes , vaults, grid surface and folded plates
Improvement of Marine Clay Performance Using Geo-Textile Encased Stone ColumnIJERA Editor
The use of stone columns is a popular ground reinforcing technique for flexible structures like raft foundations,
oil storage tanks, embankments etc. The stone column technique is a cost effective method of improving the
strength parameters like bearing capacity and reduce the settlements. When stone columns in soft soil are
loaded, it undergoes excessive bulging due to low lateral confinement. To avoid this excessive bulging, stone
column is encased with geotextile. In the present study tests were performed with and without encasement of
geotextile. Stone column is encased with geotextile with different lengths of encasement like L/4, L/2, 3L/4 &
L. The tests indicate that the bearing capacity increases with increase of encasement length.
soil stabilization using waste finber by RAJ S PYARArajkumar pyara
The document summarizes an experimental study on using waste plastic to stabilize soil. Key points:
- Tests were conducted on soil and plastic samples to determine properties like specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and CBR value.
- Samples with varying percentages of mixed plastic (0-2%) were tested to find the optimum mix.
- Results showed that a 1.5% plastic mix achieved the highest CBR value of 5.98, improving strength over the natural soil CBR of 2.87.
- The study concluded that plastic can enhance soil stability up to a certain content but adding more plastic past the optimum amount has detrimental effects.
Soil Stabilization using Natural Fiber CoirIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using coir fiber to stabilize soils. Two soil samples were collected and tested to determine their engineering properties before and after stabilization. Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soils with different percentages of added coir fiber. Direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests were performed to evaluate the effect of coir fiber on shear strength parameters. The results showed that coir fiber significantly improved the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of the weaker soil sample, indicating coir fiber reinforcement is an effective stabilization method for that type of soil.
This document outlines a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using bagasse ash. It begins with an introduction on soil stabilization and properties of black cotton soil. The objectives are to determine the effectiveness of different percentages of bagasse ash on engineering properties of black cotton soil. The methodology involves tests on natural soil properties and treated soils. Literature discusses using bagasse ash and additives to improve soil strength. The results show 8% bagasse ash increases the CBR and UCS values of black cotton soil. The conclusion is that bagasse ash can be used to stabilize black cotton soil.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
Evaluation of concrete spall repairs by pullout testfrank collins
This document summarizes a study that evaluated concrete spall repairs using pullout tests. Concrete specimens were damaged via an initial pullout test, repaired with epoxy mortar, and subjected to a second pullout test. The tests showed that:
1) Pullout force of repaired specimens was linearly correlated with concrete cylinder compressive strength up to around 45 kN/2.26 MPa, but diminished at higher strengths.
2) Pullout force/stress of repaired specimens increased similarly to concrete specimens as age increased up to 90 days, but was lower than unrepaired concrete.
3) Higher initial pullout damage forces resulted in higher pullout forces for repaired specimens, up to around 43
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential to stabilize soft soil using granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) and fly ash. Soft soil samples were collected and mixed with different combinations of GBS ranging from 3-9% and fly ash ranging from 3-12%. Compaction and CBR tests were performed to evaluate the mixtures. Results showed that optimum moisture content increased and maximum dry density decreased with higher fly ash-GBS content. Both soaked and unsoaked CBR values initially increased with fly ash-GBS content up to 3% fly ash and 6% GBS, then decreased, indicating this combination provided the best stabilization. The study concluded that soft soil can be effectively stabilized using fly ash-
LABORATORY MODEL TESTS TO EFFECT OF DENSITY TO FILL MATERIAL ON THE PERFORMAN...IAEME Publication
The effective functioning of reinforced earth structures is very much dependent on the quality of materials and construction. Many times, due to poor quality of the materials used and poor quality control measures exercised, the density of the reinforced soil fill is not up to the design requirements, leading to underperformance or distress of the reinforced soil walls. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evaluate the level of underperformance vis-à-vis that of relative compaction. In view of this, in the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on a model soil wall of 300 mm high with vertical face, prepared at different density states of 95%, 80% and 70% of MDD of IS HCT. The wall was subjected to monotonic load applied through a model square footing of size (B) equal to 50 mm on the surface at an offset distance of 1(B). Similar tests were carried out on the soil wall reinforced with a Woven Geotextile in wrap around form; to study the effect of density on the performance of reinforced soil wall. The results indicated proportionality between relative compaction level and performance of soil wall without and with reinforcement.
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using coir (coconut fiber). It describes evaluating the properties of clayey soil, determining index properties, and testing the effect of adding different percentages of coir fiber (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) on unconfined compressive strength and CBR value. The results showed that compressive strength increased by 78.8% and CBR value increased with 1.5% coir fiber addition compared to unreinforced soil. The optimum moisture content increased while maximum dry density decreased with fiber content. Overall, the study demonstrated coir fiber is effective and economical for improving soil strength properties.
STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH SAND AND CEMENT AS A SUBGRADE PAVEMENTIAEME Publication
The present work is done in stabilizing the black cotton soil by using cement and sand. the tests conducted for this work were atterberg limits, specific gravity , standard proctor test , unconfined compression test , California bearing ratio.
All construction should rest on the soil. So, the soil bearing capacity plays a vital role in constructions. All soils will not have good strength and bearing capacity. So there is a need to increase the soil strength and bearing capacity. The black cotton soils pose many problems in construction. So in this present work, the black soil collected from chintakommadinne mandal has been stabilized by using sand and cement.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiberijtsrd
Mixing of fiber for ground improvement has been practiced for recent years. Many researches has shown the expected results. This paper mainly deals with the ground improvement technique using both Fly Ash and cotton fiber. The combination of them gives a satisfactory value of its practical application. Both Fly Ash and Cotton fiber are treated as waste materials in our country in spite of having its engineering significances. Here all the tests were performed accepting the Fly Ash percent is 10 for maximum bearing capacity of soil. Three types of sample were prepared as per 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% of cotton fiber. For instances, it deliberately increases the Dry Density of soil up to 48.05 KN/m3 where as normal unreinforced soil sample gives about 22 KN/m3. The Ultimate bearing capacity increases up to 80.65 Kpa whereas the unreinforced soil sample gives for 35 Kpa. The result of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test gives desired value (23%) than unreinforced soil (17%). The CBR test is performed only for 0.7% of cotton fiber where maximum stress is found. The most significant part in this study is to show the variation on cotton fiber for ground improvement technique at different ratio. This paper shows the gradual increase in Deviator stress for UCS tests for the increase in the percent of cotton fiber mixing with Fly Ash. This research may meet the need of ground having low strength at important sites. Tonmoy Kumar Brahmachary "Soil Stabilization using Fly Ash and Cotton Fiber " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2493.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2493/soil-stabilization-using-fly-ash-and-cotton-fiber-/tonmoy-kumar-brahmachary-
Mathematical Relationships between the Compressive Strength and Some Other St...IOSR Journals
This document establishes mathematical relationships between the compressive strength and other properties (water absorption, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) of sand-quarry dust blocks through regression analysis. Tests were conducted on blocks with varying mix ratios of cement, sand, and quarry dust. Linear and quadratic models relating each additional property to compressive strength were developed. The models were found to have low standard error and high coefficient of determination, indicating they adequately predict relationships between compressive strength and other block properties. The relationships can be used when only compressive strength testing is conducted to estimate additional properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses research on using Recron 3S fiber to improve the strength properties of silty subgrade soil in Kurukshetra, India. Laboratory experiments were conducted that included index tests, modified Proctor compaction tests, CBR tests, and UCS tests on the silty soil alone and mixed with 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% Recron 3S fiber by dry weight of soil. The results showed that the addition of Recron 3S fiber increased the maximum dry density, CBR values, and UCS of the silty soil. The greatest improvements were seen at the lowest fiber content of 0.15%. Therefore, Recron 3S fiber has potential
STUDY OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEJournal For Research
Fiber Reinforced Concrete" is relatively a new construction material developed through extensive research and development work during the last two decades. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is defined as composite material which consists of conventional concrete reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibers of specific geometry, made of steel, synthetic (polymeric) or natural fibers. Plain cement concrete has very low tensile strength and causes formation of micro cracks in stressed and unstressed states of concrete. Also, it has a low strain at fracture and brittleness with less ductility especially in case of High Performance Concrete. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is the answer to modify these properties of Plain Concrete. The recent development of Secondary reinforcement in Concrete in various fields has provided a strong technical base for improving the quality of the material. To overcome the deficiencies fibers are used as secondary reinforcement. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibers. The choice of fibers varies from synthetic organic materials such as polypropylene or carbon, synthetic inorganic such as steel or polyster, natural organic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inorganic asbestos. The interaction between the fiber and concrete matrix is the fundamental property that affects the performance of a cement based fiber composite materials. An understanding of this interaction is needed for forecasting the fiber contribution and for predicting the behavior of such composites. In present investigation concrete with addition of polyester fiber Recron 3s at various at dosages of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by weight of cement in the mix design is studied to find the optimum dosage of Polyster fiber for concrete.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using recycled polyester fibers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to reinforce clay soils. The study tested two different types of clay soils with different liquid limits and plasticity indexes. Samples were prepared with the soils mixed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% recycled polyester fibers by dry weight. Atterberg limit tests showed that adding fibers increased the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit of the soils, and decreased the plasticity index. Direct shear tests under three normal stresses showed that adding fibers increased the peak shear strength of the soils. California Bearing Ratio tests also showed improved strength with the addition of fibers. The study concluded that
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents the design of low power CMOS high performance true single phase clock dual modulus prescalers. It describes a glitch elimination TSPC D-flip flop design used in synchronous counters. Transmission gates are used in the critical path and control logic for mode selection. Power efficient 3/4 and 15/16 prescaler designs are presented and their performance is compared to previous work through Eldo simulation. Simulation results show the improved speed, lower power consumption, and flexibility of the proposed prescaler designs in the frequency range of 0.5-3.125GHz.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document presents research on evaluating different clustering schemes for a repeated bisection partitional clustering algorithm. It analyzes the quality of document clusters produced by three clustering schemes - "large", "best", and "largess" - across three datasets using three criterion functions: I2, E1, and H2. The results show that the "best" scheme produces marginally better quality clusters than the other two schemes, as measured by entropy and purity. It also maximizes the I2 criterion function value irrespective of the number of clusters. The optimal clustering scheme is found to be "best" for splitting clusters at each iteration.
The document discusses quantum mechanics and its applications. It describes how Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel's model combining quantum and classical physics dramatically sped up calculations of protein folding while maintaining accuracy. The document also outlines a lab procedure to determine the wavelength of a laser by shining it on a surface and measuring the spacing of bands that result from splitting the laser beam with a wire.
10 de julio de 2013. Comparecencia de D. Antonio Cabrales, Catedrático de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, University College of London,
en la Comisión de Educación y Deporte dentro de la sesión de comparecencias relacionadas con el Proyecto de Ley Orgánica para la mejora de la calidad Educación en el Congreso de los Diputados
The document appears to be a collection of exercises for a control theory class given by Professor Mariangela Pollonais at the Universidad Santiago Mariño in Maturín, Venezuela in June 2014. It was completed by the student Erick Zamarripa and covers Laplace transform theory and related math problems across 22 scanned pages. The problems involve applying Laplace transforms to different signals and systems.
OPENING AND CLOSING RANKS FOR NITs 2013 (ALL ROUNDS IN ONE)Ambarish Srivastava
This document provides opening and closing ranks for the first five rounds of admissions to the National Institutes of Technology in India in 2013. It includes ranks for different categories including open, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and physically disabled categories for both home state and other state candidates. The ranks are provided for various branches of study at 19 different NITs across the country.
Este documento discute o que constitui tecnologia e como ela está presente em nossas vidas diárias. Menciona que as técnicas e tecnologias são incorporadas aos nossos hábitos e costumes, e que a televisão em particular se aproxima cada vez mais da realidade cotidiana através de programas de realidade. Também ressalta a importância da escola servir como um espaço crítico para refletir sobre as informações e influências da televisão.
[1] O documento descreve as principais características dos artrópodes, incluindo seu habitat, sistema digestivo, respiratório e reprodutivo.
[2] Os artrópodes podem ser divididos em quatro grandes grupos: aracnídeos, insetos, crustáceos e miriápodos.
[3] Eles possuem exoesqueleto de quitina e passam por ecdise, trocando o exoesqueleto por um maior durante o crescimento.
SAP es un sistema de información empresarial integrado que comprende muchos módulos completamente integrados para gestionar todas las áreas funcionales de una empresa. Fue fundada en Alemania en 1972 y es considerada el tercer proveedor independiente de software más grande del mundo. Los sistemas SAP permiten compartir información en todos los módulos y departamentos de una empresa de manera integrada, siendo una herramienta esencial para la gestión empresarial moderna.
Este documento describe las competencias básicas y su evaluación y metodología. Define las competencias básicas como la combinación integrada de conocimientos, destrezas, habilidades, actitudes y valores. Explica que las competencias básicas se evalúan teniendo en cuenta los criterios de evaluación de cada área curricular y que su desarrollo depende de varias áreas, no solo una. También presenta principios metodológicos como el aprendizaje basado en proyectos y la resolución de problemas.
Este documento resume la película "El Padrino II" y analiza la tragedia de Michael Corleone. Tras la muerte de su padre y el alejamiento de su familia, Michael termina solo al final de la película, convertido en lo que más repudiaba su padre. A pesar de sus esfuerzos por proteger a su familia, termina alejándolos y condenándose a sí mismo a la soledad y el arrepentimiento.
Este documento contiene tres propuestas de diagramas de flujo para resolver diferentes problemas matemáticos. El primer diagrama compara tres valores y determina cual es el mayor y el menor. El segundo suma tres valores siempre que sean mayores que 10. El tercero suma dos valores en un ciclo de tres repeticiones y cuenta cuantas veces el resultado fue positivo.
El documento trata sobre una marcha de separación. No proporciona más detalles sobre el tema, propósito o participantes de la marcha. Tampoco incluye información sobre el grupo que realiza el resumen.
Este documento presenta las gráficas de varias funciones trigonométricas de ángulos dobles, mitad y múltiples en el programa Derive. El estudiante Nicolás Sigcha en el curso de Geometría y Trigonometría con el profesor Diego Cují graficará funciones como seno, coseno y tangente de 2x, 3x, 4x y 5x.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
This document discusses a study on predicting California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for natural and cement-stabilized cohesive soils. Nine different clayey soil samples were collected and tested to determine their physical properties. The soils were then mixed with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% cement by weight and compacted to determine their unsoaked and soaked CBR values. Regression models were developed to predict the CBR values based on the test results. The goal was to develop simple models that can estimate CBR without expensive and time-consuming laboratory testing. The models aimed to correlate CBR with properties like plasticity index, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content.
IRJET- Study of the Strength Characteristics of the Soil Processed with F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ongoing study on the strength characteristics of soil processed with fly ash and Recron 3S fibers. The study aims to improve the strength of clayey soil, which has issues like high shrinkage, swelling, and low bearing capacity. Fly ash acts as a cementing material while Recron 3S fibers act as reinforcement. Tests were performed to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compression strength, and shear strength of mixtures with varying proportions of fly ash (10-50%) and Recron 3S fibers (0.2-1.0%). Previous research found that addition of fibers increases the failure load of soil. The current study aims to determine the optimum mix proportions to maximize
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
A Research Paper on Stabilization of Soil by using Bituminous MaterialIRJET Journal
This paper investigates the use of bituminous material to stabilize soil. The key goals of soil stabilization are to increase the soil's California Bearing Ratio and create a stronger sub-base and base courses using on-site materials. Bitumen is used as the stabilizing agent, acting as a binder that fills the pores of the soil and increases its mechanical stability without chemically reacting with the soil. The paper reviews previous literature on soil stabilization and presents the results of an experimental study showing that mixing bitumen with soil can increase its California Bearing Ratio by up to 50%. In conclusion, bitumen stabilization may be suitable for gravel soils and the amount used depends on required strength and budget.
This document summarizes a student report on soil stabilization using fly ash. The report acknowledges the assistance of the student's supervisor and others. It includes an abstract stating that the investigation evaluated the compaction and strength of black cotton soil stabilized with mixtures of fine and coarse fly ash. The report findings show that addition of fly ash improves the strength and compaction properties of the stabilized soil, with fine fly ash mixtures providing up to 25% higher peak strength than coarse fly ash mixtures.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
“STABILAZATION OF SOIL USING PLASTIC WASTE GENERATED FROM PLASTIC BAGS AND BO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on stabilizing expansive clay soils using plastic waste from bottles and bags. The plastic was cut into strips and added to soil samples at different ratios and sizes. Tests found adding plastic strips significantly improved shear strength, reduced swelling and cracking, lowered optimum moisture content, and slightly increased maximum dry density. Stabilizing expansive soils with plastic waste helps address the problem of plastic recycling while improving soil engineering properties.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
IRJET- Analysis of Rice Husk Ash as a Second Stringer of Cement in Concre...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. It discusses how RHA can improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete while providing economic and environmental benefits. The study examines the effects of replacing cement with 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% RHA on the consistency, workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures. The results showed that concrete containing up to 21% RHA replacement exhibited increased compressive and flexural strengths compared to the control mixture. However, strengths decreased with 28% replacement. Workability was reduced with RHA but increased again at 28% replacement. Therefore, RHA can effectively replace up to 21
stabilization of expansive soils by using flash.pptxbazeeshaikngm
This document discusses the use of fly ash to stabilize expansive soil. It describes the materials used, methodology, and results of various tests conducted with varying amounts of fly ash added to expansive soil. Standard proctor, unconfined compression, CBR, and free swell index tests were performed following relevant IS codes. The results showed that engineering properties like maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and CBR values initially increased with the addition of fly ash up to a certain percentage, then decreased with further addition of fly ash beyond that percentage. The conclusions provide an overview of these results and trends observed.
Administration of stabilized flyash stratum in flexible pavementsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using stabilized fly ash as a subbase layer in flexible pavements built on expansive soils. Two test tracks were constructed - one with an untreated fly ash subbase and one with a lime-cement stabilized fly ash subbase. Cyclic plate load tests and heave measurements were performed on the test tracks. The results showed that the treated fly ash subbase had greater load carrying capacity and less heave compared to the untreated fly ash subbase. Laboratory CBR tests determined that mixing fly ash with 2% lime and 0.5% cement produced a CBR value of 20%, which was used to construct the stabilized fly ash subbase layer in the second test track.
The document summarizes a study on the settlement characteristics of sand reinforced with coir mats and coir fibers. Load-settlement tests were conducted on model footings placed on reinforced sand beds. It was found that the settlement reduction factor (SRF), a measure of settlement, increases with increasing stress for both mat and fiber reinforcement. For mat reinforcement, SRF increases with decreasing mat opening size and decreasing reinforcement depth. For fiber reinforcement, an optimum depth of 0.6 times the footing width was found to provide the highest SRF. Reinforcement form significantly influences strength, with mat reinforcement performing better at shallow depths and fiber reinforcement at greater depths.
This document summarizes the results of laboratory tests on the strength and stiffness properties of soil-cement mixtures made with granitic sandy soil stabilized with cement. Unconfined compression tests and seismic wave velocity measurements were performed to quantify the influence of cement content, porosity, and water content on unconfined strength and stiffness. Triaxial compression tests were also performed on selected specimens to further evaluate strength and deformability. The results showed that the void-cement ratio, representing the relationship between void volume and cement volume, is a better parameter than water-cement ratio for evaluating the unconfined compressive strength of these soil-cement mixtures.
This document summarizes a study on the influence of curing regime on the strength development of grade C60 concrete. Concrete cubes were cured in water or ambient air and tested at various ages to determine compressive strength. Additional cubes were water cured for limited durations and then stored in air, and tested at 28 and 90 days. The results showed that cubes water cured for only 3 days reached the highest 28-day strength of 74.15N/mm2, while cubes water cured for 28 days reached the highest 90-day strength of 77.58N/mm2. Sorptivity and water absorption tests also indicated improved pore structure and reduced permeability with increased water curing duration.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE ON STRENGTH PARAMETERS O...IAEME Publication
This study presents the effects of Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) on plain concrete. Potassium carbonate as depressant admixture was added in different percentages by weight of cement. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths and the results
obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The optimum percentage of admixture that could be used without harming the properties of concrete was also assessed. The results concluded permissibility of using admixture (K2CO3) up to 2.6% by weight of cement.
The document summarizes a study on the properties of concrete with coconut shells used to replace coarse aggregates. Control concrete and concretes with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with coconut shells were tested. Properties investigated included compressive strength, split tensile strength, density, water absorption and moisture migration. Results showed that density, workability and strengths decreased with increased coconut shell replacement. However, permeability, absorption and moisture migration increased. Concrete with both coconut shells and fly ash showed similar properties to concrete with just coconut shells.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
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It3515151519
1. K. Saranya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1515-1519
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Consolidation Stress Effect On Strength Of Lime Stabilized Soil
K. Saranya*, Dr. M. Muttharam**
*(Department of Civil Engineering, Research Scholar, Anna University, Chennai-25)
** (Department of Civil Engineering, Associate Professor ANNA University, CHENNAI)
ABSTRACT
Improvement of soft soils by deep mixing is gaining popularity in many countries. The strength of stabilized
soils is generally estimated by conducting unconfined compression test, whereas triaxial compression tests are
used very rarely. Further the undrained strength of the stabilized soil is considered for design. The strength of
stabilized soil is treated as being independent of stress. Triaxial tests have shown that the drained strength of
stabilized soils is stress dependent in a similar way to that of natural soils. Hence, the stress dependency of the
strength of stabilized soils should be considered in the design process for most soil and loading conditions.
Hence in the present study an attempt is made to bring out the effect of consolidation stress on the strength of
lime stabilized soil. The various laboratory test such as vane shear test, unconfined compressive strength test and
Triaxial test were conducxred. In general the undrained cohesion and the angle of internal friction increases with
increase in lime content and curing periods. However for a given lime content and curing period, the undrained
cohesion increases with increase in consolidation stress and angle of internal friction decreases with increase in
consolidation stress. Hence, it is important to consider the consolidation stress effects to arrive at the design
strength parameters for stabilized soils.
Keywords – Lime, Shear strength, Consolidation stress, Triaxial test, Unconfined compressive strength.
I.INTRODUCTION
Soil stabilization, in a broad sense,
incorporates, the various methods employed for
modifying the properties of a soil to improve its
engineering performance. Stabilization is being used
for a variety of engineering works, where the main
objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil
and to reduce the construction cost by making best use
of the locally available materials. Methods of
stabilization may be grouped under two main types: a)
Modification or improvement of a soil property of the
existing soil without any admixture. b) Modification of
the properties with the help of admixtures. Compaction
and drainage are the examples of the first type, which
improve the inherent shear strength of soil. Examples
of the second type are: Mechanical stabilization,
stabilization with cement, lime, bitumen and chemicals
etc. The properties of soft soils can be improved by
either of the above mentioned methods.
1.1 Deep Stabilization of soil
The improvement of soft soils by deep mixing
is now widely used in many countries. Lime has been
used for several decades as stabilizing agents in deep
stabilization of soft soil and it is used to improve the
strength parameters (cohesion, angle of internal
friction). An important factor for the design of deep
mixing is the effect of lime on the strength achieved in
the stabilized soils. Although a number of
investigations have been performed, showing different
aspects of the strength of lime stabilized soils (Helen
Ahnberg 2003).there is a need for further studies,
particularly concerning the effect of consolidation
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stress on soils stabilized with lime on undrained as
well as drained strength. Clay generally shows a
significant increase in strength when lime is used for
stabilization (Bell 1988, Narasimha Rao et al; 1990).
Lime has been found to be the most effective and
economic of all additives. Addition of lime to clay
reduces the swell potential and increase the strength
(Sakr,Mohammed 2000) .Khelifa Harichane et al.
(2011), presented the laboratory study of expansive
soil stabilized with lime. They concluded that the
addition of lime reduces the plasticity index, increases
optimum moisture content (OMC) and decreases
maximum dry density (MDD). Increasing the curing
time increased the shear stress of soil stabilized with
lime. There is a considerable increase in cohesion and
angle of internal friction in samples containing lime
with increasing curing period (Helen Ahnberg
2003).The strength of lime-soil mixture is influenced
by several factors such as soil type, amount of lime
added, curing period, moisture content and unit weight
of soil and time elapsed between mixing and
compaction (Ingles and Bell et al; 1993).Mir (2004)
used lime stabilization technique to improve the
properties of dredged material from dal lake in
Srinagar. On addition of small amount of lime (2%),
the immediate UCC strength of soil unaffected where
as there is a significant increase in the UCC strength
for 7 days curing period and a marginal increase for 21
days curing period. Lime stabilization improves the
compressibility characteristics of clayey soil (Broms
and Boman 1977; Maharan et al. 2004). Back pressure
can greatly affect the strength of lime stabilized soil
(Helen Ahenberg 2003). Though several researchers
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2. K. Saranya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1515-1519
worked on lime stabilized soil, to study on the
behaviour of lime stabilized soil subjected to
consolidation stress is limited. Hence the present study
aims to bring out the effect of consolidation stresses on
the strength characteristics of lime stabilized soft clay.
II.Experimental study
2.1 Materials
Natural soils were collected from Velachery,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India at 0.5-1.5 m depth from
ground level by making open trench. The physical
properties of natural soil are shown in table 1.
Laboratory grade hydrated lime was used for the study.
2.1 Methods
Unconfined compressive strength, Triaxial
test and Vane shear tests were conducted on natural
and lime stabilized soil at a consistency of 0.2. The soil
was stabilized with lime contents of 3%, 5%, 7% and
9% and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days.
2.2 Preparation of soil sample
Samples are prepared by mixing a required
amount of water to the soil passing through 425µm to
reach the required consistency. Then required amount
of stabilizers are mixed to the soil at the soft
consistency to get a uniform paste of soil-stabilizer
mix. Then the soil stabilizer mix is placed in spilt
mould of 38mm inner diameter and length of 80mm by
kneading compaction technique. The samples were
sealed with rubber lids at the ends and stored in
humidity chamber at ambient temperature for the
required curing period. After the required curing
period, tests are conducted by extracting the samples
from spilt mould. The sample prepared in the split
mould with required percentage of lime stabilizer
cured for the required time is taken out from the
mould, and set in the triaxial apparatus by conventional
way. Then the sample is subjected to a consolidation
stress of 50 kPa, after ensuring the consolidation, the
sample was subjected a cell pressure of 50 kPa and
sheared. Next an identical sample is taken and
consolidated for 50 kPa then the cell pressure is
increases to 150kPa. Mohr’s circle is drawn for the set
of data, from the strength envelope cohesion intercept
and angle of internal friction are obtained. This is “c’
and “φ” for consolidation stress of 50 kPa. The above
said procedure is repeated with identical specimens
with the only difference that, this time the
consolidation stress is 150 kPa. The same procedure is
repeated with identical specimens subjected to a
consolidation stress of 150 kPa. For each lime content
and curing periods at least nine identical specimens are
tested.
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TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Soils
Parameter
Specific
Gravity
Clay
Silt
Sand
Liquid Limit
Plastic Limit
Plasticity
Index
IS
Classification
Symbol or
Percentage
Values
Gs
2.43
%
%
%
%
%
76
18
6
86
29
%
57
CH
Clay of High
Plasticity
2.3 Experimental Procedure
2.3.1 Unconfined compressive strength test
Strength is an important engineering behavior
based on which foundations are designed. In order to
determine the strength, unconfined compressive test
was performed. Unconfined compression test is simple
test, which is useful for the evaluation of suitable
quantities and compositions of stabilizers. However,
they do not provide information on the influence of
stress and pore water pressures. Unconfined
compression test are extensively used to estimate the
undrained strength of stabilized soils.
2.3.2 Triaxial compression test
Triaxial tests are used to enable the
assessment of undrained strength under varying
loading conditions. In the current design models, the
undrained strength is the main property considered,
and this is treated as being independent of stress.
However, it is believed that both undrained and
drained strength is dependent on stress and this stress
dependence should be considered in the design process
for most soil and loading conditions. Triaxial tests
have shown that the undrained strength of stabilized
soil is dependent in a similar way to that of natural
soils.
2.3.3 Vane shear test
Vane shear test is used to get the undrained
strength parameters of soft clay.
III.Result and Discussion
3.1 Vane Shear test
Vane shear test was conducted for clay
consistency of 0.2, mixed with 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%
lime content immediately after preparation. The
undrained cohesion varies from 0.05 to 0.13 kPa for
various lime contents. Figure 3.1 brings out the
variation of undrained cohesion with various
percentage of lime content at a consistency of 0.2.
From figure 3.1, it was observed that the cohesion
marginally increases with the increase in lime content.
Though lime stabilization would increase the strength,
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3. K. Saranya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1515-1519
since the test was conducted immediately after
preparation of lime treated specimens, there was no
scope for soil-lime reactions. Hence there is no
appropriate improvement in undrained cohesion.
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Fig 3.2 UCC Strength of soil at a consistency of 0.2
stabilized with 3%, 5%,7% and 9% lime
Figure 3.1 Variation of undrained cohesion with
various percentage of lime content at 0.2
consistency
Table 3.2 UCC Strength of Cured Lime Stabilized
Soil.
During
periods
(days)
3.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength
Fig 3.2 plots the variation of UCC strength
with curing periods for samples treated with various
lime contents. The strength increase is almost linear
with curing period for all the lime contents except for
9% lime, where there is a higher rate of increase in
strength for curing from 7 days to 14 days compared to
the strength gain for further curing up to 28 days.
When the lime content is increased from 3% to 9%, the
UCC strength increased from 6.09kPa to 18.5 kPa for 7
days curing. For the curing period of 14 days, the UCC
strength increased to 65.24 kPa upon lime addition of
9% and the same is 78.88 kPa after 28 days curing.
Data presented in the table 3.2 brings out that the UCC
strength of soil increased with increase in lime content
and as well as increase in curing period. This is due to
the beneficial effects derived from soil- lime reactions.
However, it can be further observed that addition of
3% lime is not much effective in improving the
strength, as this is less than lime fixation point. The
lime fixation point for the soil considered in the
present study is 4%. According to the theory, addition
of lime up to lime fixation point is utilized for
modifying the plasticity characteristics and the lime
addition in excess of lime fixation is used for
improving the strength. However, as soon as lime is
added to the soil both modification and stabilization
process starts together and it cannot be said that only
after modifying the plasticity characteristics the
strength should be improved. Hence, in the present
investigation even 3% lime addition showed a
marginal increase in UCC strength. The soil at 0.2
consistency treated with lime contents of 3%, 5%, 7%
and 9% lime contents the strength increase after 14
days is nearly 2 to 4 times as that of 7 days strength.
Further after 28 days curing the strength is increased to
nearly 3 to 6 times the 7 days strength for all lime
contents.
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UCC strength (kPa)
7
3%
lime
6.09
5%
lime
9.57
7%
lime
15.08
9%
lime
18.50
14
12.76
30.74
38.28
65.54
28
30.16
50.17
48.08
78.88
3.3 TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST RESULTS
3.3.1 CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
3.3.1.1 UNDRAINED COHESION
Consolidated undrained tests were conducted
on soil at consistency of 0.2 treated with 3%,7% and
9% lime content cured for 7,14 and 28 days. A set of
samples were consolidated for a constant pressure and
the cell pressure was increased and tested, to get the
strength parameters. The consolidation stress
considered are 50kPa, 100kPa and 150kPa.
Fig 3.3.1 plot the variation of undrained
cohesion with consolidation stress for soil at 0.2
consistency treated with 3%,7% and 9% lime
respectively and cured for 7,14 and 28 days. From
Figure 3.3.1, it is noticed that the consolidation stress
increases the undrained cohesion value considerably.
Further, the rate of increase in strength for
consolidation stress from 50kPa to 100 kPa is slightly
higher than that for increases in consolidation stress
from 100 kPa to 150 kPa.
Fig 3.3.1 Variation of Cohesion of Soil at 0.2
Consistency Stabilized with 3% Lime
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4. K. Saranya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1515-1519
Table 3.3.1 summarizes the cohesion obtained for
soil at 0.2 consistency treated with 3%,7% and 9%
lime content cured for 7,14 and 28 days subjected to
the consolidation stress of 50 kPa,100 kPa and 150
kPa.
Variables
Consolidatio
n stress(kPa)
3%
7%
9%
50
100
150
50
100
150
50
100
150
7
22
30
12
40
60
24
60
84
14
21
50
65
34
63
88
50
80
105
28
42
70
87
50
89
105
79
102
130
Curing
Periods
(days)
7
Data presented in the table shows that for a
given curing period and lime content the cohesion
increases with increases in consolidation stress. For
example 7% lime treated soil cured for 28 days showed
cohesion of 50 kPa when consolidated for a stress of
50 kPa. The similar sample when subjected to 150 kPa
exhibited undrained cohesion of 105 kPa. This is
nearly double the cohesion value at consolidation
stress of 50 kPa.
3.3.2 ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION
Fig 3.3.2 plots the variation of angle of
internal friction obtained for soil at 0.2 consistency
treated with 3%, 7% and 9% lime respectively and
subjected to consolidation stress of 50 kPa, 100 kPa
and 150 kPa. The variation of angle of internal friction
with curing periods is also plotted in figure 3.3.2. The
angle of shearing resistance reduces with increase in
consolidation stress for all the lime contents and curing
periods.
Fig 3.3.2 Variation of Angle of Internal Friction of
Soil at 0.2 Consistency Stabilized with 3% Lime
Table 3.32 summarizes the angle of internal
friction for soil at 0.2 consistency stabilized with
various lime contents subjected to different
consolidation stresses. The angle of internal friction
increases with increase in lime content and increase in
curing periods. However, for a given lime content and
for a given curing period the angle of internal friction
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decreases with increase in consolidation stresses. This
may be due to the fact that the consolidation stress
might have broken the bonds developed due to soillime reactions which in turn reduced the angle of
internal friction.
TABLE 3.3.2 Angle of Internal Friction of Lime
Stabilized Specimens at Various Consolidation
Stresses at 0.2 Consistency
Cohesion (kPa)
Lime
Content (%)
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VARIABLES
Angle of internal Friction
(degrees)
Curing
period (days)
3%
Lime
Consolidatio
n stress (kPa)
curing
periods
(days)
7%
Lime
9%
Lime
50
7
100
150
50
100
150
50
100
150
4
3
3
7
5
4
9
7
5
1
4
9
8
7
12
10
15
15
12
10
2
8
12
10
9
15
13
10
18
15
12
IV.CONCLUSION
Soft clay deposits are geologically recent
deposits which are found in several parts of the world
especially along the coast in narrow tidal plane and
swamp areas. In Tamilnadu also these deposits occur
in many parts like backwater areas of Kovalam,
Vedaranyam as well as Chennai. The basic problems
associated with these type of deposits were low shear
strength and high compressibility. Chemical
stabilization using various admixtures is a suitable
solution to improve the strength of soft clay.
Based on the detailed experimental investigation and
analyzing the data the following conclusions are
arrived at
1. Soil at soft consistency exhibits very low strength
when tested immediately after mixing the
stabilizer lime with soil. Hence curing period
plays a major role in improving the strength.
2. Unconfined compressive strength of soil at 0.2
consistency treated with various percentages of
lime, showed increase in strength with increase in
percentage of lime stabilizer and curing period.
3. Consolidated undrained test conducted on lime
stabilized soil at 0.2 consistency showed increase
in undrained cohesion and angle of internal
friction with increase in lime content and curing
periods.
4. For a given lime content and curing period, the
undrained cohesion increases with increase in
consolidation stress.
5. For a given lime content and curing period the
angle of internal friction decreases with increase
in consolidation stress.
The strength of lime stabilized soil is
dependent on consolidation stress and thus this need to
be considered for the design.
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5. K. Saranya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1515-1519
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