Inflammatory bowel disease ppt

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses two major disorders: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. Ulcerative Colitis causes ulcers in the lining of the rectum and colon and typically starts between ages 15-30. Crohn's Disease causes inflammation of the digestive system from mouth to anus, often affecting the ileum, and seems to run in families. Common symptoms of both disorders include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Symptoms vary depending on the extent and severity of inflammation in the colon and rectum.

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UC is an idiopathic IBD that affects the colonic mucosa. Hallmark of UC is bloody diarrhea often with prominent symptoms of rectal urgency and tenesmus. The clinical course is marked by exacerbations and remissions. The diagnosis of UC is suspected on clinical grounds and supported by the appropriate findings on Proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy Biopsy By negative stool examination for infectious causes

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PYLORIC STENOSIS Pyloric stenosis is a medical condition in which the pylorus, the muscular valve between the stomach and the small intestine, becomes abnormally narrowed or obstructed, leading to the obstruction of the gastric outlet. This narrowing of the pylorus prevents the proper passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is still unknown, but it is believed to have a multifactorial etiology. Genetic factors are thought to play a role, as there is a higher incidence of pyloric stenosis among siblings and family members. Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of the condition, but specific triggers remain unidentified. The hallmark symptom of pyloric stenosis is projectile vomiting, which occurs shortly after feeding. Vomitus is often non-bilious and may resemble curdled milk. Forceful vomiting that may project several feet away from the infant. Signs of hunger and irritability despite frequent feeding attempts. Weight loss or poor weight gain. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances due to excessive vomiting. Palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region. Infants appear hungry, irritable, and unsatisfied after feeds. Physical Examination: Palpation of the abdomen may reveal a palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the epigastric region, which represents the hypertrophied pylorus. The “olive” can often be felt when the infant is in a relaxed state and the stomach is empty. Abdominal Ultrasound: Abdominal ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool for confirming pyloric stenosis. Fluid and Electrolyte Management: Prior to surgery, infants with pyloric stenosis often require fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte imbalances caused by excessive vomiting. Intravenous hydration and electrolyte replacement may be necessary to restore the infant’s fluid and electrolyte balance. Atropine Therapy: In some cases, medical management with intravenous atropine may be attempted as a temporary measure to relieve pyloric spasm and improve the passage of food. Surgical management of pyloric stenosis involves performing a pyloromyotomy. This procedure is typically done under general anaesthesia and can be performed as an open surgery or laparoscopically. Postoperative Nursing Care: Monitor vital signs, surgical site, and signs of infection, such as fever, redness, swelling, or discharge. Administer prescribed pain medications and antibiotics. Observe for complications, such as bleeding or infection, and report any abnormalities to the healthcare team. Encourage early feeding and monitor for successful feeding tolerance, ensuring the infant is retaining and digesting food properly. Educate parents about postoperative care, including incision care, feeding techniques, and signs of potential complications, emphasizing the importance of follow-up visits and ongoing care.

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