Infectious disease
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This document discusses various infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It provides details on: 1) The differences between viruses, bacteria, and parasites in terms of their size, structure, and components. 2) The chain of infection and how pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir to a host. 3) Types of infectious diseases like meningitis, encephalitis, and autoimmune encephalitis. It describes symptoms, causes, and treatments for conditions like TB meningitis, enteroviral meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis. 4) How the immune system protects the body and anatomical structures involved in immunity like tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus
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Infectious disease
- 1. Infectious Diseases Varun Muthuchamy Ms. Meenakshi Dr. Keshav Kumar
- 2. Infection? The invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites that are not normally present within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
- 3. How do Virus, Bacteria and Parasites differs? Virus Bacteria Parasites Size 20-200 nm 1-3 microns Complex Structure Round Rod or Sphere Complex Components DNA/RNA and cover (Capsid) DNA, Cytoplasm and cell wall Mimic human cells
- 4. Chain of Infection Pathogenic Organism Reservoir Means of escape Mode of Transmission Means of Entry Host Susceptibility Virus Bacteria Parasites Human Animal food Water, soil Respiratory Genital Skin Blood Contact Transmission Droplet Transmission Airborne Transmission As same as it escapes Immunity Vulnerability
- 5. Immune system A system in a body that fight against foreign invaders (pathogenic organs) Anatomy of immunity: ◇ Tonsils: Either side of back of throat ◇ Lymph Nodes: Found throughout the body (filter) ◇ Thymus: Located in the upper chest at the bottom of the neck, behind the breastbone. ◇ Bone marrow: Found mainly inside the long bones and pelvic bones ◇ Spleen: Found in the upper left side of the abdomen (Recognize)
- 6. Blood Brain Barriers Endothelial cells It is a barrier between the blood stream and extra-cerebellar spaces. 3 Levels of BBB: #1 Blood- Brain exchange #2 Choroid plexus of ventricular system #3 Avascular arachnoid epithelium
- 7. Types of Infectious Diseases(ID)
- 9. Meningococcal meningitis Types of Meningitis Very Rare Tuberculosis (TB) meningitis Pneumococcal meningitis Bacterial Meningitis Herpes Virus Myxovirus Enterovirus Gnathostoma spinigerum Angiostrongylus cantonensis Baylisascaris procyonis Parasitic Meningitis Viral Meningitis *Untreated patients with bacterial meningitis show progressive deterioration in mental status, whereas spontaneous recovery is usual in viral cases.
- 10. TB meningitis Causating factor: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Severity: Grade 1= GCS 15 with no focal neurological deficit. Grade 2= GCS 15 with focal neurological deficit or GCS 11-14. Grade 3= GCS <10. Symptoms: low-grade fever malaise weight loss headache (1–2 weeks) and Worsening headache Neck Stiffness vomiting Confusion leads to coma. Duration:>6 days
- 11. Neuropsychological Profile: Digit Symbol Similarities Block Design Matrix Reasoning Letter-number Sequencing Focal Neurological Signs Neurophysiological Profile: Right Thalamus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Precuneus Caudate nucleus Left putamen POIVCI WMI WISC-III Treatment: Early intervention Better prognosis Less mortality
- 12. Enteroviral Meningitis Major cause Coxsackie A Viruses Coxsackie B Viruses Echoviruses Polioviruses Clinical Picture: Infants and young Incidence decreases with age. Symptoms: Herpangina Rashes. Moderate or high fever Severe headache Abrupt deterioration in mental status Seizures
- 13. Neuropsychological Profile: # Verbal Comprehension # Perceptual Organisation (WISC-III) Delayed neurodevelopment Lowered IQ There are possibilities to function well over time and child may perform as well as their non-affected siblings.
- 14. Toxoplasmosis Bacterial encephalitis Tick Borne encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis West nile encephalitis Auto-immune Immune- Mediated Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Encephalitis Inflammation of Brain Types of Encephalitis
- 15. Herpes simplex viral(HSV-1, HSV-2) Encephalitis Prevalance: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (31%) Herpes simplex virus type 1 (4%) Symptoms: Headache Fever Neck Stiffness vomiting Photophobia (mostly children) Genital lesions (82%) Genitourinary Symptoms.
- 16. Neuropsychological Profile: anomic aphasia word finding memory impairment language working Memory Index (WISC-III) Neurophysiological Profile: MRI and EEG shows abnormal signal intensity in the left temporal lobe extending into the left hippocampus and insular cortex
- 17. Autoimmune Encephalitis (ANMDAR) Our own antibodies attacking our own cells which has structural similarity with antigens NMDA receptor Involved in Neural network formation Synaptic plasticity Learning and memory Language Judgment Reaction of our antibodies with NMDA receptors leads to hypoactivation of NMDAR that leads to psychiatric and neurologic malfunctions.
- 18. Symptoms: Fever Headache Vomiting Diarrhea Memory Loss and Confusion Emotional Disturbances Psychosis (Delusions And Hallucinations) Decrease In Speech Intelligibility, Seizures Involuntary movement Loss of sense of taste and smell. Prodomal
- 19. Neuropsychological Profile: Executive Functions Memory Neurophysiology Profile: (PET) Abnormal Fronto-temporal, Occipital, and Cerebellar Hypermetabolism Treatment: Replacement of Hormones Biologics (immune response modifiers) Stem cell treatment Replacing affected parts or Replacing immune system
- 21. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Capsid (protein coat) Some viruses have the tendancy to attack even bacterias Parasite: an organism that benefits at the expense of another organism (they depend on host for survival)
- The pathogen is the microorganism that causes infection. The reservoir is the place where microorganisms live. means of escape are how the microorganism leaves the reservoir mode of transmission is how the pathogen moves from place to place Contact -Direct= without any intermittent means (ungloved contact) (Musquito) -Indirect= through a contaminated intermittent object (unsterilized injections) Droplet Respiratory droplets (Saliva of infected individuals) Airborne Small particle in respirable size enters the respiratory tract. means of entry is how the microorganism enters the host. (Same as how it escapes) susceptible host is the person who may become infected Vulnerablity of the indi to develop disease and strength of immunity comes into scene here.....
- Lymphatic system: Lymph nodes are filters for lymph fluids (lymphatics) which contains nutrients and waste materials. \ Thymus: Thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. Bone Marrow: Spleen; helps in recognizing bacterias and other foreign bodies.
- BBB: prevent unwanted materials to intrude the brain
- BBB: prevent unwanted materials to intrude the brain TB Meningitis
- Flexion and extension- motor movement (Splasticity)
- Biologics?
- Whipple= caused by bacterium, gastrointestinal system Impairs ablity to breakdown food and blocks to absorb nutrients Hepatitis: inflammation of liver by viral infection. Alcohol, autoimmune, dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice.