This document discusses infection control in healthcare settings. It begins by outlining the history and evolution of understanding of hospital-acquired infections. It then defines key terms related to infection control like nosocomial infections, clinical waste, and emerging infectious diseases. The document discusses the chain of infection and stages of infection. It emphasizes the importance of standard precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment. It also discusses additional transmission-based precautions needed for certain infectious diseases. The goal of infection control is to break the chain of infection and prevent spread of disease.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
This document discusses transmission-based precautions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It describes three main types of precautions - contact, droplet, and airborne - based on the route of transmission.
Contact precautions are used for diseases spread through direct or indirect contact and include practices like wearing gloves and gowns. Droplet precautions are used for diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets within 1 meter and include wearing a surgical mask. Airborne precautions are used for diseases transmitted through small particles that remain suspended in the air like tuberculosis, and require an N95 respirator mask and isolation in a negative pressure room. The document outlines the specific protective measures needed for each precaution type.
Transmission based precaution techniquesReynel Dan
This document outlines transmission-based precaution techniques, including airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. Airborne precautions are for diseases transmitted through small particles that remain suspended in the air, like measles or tuberculosis, and involve respiratory protection, negative pressure rooms, and appropriate ventilation. Droplet precautions are for diseases transmitted through large respiratory droplets, like influenza, and involve masks within 3 feet and private rooms. Contact precautions are for diseases transmitted through direct or indirect contact and involve private rooms, dedicated or disposable equipment, gloves, and hand hygiene.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The document discusses isolation precautions used in healthcare settings, including standard precautions used for all patients and transmission-based precautions used for patients known or suspected to be infected by highly transmissible pathogens. It describes airborne, droplet, contact, and protective isolation precautions and the personal protective equipment used for each. The goal is to stop the spread of infections in the hospital by reducing risks of transmission through air, droplets, direct/indirect contact, or vulnerable patients.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
The document discusses infection control procedures for healthcare workers. It covers the goals of infection control training which are to educate workers on pathogen transmission in the workplace and apply principles to minimize risks. Standard precautions that should be used with all patients are outlined, including hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns and masks. Additional contact and airborne precautions are described for patients with certain infections.
The document discusses hospital-acquired infections, including definitions, types, causes, microorganisms involved, and methods for infection control and prevention. It notes that hospital-acquired infections lead to approximately 90,000 unnecessary deaths in the US each year. Effective infection control requires breaking the chain of infection through measures like standard safety precautions, immunization, isolation, hygiene, and environmental cleaning. Nurses play an important role in implementing infection control practices and educating patients.
This document discusses infection control and prevention in a hospital setting. It begins by defining infection and listing some common infectious agents. It then discusses the importance of infection control in hospitals, noting that hospital-acquired infections are a leading cause of preventable death. The document outlines the chain of infection and various ways to break the chain, including appropriate handling of infectious materials and waste, sterilization and disinfection, isolation protocols, and other infection prevention strategies. It provides details on standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and maintaining a sterile field during procedures. The role of nurses in infection control is also highlighted.
This document discusses transmission-based precautions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It describes three main types of precautions - contact, droplet, and airborne - based on the route of transmission.
Contact precautions are used for diseases spread through direct or indirect contact and include practices like wearing gloves and gowns. Droplet precautions are used for diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets within 1 meter and include wearing a surgical mask. Airborne precautions are used for diseases transmitted through small particles that remain suspended in the air like tuberculosis, and require an N95 respirator mask and isolation in a negative pressure room. The document outlines the specific protective measures needed for each precaution type.
Transmission based precaution techniquesReynel Dan
This document outlines transmission-based precaution techniques, including airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. Airborne precautions are for diseases transmitted through small particles that remain suspended in the air, like measles or tuberculosis, and involve respiratory protection, negative pressure rooms, and appropriate ventilation. Droplet precautions are for diseases transmitted through large respiratory droplets, like influenza, and involve masks within 3 feet and private rooms. Contact precautions are for diseases transmitted through direct or indirect contact and involve private rooms, dedicated or disposable equipment, gloves, and hand hygiene.
The document discusses fundamentals of infection control including cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It describes cleaning as the general removal of debris to reduce organic matter for bacteria and viruses. Disinfection is reducing microbes to very low levels, while sterilization kills all microorganisms. Healthcare settings follow Spaulding's Classification system which categorizes items as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on infection risk. Critical items requiring sterilization enter sterile tissue. Semi-critical items requiring high-level disinfection contact mucous membranes. Non-critical items requiring low-level disinfection only contact intact skin. The document also outlines standard procedures for cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
The document discusses isolation precautions used in healthcare settings, including standard precautions used for all patients and transmission-based precautions used for patients known or suspected to be infected by highly transmissible pathogens. It describes airborne, droplet, contact, and protective isolation precautions and the personal protective equipment used for each. The goal is to stop the spread of infections in the hospital by reducing risks of transmission through air, droplets, direct/indirect contact, or vulnerable patients.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
The document discusses infection control procedures for healthcare workers. It covers the goals of infection control training which are to educate workers on pathogen transmission in the workplace and apply principles to minimize risks. Standard precautions that should be used with all patients are outlined, including hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns and masks. Additional contact and airborne precautions are described for patients with certain infections.
The document discusses hospital-acquired infections, including definitions, types, causes, microorganisms involved, and methods for infection control and prevention. It notes that hospital-acquired infections lead to approximately 90,000 unnecessary deaths in the US each year. Effective infection control requires breaking the chain of infection through measures like standard safety precautions, immunization, isolation, hygiene, and environmental cleaning. Nurses play an important role in implementing infection control practices and educating patients.
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
This document defines and describes transmission-based precautions, including contact, droplet, and airborne precautions. Contact precautions are used for pathogens spread by direct or indirect contact and aim to contain them. Droplet precautions are for diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets within 3-6 feet and include masking healthcare workers. Airborne precautions, the most stringent, are for pathogens that transmit through airborne particles like tuberculosis, and involve airborne isolation rooms, respirators, and waiting at least an hour before cleaning.
Role of nurses in infection control dr.rs 07 04-2016SOMESHWARAN R
Role of nurses in infection control Universal safety precautions Hand washing Needle stick injury Post exposure prophylaxis MBBS UG STUDENTS MEDICINE CLASS THEORY PPT Power point
The document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It notes that nosocomial infections occur in 5-8% of hospitalized patients, with 1/3 being preventable. They can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with patients or contaminated surfaces/instruments. Proper infection control practices are important to prevent transmission and protect patients and healthcare workers. These include standard precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, as well as isolation precautions depending on the type of infection.
This document discusses infection control and hospital acquired infections. It covers the chain of infection, types of nosocomial infections, their causes and modes of transmission. It also summarizes the principles of medical and surgical asepsis, isolation precautions including different types of isolation, and the importance of hand washing in infection control.
INFECTION CONTROL NURSING - Agents of Nosocomial Infection - Modes of Transmi...Enoch Snowden
Infection control Nursing - Agents of Nosocomial Infection - Modes of Transmission - Infection Control Principles -GENERAL MEASURES TO REDUCE INFECTIONS - INFECTION CONTROL GUIDELINES/ POLICIES
Surveillance of healthcare associated infectionsTHL
This document discusses the role of nurses in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance in Finland. It describes how HAI surveillance is conducted nationally through several programs coordinated by the Finnish Hospital Infection Program. Nurses, particularly infection control nurses, play a key role in HAI data collection, reporting, and feedback. They work with link nurses and other staff to identify HAI cases using standardized protocols. The data are used to monitor HAI rates and prevent infections by informing guidelines. Nurses receive training to build their competencies in infection control and HAI surveillance.
The document provides information about an infection control orientation program. It discusses the infection control unit's mission to identify, control, and prevent infections. It outlines the infection control team members and various infection control policies and procedures, including standard and transmission-based precautions, waste management, sharps safety, hand hygiene, and medical record identification of infectious diseases. The overall goal is to facilitate safe care and prevent the spread of infections in the healthcare setting.
This document discusses infection control practices, including standard precautions that must be applied to all patients, and additional transmission-based precautions specific to different modes of transmission. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, handling of patient care equipment and waste. Personal protective equipment like gloves and masks are described. Additional precautions target airborne, droplet, and contact transmission routes.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
Cleaning and disinfection of p atient care equipmentMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides definitions and guidelines for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing patient care equipment. It outlines that cleaning removes foreign material, disinfection eliminates most pathogens, and sterilization destroys all microbes. It distinguishes between critical equipment that enters sterile tissues and non-critical equipment that touches intact skin. The goals are to eliminate transmission between patients and staff. It provides policies on sterilizing critical items and disinfecting high-touch non-critical surfaces between each patient use. Responsibilities and proper procedures are defined to ensure effective cleaning and protection of staff.
The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers' hands to patients. It notes that hand hygiene, including proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand rub, is the most effective way to reduce transmission of harmful germs. However, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among healthcare workers remains unacceptably low. The document therefore recommends various strategies and products like alcohol-based hand rub to help improve hand hygiene practices in clinical settings.
Isolation precautions are special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. They include wearing protective equipment like gloves, gowns, goggles and masks. The goals are to prevent cross-contamination between patients and staff, contain infectious agents, and contain blood and body fluids. Basic principles include handwashing and careful disposal of contaminated materials. Guidelines distinguish standard precautions that all patients receive from transmission-based precautions for specific diseases, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions. Isolation precautions are meant to protect both patients and public from infection.
This document discusses hand hygiene and its importance in preventing healthcare-associated infections. It defines healthcare-associated infections and outlines the main forms of hand hygiene techniques, their purposes, effects on hand flora, speeds of action, and residual effects. It emphasizes that hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases and outlines the five key moments when hand hygiene should be performed. It also provides guidelines for effective hand rubbing or washing techniques.
This document summarizes nosocomial infections and their control. It defines nosocomial infections as those acquired in a hospital by a patient admitted for another reason. The most common types are urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and pneumonia. Transmission occurs via contact, droplets, and contaminated equipment. Proper hand hygiene, isolation, sterilization of equipment, and environmental cleaning are effective prevention strategies.
This PPT is for the all the nursing staff and student working at clinical sided to control infection, maintain aseptic technique while doing procedure and compulsory use the PPE.
Hand washing is essential to prevent the transmission of infections. Proper hand washing procedures include wetting hands, applying soap, rubbing hands together for 20 seconds, rinsing with water, and drying hands. For surgery, a surgical hand wash is performed which includes washing hands and forearms with an antimicrobial soap, cleaning under fingernails, and scrubbing for 5 minutes. Alcohol-based hand rubs are preferred over soap and water in most situations due to their effectiveness and convenience. Correct hand hygiene is vital both for patient safety and the prevention of spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Standard precautions are guidelines that all healthcare workers should follow at all times with all patients to reduce the transmission of infections. They include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection of patient care equipment, environmental cleaning, and proper handling of linens and sharps. Additional precautions, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions, may be required for patients known or suspected to have certain infectious diseases to interrupt their transmission. These involve isolation techniques tailored to the pathogen's mode of transmission.
The document outlines recommendations for infection prevention and control in the operating room, including maintaining sterile zones, following standard precautions like proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, and CDC guidelines for preventing surgical site infections such as administering antimicrobial prophylaxis within 1 hour before incision. Risk factors for infection are classified and procedures for cleaning spills of blood and body fluids are described. Evaluation of infection control practices involves using checklists to monitor compliance and surveillance to identify infections and associated risk factors.
This document provides guidelines for maintaining a sterile environment in an operating theatre (OT) to prevent surgical site infections. It outlines policies for OT staff dress code and conduct, including proper hand hygiene and restricting access. The OT layout separates zones by sterility. Cleaning procedures are described for daily cleaning between surgeries, deep weekly cleaning, and handling soiled equipment and laundry. Standard infection control precautions like proper disinfectant use and spills management are also covered.
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
This document defines and describes transmission-based precautions, including contact, droplet, and airborne precautions. Contact precautions are used for pathogens spread by direct or indirect contact and aim to contain them. Droplet precautions are for diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets within 3-6 feet and include masking healthcare workers. Airborne precautions, the most stringent, are for pathogens that transmit through airborne particles like tuberculosis, and involve airborne isolation rooms, respirators, and waiting at least an hour before cleaning.
Role of nurses in infection control dr.rs 07 04-2016SOMESHWARAN R
Role of nurses in infection control Universal safety precautions Hand washing Needle stick injury Post exposure prophylaxis MBBS UG STUDENTS MEDICINE CLASS THEORY PPT Power point
The document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It notes that nosocomial infections occur in 5-8% of hospitalized patients, with 1/3 being preventable. They can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with patients or contaminated surfaces/instruments. Proper infection control practices are important to prevent transmission and protect patients and healthcare workers. These include standard precautions like hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, as well as isolation precautions depending on the type of infection.
This document discusses infection control and hospital acquired infections. It covers the chain of infection, types of nosocomial infections, their causes and modes of transmission. It also summarizes the principles of medical and surgical asepsis, isolation precautions including different types of isolation, and the importance of hand washing in infection control.
INFECTION CONTROL NURSING - Agents of Nosocomial Infection - Modes of Transmi...Enoch Snowden
Infection control Nursing - Agents of Nosocomial Infection - Modes of Transmission - Infection Control Principles -GENERAL MEASURES TO REDUCE INFECTIONS - INFECTION CONTROL GUIDELINES/ POLICIES
Surveillance of healthcare associated infectionsTHL
This document discusses the role of nurses in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance in Finland. It describes how HAI surveillance is conducted nationally through several programs coordinated by the Finnish Hospital Infection Program. Nurses, particularly infection control nurses, play a key role in HAI data collection, reporting, and feedback. They work with link nurses and other staff to identify HAI cases using standardized protocols. The data are used to monitor HAI rates and prevent infections by informing guidelines. Nurses receive training to build their competencies in infection control and HAI surveillance.
The document provides information about an infection control orientation program. It discusses the infection control unit's mission to identify, control, and prevent infections. It outlines the infection control team members and various infection control policies and procedures, including standard and transmission-based precautions, waste management, sharps safety, hand hygiene, and medical record identification of infectious diseases. The overall goal is to facilitate safe care and prevent the spread of infections in the healthcare setting.
This document discusses infection control practices, including standard precautions that must be applied to all patients, and additional transmission-based precautions specific to different modes of transmission. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, handling of patient care equipment and waste. Personal protective equipment like gloves and masks are described. Additional precautions target airborne, droplet, and contact transmission routes.
This document outlines standard precautions for infection control, including proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe injection practices, and protocols for cleaning patient equipment and transport. It emphasizes applying these practices to all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or contaminated surfaces or equipment.
Cleaning and disinfection of p atient care equipmentMEEQAT HOSPITAL
This document provides definitions and guidelines for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing patient care equipment. It outlines that cleaning removes foreign material, disinfection eliminates most pathogens, and sterilization destroys all microbes. It distinguishes between critical equipment that enters sterile tissues and non-critical equipment that touches intact skin. The goals are to eliminate transmission between patients and staff. It provides policies on sterilizing critical items and disinfecting high-touch non-critical surfaces between each patient use. Responsibilities and proper procedures are defined to ensure effective cleaning and protection of staff.
The document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of infections from healthcare workers' hands to patients. It notes that hand hygiene, including proper hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand rub, is the most effective way to reduce transmission of harmful germs. However, compliance with hand hygiene guidelines among healthcare workers remains unacceptably low. The document therefore recommends various strategies and products like alcohol-based hand rub to help improve hand hygiene practices in clinical settings.
Isolation precautions are special measures used to prevent the spread of contagious diseases. They include wearing protective equipment like gloves, gowns, goggles and masks. The goals are to prevent cross-contamination between patients and staff, contain infectious agents, and contain blood and body fluids. Basic principles include handwashing and careful disposal of contaminated materials. Guidelines distinguish standard precautions that all patients receive from transmission-based precautions for specific diseases, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions. Isolation precautions are meant to protect both patients and public from infection.
This document discusses hand hygiene and its importance in preventing healthcare-associated infections. It defines healthcare-associated infections and outlines the main forms of hand hygiene techniques, their purposes, effects on hand flora, speeds of action, and residual effects. It emphasizes that hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases and outlines the five key moments when hand hygiene should be performed. It also provides guidelines for effective hand rubbing or washing techniques.
This document summarizes nosocomial infections and their control. It defines nosocomial infections as those acquired in a hospital by a patient admitted for another reason. The most common types are urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and pneumonia. Transmission occurs via contact, droplets, and contaminated equipment. Proper hand hygiene, isolation, sterilization of equipment, and environmental cleaning are effective prevention strategies.
This PPT is for the all the nursing staff and student working at clinical sided to control infection, maintain aseptic technique while doing procedure and compulsory use the PPE.
Hand washing is essential to prevent the transmission of infections. Proper hand washing procedures include wetting hands, applying soap, rubbing hands together for 20 seconds, rinsing with water, and drying hands. For surgery, a surgical hand wash is performed which includes washing hands and forearms with an antimicrobial soap, cleaning under fingernails, and scrubbing for 5 minutes. Alcohol-based hand rubs are preferred over soap and water in most situations due to their effectiveness and convenience. Correct hand hygiene is vital both for patient safety and the prevention of spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Standard precautions are guidelines that all healthcare workers should follow at all times with all patients to reduce the transmission of infections. They include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection of patient care equipment, environmental cleaning, and proper handling of linens and sharps. Additional precautions, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions, may be required for patients known or suspected to have certain infectious diseases to interrupt their transmission. These involve isolation techniques tailored to the pathogen's mode of transmission.
The document outlines recommendations for infection prevention and control in the operating room, including maintaining sterile zones, following standard precautions like proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, and CDC guidelines for preventing surgical site infections such as administering antimicrobial prophylaxis within 1 hour before incision. Risk factors for infection are classified and procedures for cleaning spills of blood and body fluids are described. Evaluation of infection control practices involves using checklists to monitor compliance and surveillance to identify infections and associated risk factors.
This document provides guidelines for maintaining a sterile environment in an operating theatre (OT) to prevent surgical site infections. It outlines policies for OT staff dress code and conduct, including proper hand hygiene and restricting access. The OT layout separates zones by sterility. Cleaning procedures are described for daily cleaning between surgeries, deep weekly cleaning, and handling soiled equipment and laundry. Standard infection control precautions like proper disinfectant use and spills management are also covered.
This document discusses the role of nurses in infection control. It defines infection and describes different types such as localized, systemic, and nosocomial infections. It outlines the infection cycle including portals of entry and exit, means of transmission, reservoirs, and susceptible hosts. It discusses standard and transmission-based precautions that nurses should follow to prevent the spread of infections. The roles of nurses in promoting positive patient outcomes are maintaining hand hygiene, using aseptic technique, cleaning practices, respiratory hygiene, assessing patients for additional precautions, using safety devices, and providing patient education.
infection control in conservative dentistry and endodontics.pptxDentalYoutube
Infection control in dentistry is important to prevent transmission between patients and dental health care workers. Proper procedures include standard precautions like hand hygiene, protective barriers, and sterilization of instruments. Airborne pathogens can spread through aerosols from handpieces, so high-volume evacuation and masks are used. Exposure risks include contamination of surfaces and cross-infection, so aseptic protocols are followed. Immunization of dental workers against diseases like hepatitis B and influenza helps control infections. High-risk patients require additional precautions with barriers and care of instruments.
This document discusses infection control procedures in operative dentistry. It begins by outlining the risks of transmission of infectious diseases in dental settings due to contact with blood, saliva, and aerosols produced during procedures. It then describes various methods of microbial contamination including airborne, direct contact, indirect contact, cross-infections, and vulnerabilities of both patients and dental personnel. The document provides details on controlling different forms of contamination and outlines sterilization and disinfection procedures for dental instruments and the operatory environment. It emphasizes the importance of personal protective equipment, sterilization monitoring, and maintaining asepsis.
Infection Control Measures; Basic conceptsnabina paneru
1. Infection control measures are practices used by healthcare workers to prevent the spread of infections between patients, from healthcare workers to patients, and vice versa. This helps protect the well-being of patients and staff.
2. The chain of infection describes the process necessary for an infection to occur - an infectious agent, reservoir, means of transmission, susceptible host. Breaking the chain of infection can prevent the spread of disease.
3. Standard precautions, including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, safe injection practices and waste disposal, should be used for all patient care to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
Infection control in dentistry is essential to prevent transmission of diseases between patients and dental staff. Key aspects of infection control include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and eyewear, and following standard precautions during treatment. Effective infection control also requires ongoing training of dental staff, developing written infection control policies, and understanding the routes of disease transmission in the dental setting. Maintaining infection control helps create a safe environment for treating patients and protecting dental health professionals.
Measures practiced by health care personnel to prevent spread, transmission and acquisition of infection between clients, from health care providers to client and from client to health care providers.
-definition
-why is infection control important in health care facilities
-nosocomial infection
-standard precaution
-additional precaution
-role of infection control nurse
- donning of Ppe kit
- doffing of ppe kit
All these are explained in details with images
This document discusses infection control in dental clinics. It begins with terminology related to infection control, including definitions of infection, sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, antiseptics, and more. It then covers the history of infection control practices dating back to Joseph Lister's pioneering work in the late 19th century. The objectives, modes of transmission in dental clinics, and guidelines for infection control are outlined. Methods of sterilization like heat, chemicals, and newer technologies are described. Factors that impact the efficacy of sterilization processes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs):
1. It defines HAIs as infections patients acquire during care in a hospital or other healthcare facility, not present or incubating upon admission. Semmelweis discovered in the 1800s that "cadaverous particles" from autopsy rooms were causing childbed fever in the first clinic compared to the second.
2. HAIs affect 7-10% of patients in developed countries and 5.7-19.1% in developing countries. They prolong hospital stays, cause disability, extra costs, and unnecessary deaths. Common types include urinary and surgical site infections.
3. Transmission occurs via contact, droplets, airborne
Infection control is the responsibility of all healthcare workers. It aims to protect both patients and HCWs from infections by reducing pathogenic microorganisms through proper sterilization, disinfection, hand hygiene, and use of personal protective equipment. An infection control committee oversees the development and implementation of infection control policies and identifies areas for improvement through epidemiological surveillance.
- Occupational exposures pose risks to anesthesiologists, including blood-borne pathogens like HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C from needlesticks or exposure to bodily fluids. Latex allergy from gloves is also a risk.
- Universal precautions like gloves, gowns, and protective eyewear should always be used to minimize risk of infection. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. Any exposure requires promptly washing and reporting.
- Other risks include musculoskeletal issues from repetitive tasks, radiation exposure during imaging, and inhalation of smoke from diathermy or lasers if not properly scavenged. Precautions like distance, shielding, and scavenging can reduce risks. Fatigue and sleep deprivation
Hospital acquired infection and pressure soreTHANUJA MATHEW
This document discusses hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections. It outlines various bacteria, viruses, and fungi that commonly cause HAIs and spreads them through contact with other patients, healthcare workers, or medical equipment. Risk factors include having a roommate in the hospital, being over 70 years old, using antibiotics, and having devices like urinary catheters or being in the ICU. Prevention methods include proper sterilization, isolation, handwashing, surface sanitation, and antimicrobial surfaces. The roles of different hospital departments in preventing the spread of infections are also described.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It begins by defining infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and objectives of infection control. The main modes of disease transmission in a dental setting are through airborne contamination, contact transmission, and cross-contamination. The document outlines various exposure risks for patients and dental personnel and infection control programs. It discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques as well as infectious diseases of concern in dentistry such as viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. The principles of universal precautions like hand hygiene and protective barriers are emphasized.
Hospital-associated infections, also known as nosocomial infections, can occur in patients receiving healthcare in hospitals or other facilities. They are caused by a variety of microorganisms that are able to spread via the hands of healthcare workers, medical equipment, other environmental surfaces, or through procedures. Proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are essential for preventing the transmission of pathogens between patients and healthcare workers. Adhering to standard and transmission-based precautions can significantly reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections.
any infection developing in a patient after
two days of hospitalization can be labelled as healthcare-associated infection (HAI)or hospital Aquired infection . Among them, there are four
major types which are commonly encountered and
therefore need to be discussed in detail. These are also the
HAIs for which surveillance is recommended.
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
2. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
4. Surgical site infection (SSI).
Out of these, the first three (CAUTI, CRBSI, VAP) are
together called as device associated infections (DAIs).
PREVENT NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION and preventNaomikibithe
This document provides information about preventing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It defines nosocomial infections and lists some common causes like urinary catheters and ventilators. The most common pathogens that cause these infections are described as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli. Infection prevention and control methods like proper hand hygiene are crucial to breaking the chain of infection and protecting patients and healthcare workers. Standard safety precautions including handwashing, proper use of protective equipment, and environmental cleaning should be followed at all times with all patients.
This document provides an overview of infection control and sterilization in dentistry. It discusses the definitions of key terms like infection control, sterilization, and disinfection. It describes the modes of disease transmission and outlines strategies to prevent transmission, like personal protective equipment, aseptic techniques, and sterilizing instruments. It also covers topics like operatory asepsis, instrument handling, sterilization monitoring, clinical waste disposal, and managing exposures. The objective is to reduce risks of infection by screening patients, using proper barriers, aseptic techniques, and sterilizing or disinfecting items based on their intended use and potential for infection.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It covers the chain of infection, modes of disease transmission including cross-contamination and droplets, definitions of key terms like sterilization and disinfection, and the objectives and principles of infection control. Personal protective equipment is described including masks, gloves, protective eyewear and head caps. Proper sterilization, disinfection and waste disposal are emphasized to break the chain of infection and protect dental professionals and patients.
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are infections patients get while receiving medical treatment for other conditions in a hospital. The document discusses factors that promote HAIs like decreased immunity and invasive medical procedures. It also outlines common types of HAIs like surgical site infections and UTIs. The impacts of HAIs include increased hospital stays, additional costs, and transmission of organisms to the community. Preventing the spread requires proper hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and disinfection of medical equipment. Hospitals should have infection control committees and programs to conduct surveillance and promote prevention practices.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in periodontics. It discusses the history of lasers dating back to 1917 and important developments. Key laser terminology is defined, including wavelengths, power, modes of operation, and tissue interactions. The major types of lasers are classified and their components described. Advantages of lasers include precision and hemostasis, while disadvantages include cost and safety concerns. Applications of lasers in periodontics include non-surgical therapy, surgery, and implant treatment.
The document discusses the use of lasers in periodontics, including for treating dentinal hypersensitivity, non-surgical periodontal therapy, and surgical therapy. It summarizes the different types of lasers used, such as low-level lasers for biostimulation, Nd:YAG and diode lasers for bacterial reduction, and Er:YAG lasers for calculus detection and removal with minimal thermal damage to tooth surfaces. The document reviews studies on the effectiveness of lasers for calculus detection and removal, bacterial reduction, detoxification of root surfaces, and biostimulation effects with low-level laser therapy.
This document provides an overview of keratin and keratinization. It discusses the structure, classification, and functions of keratin. Keratin is a protein found in epithelial cells that forms intermediate filaments. It undergoes terminal differentiation through keratinization to form a protective cornified layer. The document outlines the factors regulating keratinocyte differentiation and describes the distribution of major keratins in oral epithelium. It also discusses pathology related to abnormal patterns of keratinization.
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The document provides information on the extracellular matrix and degradation of collagen. It discusses how collagen is degraded by collagenases and other proteases like elastases and MMPs. It also describes the different types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in the periodontium like hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate. The synthesis of proteoglycans and linkage of GAGs to the protein core is also summarized. Pathological states involving excessive or deficient collagen degradation are listed.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the cell nucleus. It discusses how DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes and chromatin fibers. This compact packaging allows the 100 trillion meters of DNA in the human body to fit within cell nuclei. The nucleus contains DNA, which directs gene expression, DNA replication, and cell division. RNA carries DNA's genetic instructions out of the nucleus to direct protein synthesis. Key concepts covered include DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology.
The document discusses furcation involvement, which refers to periodontal disease that affects the connection between roots in multi-rooted teeth. It defines furcation, presents various classification systems for grading the severity of furcation involvement, and outlines methods for diagnosing and treating furcation lesions. The management of furcation involvement depends on the grade or class and involves non-surgical and surgical approaches ranging from scaling and root planing to regenerative procedures and tooth extraction.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key points:
The document discusses management strategies for furcation involvement, including non-surgical approaches like scaling and root planing as well as surgical options such as osseous resection, regeneration procedures, tunneling, and root resection. Nonsurgical therapy can provide good long-term results if furcation involvement is detected early and patients maintain good oral hygiene, but more advanced cases may require surgical interventions to improve access and cleanability. The selection of a treatment approach depends on factors like the severity of furcation invasion and the amount of remaining bone support.
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This document discusses various local anesthesia techniques used in dentistry. It begins by introducing regional anesthesia techniques like field blocks, nerve blocks, and local infiltration. It then describes specific injection techniques for the maxilla including posterior superior alveolar nerve blocks, middle superior alveolar nerve blocks, anterior superior alveolar/infraorbital nerve blocks, nasopalatine nerve blocks, greater palatine nerve blocks, and maxillary nerve blocks. Mandibular injection techniques discussed include inferior alveolar nerve blocks and mental nerve blocks. The document provides details on appropriate needle size, insertion points, depths, and areas anesthetized for each technique.
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2. • Background
• Glossary
• Chain of Infection
• Stages of Infection
• Infection Control
Practices
• Standard Precautions
• Additional transmission
based precautions
• Patient placement and
transportation
• Care for Health care
professionals
• Infections with multidrug
resistant organisms
• Infectious Diseases
related to Dentistry
• Need for Immunization
• Rationale for Practical
infection control in
dentistry
• Conclusion
• References
3. • The scientific study of hospital or nosocomial cross-infection
began during the first half of the 18th century
• However it was only 100 years later in 1858 that Florence
Nightingale promoted the case for hospital reform
• The real understanding of hospital infection followed upon
the discoveries of Pasteur, Koch and Lister and the
beginning of the ‘Bacteriological Era’
• The close of the 19th century saw the triumphs of hospital
reform and asepsis and seemed to herald the final victory
over hospital cross-infection
4. • However, the victory was short-lived. It was soon realised
that infections occurred not only in obstetric and surgical
patients, but in general medical and dental patients as well,
and that air could also be a source of infection.
• Streptococcal, staphylococcal and then Gram-negative
bacilli as a cause of hospital infection became a focus of
attention, as did antibiotic-resistant organisms
5. The World Health
Organization has recognized
Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) as the
first serious and readily
transmissible disease to
emerge in the 21st century
6. Hence, the emergence of such life-
threatening infections and re-emerging infectious
diseases like tuberculosis have highlighted the need for
efficient infection control programmes in all health care
settings and capacity building for health care workers so
they can restrict the spread of infection.
10. • Infection can be
defined as the
process of lodgment
and multiplication of a
microorganism within
or on a host
11.
12. Interval
between
exposure to
microorganis
m and 1st
appearance
of signs and
symptoms
Set of
symptoms
similar to
other
diseases
indicates the
onset of
disease
Symptoms
are fully
developed
and can be
differentiate
d from other
symptoms
Patient's
symptoms
begin to
subside.
Infection
remains,
although
patient shows
improving
Recovery and
recuperation
from effects
of disease
13. The purpose of infection control is to reduce the occurrence of
infectious diseases
The most important step is to break the chain of infection
These diseases are usually caused by bacteria or viruses and
can be spread by human to human contact, animal to human
contact human contact with an infected surface, airborne
transmission through tiny droplets of infectious agents
suspended in the air and by common vehicle like food and
14. • Facilities, equipment, and
procedures necessary to
implement standard and
additional (transmission-based)
precautions for control of
infections
• Cleaning, disinfecting and
reprocessing of reusable
equipment
• Waste management
• Protection of health care
workers from transmissible
infections
15. Transmission of infections in health care facilities can be
prevented and controlled through the application of basic
infection control precautions which can be grouped into:
Standard Precautions which must be applied to all patients
at all times, regardless of diagnosis or infectious status,
and
Additional Precautions (transmission-based) which are
specific to modes of transmission (airborne, droplet and
16. • Treating all patients in
the health care facility
with the same basic level
of “standard” precautions
involves work practices
that are essential to
provide a high level of
protection to patients,
health care workers and
visitors
17. 1. Hand hygiene
2. Gloves
3. Facial protection
(eyes, nose, and
mouth)
4. Gown
5. Prevention of needle
stick injuries
6. Respiratory hygiene
and cough etiquette
7. Environmental
cleaning
8. Linens
9. Waste disposal
10. Patient care
equipment
18. • Appropriate hand
hygiene can minimize
micro-organisms
acquired on the hands
during daily duties and
when there is contact
with blood, body fluids,
secretions and known
and unknown
contaminated equipment
19. Hand washing (40–60
sec): wet hands and
apply soap; rub all
surfaces and rinse
hands and dry
thoroughly with a towel
Hand rubbing (20–30
sec): apply enough
product to cover all
areas of the hands and
rub hands until dry
20. • This approach
recommends health-care
workers to clean their
hands
1. Before touching a
patient,
2. Before clean/aseptic
procedures,
3. After body fluid
exposure/risk,
4. After touching a
patient, and
5. After touching
patient surroundings
21.
22.
23. • Sterile or clean fitted covering
for the hands, with a separate sh
eath
for each finger and thumb
• Gloves are worn to protect the
health care personnel from urine,
stool, blood, saliva, and drainage
from wounds and lesions of patie
nts
28. • Specialty medical
gloves
• These gloves are tested
with chemotherapeutic
agents
• These gloves are
chemically resistant and
can resist the
permeation of chemical
29. • Under the proposed FDA
l999 regulation, surgical
gloves would be
classified as follows:
Powdered Surgeon's
gloves
Non- Powdered
Surgeon's gloves
Special Surgeon’s Gloves
Microsurgery Gloves
Orthopedic Surgeon’s
Gloves
Autopsy Surgeon’s
30.
31. • Glove liners or undergloves are worn with patient
examination or surgeon’s gloves
• They may be made of materials such as cotton to prevent
the medical glove from contacting the user’s hand, or
they may be made of materials that provide added
protection by reducing the risk of a cut or puncture wound
during surgical or examination procedures and by
absorbing perspiration
• Because glove liners and undergloves contact the skin,
32. • They offer some degree of
protection to the hand from
radiation exposure as well
as protection from
transmission of infectious
agents
• The use of these gloves
includes surgical
procedures that require the
use of fluoroscopy or
radiography
33. • Gloves that are used for
cleaning or handling
surfaces or 3-8 items
contaminated with patient
waste or fluids
• They are not regulated by
the FDA
34.
35. • The use of gloves when not indicated represents a
waste
of resources and does not contribute to a reduction of
cross-transmission
• It may also result in missed opportunities for hand
hygiene
• The use of contaminated gloves caused by
inappropriate
36. • Wear a surgical or
procedure mask and
eye protection (face
shield, goggles) to
protect mucous
membranes of the
eyes, nose, and mouth
during activities that are
likely to generate
splashes or sprays of
blood, body fluids,
secretions, and
37. • Bacterial Filtration Efficiency - measures the filtration
efficiency by percent of a mask using live bacterial cells that
vary in size from 1to 5 microns
• Particulate Filtration Efficiency - measures the percent
efficiency at which a facemask filters particulate matter
passing through; particles range in size from 0.1 to 1 micron
• Breathability/ Pressure difference - measures the
differences of air pressure on both sides of a mask; measures
the pressure drop across the facemask and is expressed in
mm air/cm2
• Fluid Resistance - is defined as the ability of a facemask’s
material construction to minimize fluid traveling through the
material and potentially coming into contact with the user of
the facemask
• Flammability - flammability of masks is tested after exposure
38. • Face masks are part of the personal
protective equipment and are
mandatory as they do reduce the risk
of cross-contamination. However,
surgical face masks are not
completely effective in preventing
exposure to aerosols or splatter
• OSHA states that aerosols are
potential harbingers of infection and
that face masks are not effective in
protecting users because they do not
seal tightly against the face, and
aerosols can be inhaled through gaps
between the mask and the face
during normal breathing
39. N95 or higher filtering face piece respirator certified by the CDC/National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). A respirator is
designed to protect the person wearing the respirator against breathing in
very small particle aerosols that may contain viruses. A respirator that fits
snugly on the face can filter out virus-containing, small-particle aerosols
that can be generated by an infected person, but compared with a face
mask it is harder to breathe through a respirator for long periods of time.
Respirators are not recommended for children or people who have facial
hair.
40. 1. Clean hands before touching
mask
2. Orient mask for placement
3. Holding mask by earloops,
place loops around each ear
4. Mold malleable strip at top
edge of mask to shape of nose
5. Pull bottom of mask over
mouth and chin
41. 1. Avoid touching front of
the mask that is now
contaminated
2. While only touching
earloops, lift mask off
ears and remove from
face
3. Dispose off used mask
in the correct color
coded waste bin
42. • The ideal routine includes donning a face mask prior to
beginning patient treatment and leaving the mask
untouched until the treatment is concluded and the
patient is dismissed
• By leaving the mask in place, the clinician is offered
some protection from the particles that remain airborne
for several minutes
• Conversely, removing the mask during treatment or prior
to the conclusion of treatment opens the pathway for
exposure to potentially harmful pathogens
43. • Protection of the skin and
prevention of soiling of clothing
during procedures that are
likely to generate splashes of
blood, body fluids secretions
or excretions
• A plastic apron may be worn
on top of the gown to protect
exposure to blood, body fluids,
secretions and excretions
44. • Launder gowns and aprons appropriately if they are
reusable, according to the hospital guidelines
• Do not reuse disposable gowns and aprons. They should
be disposed of according to the health care facility
protocol.
45. • Use care when:
Handling needles,
scalpels, and other
sharp instruments or
devices
Cleaning used
instruments
46. 1. Immediately clean the
wound thoroughly with
soap and water
2. Obtain the patient’s
permission for blood
testing on the same day
and arrange for pretest
counselling. The blood
should be tested for
Hepatitis B antigen and
HIV.
47. 3. The blood of the exposed person should also be tested
for Hepatitis and HIV the same day as the exposure
4. The exposed recipient should be notified of the signs
and symptoms associated
5. The patient should be prophylactically put on Anti-
retroviral drugs
48.
49. • Persons with respiratory
symptoms should apply
source control measures:
Cover nose and mouth when
coughing/sneezing with
tissue or mask, dispose of
used tissues and masks, and
perform hand hygiene after
contact with respiratory
50. • Health-care facilities should:
Place acute febrile respiratory symptomatic patients at
least 1 meter (3 feet) away from others in common
waiting areas, if possible
Post visual alerts at the entrance to health-care facilities
instructing persons with respiratory symptoms to practice
respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
Consider making hand hygiene resources, tissues and
masks available in common areas and areas used for the
evaluation of patients with respiratory illnesses
51. Use of adequate procedures for the routine
cleaning and disinfection of environmental and
other frequently touched surfaces
52. • Clinical contact
surfaces
These have a high
potential for direct
contamination from
patient materials either by
direct spray or spatter
generated during dental
procedures.
These surfaces can later
contaminate other
instruments, devices,
hands, or gloves.
• Housekeeping
surfaces
They do not come into
contact with patients or
devices used in dental
procedures. Therefore, they
have a limited risk of
disease transmission.
56. • Handle, transport, and
process used linen in a
manner which:
Prevents skin and mucous
membrane exposures and
contamination of clothing
Avoid transfer of pathogens
to other patients and the
environment
57. • Ensure safe waste management
• Treat waste contaminated with blood, body fluids,
secretions and excretions as clinical waste, in
accordance with local regulations
• Human tissues and laboratory waste that is directly
associated with specimen processing should also be
treated as clinical waste
• Discard single use items properly
58.
59. • Handle equipment soiled with blood, body fluids,
secretions, and excretions in a manner that prevents skin
and mucous membrane exposures, contamination of
clothing, and transfer of pathogens to other patients or
the environment
• Clean, disinfect, and reprocess reusable equipment
appropriately before use with another patient
60. • While maintaining Standard Precautions
• Additional precautions include:
· Airborne precautions
· Droplet precautions
· Contact precautions
61. • Occurs when droplet
nuclei <5 micron in size
are disseminated in the
air
• These droplet nuclei can
remain suspended in the
air for some time
62. • Implement standard precautions
• Anyone who enters the room must wear a special,
high filtration, particulate respirator (e.g. N 95) mask
• Minimize dispersal of the nuclei by masking the
patient with a surgical mask
• Place patient in a single room that has a monitored
negative airflow pressure, and is often referred to as
a “negative pressure room”. The air should be
discharged to the outdoors or specially filtered before
it is circulated to other areas of the health care
facility.
63. • Droplet transmission occurs
when there is adequate
contact between the mucous
membranes of the nose and
mouth or conjunctivae of a
susceptible person and large
particle droplets (> 5
microns)
• Droplets are usually
generated from the infected
person during coughing,
sneezing, talking or when
health care workers
undertake procedures such
64. • Implement standard precautions
• Place patient in a single room (or in a room with another
patient infected by the same pathogen)
• Wear a surgical mask when working within 1-2 meters of
the patient
• Place a surgical mask on the patient if transport is
necessary
• Special air handling and ventilation are not required to
prevent droplet transmission of infection
65. • Mode of infection is by
Physical contact
• Diseases which are
transmitted by this
route:
Colonization or
infection with multiple
antibiotic resistant
organisms
Enteric infections
66. • Implement standard precautions
• Place patient in a single room (or in a room with another
patient infected by the same pathogen)
• Wear clean and sterile gloves when entering the room
• Wear a clean and sterile gown when entering the room if
substantial contact with the patient, environmental surfaces
or items in the patient’s room is anticipated
67. • Direct or percutaneous inoculation by a contaminated
needle or sharp object
• Non- needle percutaneous inoculation (scratches, burns,
dermatitis)
• Infectious blood or serum onto mucosal surfaces
(intraoral, oral mucosa)
• Indirect transfer of infectious serum via environmental
surfaces (splatter)
68. Appropriate or selective placement of patients is
important in preventing the transmission of
infections in the hospital setting. General principles
in relation to the placement of patients include the
following:
Spacing between beds
Single rooms
Anterooms
Cohorting
69. • In open plan wards
there should be
adequate spacing
between each bed to
reduce the risk of
cross contamination/
infection occurring
from direct or indirect
contact or droplet
transmission
• Optimum spacing
between beds is 1-2
meters
70. • Single rooms reduce
the risk of transmission
of infection from the
source patient to others
by reducing direct or
indirect contact
transmission.
71. • Single rooms used for
isolation purposes
may include an
anteroom to support
the use of personal
protective equipment
72. • For infection control purposes, if
single rooms are not available,
or if there is a shortage of single
rooms, patients infected or
colonized by the same
organism can be cohorted
(sharing of rooms)
• When cohorting is used during
outbreaks these room/s should
be in a well-defined area (a
designated room or designated
ward), which can be clearly
segregated from other patient
care areas in the health care
facility used for non-infected
73. • Limiting the movement and transport of patients
from the isolation room/ area for essential
purposes only will reduce the opportunities for
transmission of micro-organisms in other areas of
the hospital
• If transportation is required, suitable precautions
should be taken to reduce the risk of transmission
of micro-organisms to other patients, health care
workers or the hospital environment (surfaces or
equipment)
• For example: when transporting a patient with
pulmonary tuberculosis (open/active) placing a
74. • The risk of transferring infection from instruments and
equipment is dependent on the following factors:
(1) The presence of micro-organisms, the number and
virulence of these organisms
(2) The type of procedure that is going to be performed
(invasive or non-invasive)
(3) The body site where the instrument and equipment will
be used (penetrating the mucosal or skin tissue or used on
intact skin)
75. • Any instrument or equipment entering into a
sterile part of the body must be sterilized
• Where the instrument or equipment will be in
contact with mucous membranes or non-intact
skin, it must have undergone disinfection
• Where there will be contact with intact skin,
disinfection or cleaning should be used
76. • Hence reprocessing of instruments and equipment in an
effective way includes:
(1) Cleaning instruments and equipment immediately after
use to remove all organic matter and chemicals
(2) Disinfection
(3) Sterilization
77. • The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials has resulted
in the development of antimicrobial resistance in many
parts of the world
• In health care settings, the spread of resistant
organisms is facilitated when handwashing, infection
control precautions, and equipment cleaning are
suboptimal
• The strategies for control of antimicrobial resistance
thus consists of:
Appropriate use of antimicrobials
Strengthening of basic infection control measures
78. • Antibiotic use must be justifiable on the basis of the clinical
diagnosis and known or expected infecting micro-
organisms
• Appropriate specimens for bacteriological examination must
be obtained before initiating antibiotic treatment in order to
confirm the treatment
• The selection of an antibiotic must be based not only on the
nature of the disease and that of the pathogenic agent, but
on the sensitivity patterns, patient tolerance, and cost
• The correct dose must be used (low dosages may be
ineffective for treating infections, and encourage the
development of resistant strains, while excessive doses
may have adverse effects, and may not prevent resistance)
79. • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):
Epidemic strains of MRSA have tremendous potential for
nosocomial transmission. MRSA strains are often resistant
to several antibiotics and are often sensitive only to
vancomycin and one or two other antibiotics. Once
introduced into a hospital they spread rapidly, since
transmission is usually through the hands of health care
staff.
80. • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)):
TB is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It affects one third of the world’s population. Of particular
concern is the rise in drug-resistant TB and multidrug-
resistant TB (MDR-TB). Multidrug-resistant TB is resistant
to any combination of anti-TB drugs that includes Isoniazid
and Rifampicin (the two most effective anti-TB drugs)
81. • Health care professionals are at risk of acquiring infection
through occupational exposure
• Hospital employees can also transmit infections to
patients and other employees
• Thus, an employee’s health programme must be in place
to prevent and manage infections in hospital staff
82. • Common Cold
• Tuberculosis
• Chicken Pox
• Meningitis
• Measles
• Mumps
• Herpetic infections
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Hepatitis B
• HIV
• Meningitis
• Other diseases
83. • Caused by H. influenzae, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus etc
• Some of these viruses have been isolated in dental
aerosols and contaminated waterlines
• Positive correlation between incidence of common cold
epidemic and oral health care personnel who treated them
• In another study, dental students experienced a higher
incidence of respiratory disease than their medical and
pharmacy counterpart
• Similarly, dental hygienists experienced a higher incidence
of respiratory disease than dieticians
Streptococcal pharyngitis may also be caused due to
infection with Streptococcal pyogenes isolated from dental
aerosols
84. • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Inhalation of a small number of bacilli may lead to
bacterial multiplication in the bronchioles, alveolar ducts
or alveoli
• Studies show more prevalence of Tuberculosis in dental
students than their medical counterparts
• Spread through aerosols and infected waterlines
85. CHICKEN POX: It is caused by Varicella Zoster and
transmitted by droplet inhalation or direct skin contact. Oral
lesions may affect tongue and oral mucosa.
HERPANGINA: It is caused by Coxsakie virus. It is a common
viral disease of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
MUMPS: It is caused by Paramyxovirus. It is characterized by
swelling of the parotid glands. It can be transmitted by direct
contact with droplets of saliva upto 1 week after the parotid
swelling is noted.
MEASLES: It is caused by Rubeola virus. It characterized by
presence of Koplik’s spots intraorally.
86. • Caused by Herpesvirus1 and 2
• They may produce skin, oropharyngeal and genital
lesions with CNS involvement
• Constitute a major problem for the dental profession due
to the possibility of spread of infection through oral
lesions
87. • Herpes labialis is the
most common type of
recurrent herpetic
infection. It is
characterized by
marked local
symptoms and may/
mayn’t accompanied
by systemic illness
88. • Herpetic Whitlow is a type of
Herpesvirus1 infection that
affects one or several
fingers. It is characterized by
an extremely painful finger
with vesicles containing a
clear fluid.
• More number of dentists
experience herpetic whitlow
as compared other types of
herpetic infections in their
age/sex matched controls
89. • Caused by Epstein
Barr virus
• Oral manifestations
include acute
gingivitis, stomatitis
and palatal petechiae
• Mode of transmission
is person-to-person
spread by
oropharyngeal route
via saliva
90. • The route of transmission for hepatitis B virus is through
body substances such as blood and blood products, saliva,
cerebrospinal fluid etc
• Immunization is the best way of preventing transmission to
health care staff. All health care staff at risk must be
vaccinated.
• More prevalence of dentists in acquiring Hepatitis B as
compared to other health care professionals
• CDC has stated that Hepatitis B is an excellent prototype
when designing infection control procedures in dentistry
91. • Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Infection with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) predisposes people to certain oral health
problems
• HIV-positive patients can receive routine dental
care
• Careful medical histories can capture insight
about patients to help identify those who require
treatment plans adapted to their unique medical
condition
• Dentists and all staff with direct patient contact
92. • Transmission of meningococci to health care staff is most
likely within 24 hours of the patient acquiring the disease,
prior to the patient receiving appropriate
antibiotic/chemoprophylaxis
• Health care workers in close respiratory contact with
such cases should receive chemoprophylaxis with
ciprofloxacin or an effective alternative agent
93. • Transmission of these micro-organisms may be
uncommon, but policies to manage staff exposure should
be developed
• Vaccination of hospital staff against varicella is
recommended. Influenza vaccinations should be given
yearly.
• Rabies vaccinations may be appropriate in some facilities
in countries where rabies is enzootic
94. • Dentistry is a health care profession which has the
potential to expose the practitioner to infectious diseases
• Immunizations substantially reduce both the providers’
susceptibility to these diseases as well as the potential
for disease transmission to other dental health care
providers and patients
• Thus, immunizations are an essential part of the
prevention and infection-control programs
95. • MMR (Mumps, measles and Rubella): administered
to young infants (2 to 6 months old) in the
anterolateral thigh
• DPT (Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus): 0.5 mL
administered subcutaneously, preferably into the
outer aspect of the upper arm. The recommended
age for vaccination is 12 to 15 months.
• OPV (Polio): 0.5mL at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6–
18 months, and 4–6 years
• VARICELLA ZOSTER: Two 0.5 ml doses SC 4-8
weeks apart
96. Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine
• Three dose schedule: 1 mL administered intramuscularly
(IM) in the deltoid muscle; 0,1,6 months – second dose
administered 1 month after first dose; third dose
administered 5 months after second.
• Booster doses not necessary for persons who have
developed adequate antibodies to hepatitis B surface
antigen (anti-HBs)
97. General routes for transmission of microbial agents in
dentistry:
1. Direct contact with Infectious lesions or infected saliva
or blood
2. Indirect transmission via transfer of microorganisms
from a contaminated object
3. Spatter of blood, saliva, or nasopharyngeal secretions
directly onto broken or intact skin or mucosa
4. Aerosolization, the airborne transfer of microorganisms
98. • A novel demonstration was first developed by Crawford in
the 1970s using the premise “If saliva were red”
• He had practitioners dip their fingers into red poster paint
before starting their normal clinical treatment
• The paint was subsequently deposited on the various
surfaces of the operatory as the treatment progressed
• This demonstrated the cross-contamination that occurred
from the practioner’s “saliva covered” fingers
99.
100. • Routine examination of patients and oral prophylaxis also
expose dental professionals and patients to potentially
infectious fluids
• When in a similar study, at the University of Detroit by
Molinari and York, red dye in water was used to simulate
patient saliva, cross contamination by simulated saliva
was evident
101.
102. • Ultrasonic
instrumentation
produces a cloud of
debris containing
splatter and aerosols
that floats in the
dentist’s breathing
space
• Splatter and aerosol
include blood, bacteria,
and pathogens that are
found in the saliva and
periodontal pockets
103. Aerosol
• Aerosols are particles
that can be as small as
0.5 microns, and they
are capable of
remaining airborne for
hours
• If an aerosolized
particle is 0.5 microns,
there will be 2,000
particles in the space of
1 mm
• Particles this small can
pass through the filters
of standard face masks
and enter the clinician's
airway
Splatter
• Particles greater than
50 microns and is
generally composed of
heavy particles
• Splatter is ballistic in
nature and remains
airborne only briefly
• Personal protective
equipment including
gloves, masks,
eyewear, and gowns
protect clinicians from
these visible particles
104. • The number of aerosolized particles that reach the
clinician's breathing space must be limited. Dental
hygienists can reduce particles by using high volume
evacuators.
• Routinely using preprocedural mouthrinses with patients
• Barrier techniques with Facemask, Head cap, Gloves
and Apron
• Regular flushing of the dental waterlines after dental
treatment
105. 1. Hepatitis B vaccine
2. Comprehensive medical
history and examination
3. Antiseptic mouthrinse
4. Antiseptic handwash
5. Disposable face mask
6. Disposable gloves
7. Protective eyewear
8. Appropriate clinical
attire
9. Rubber dam
10. Sharps disposal system
11. Sterilizable handpieces
12. Ultrasonic cleaner
13. Instrument packaging
14. Heat sterilizer
15. Sterilization monitoring
16. Glutaraldehyde solution
17. Surface cleaner
18. Surface disinfectant
19. Surface covers
20. Medical waste disposal
system
21. OSHA poster
106. • Dentists must utilize effective infection control practices
in the procedures
• It is important that the entire dental set up becomes
familiar with the rationale behind each step and decision
to carry out a comprehensive infection control program
• Periodic review of the protocols used is necessary to
ensure that all the necessary steps are accomplished
without unplanned redundancy
107. • Practical Infection Control In Dentistry by James A.
Cottone, Geza T. Terezhalmy and John A. Molinari
• Practical Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care
Facilities by World Health Organization
• Medical Glove Guidance Manual by U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration
• Control of Hospital Infection : A practical handbook, 3rd ed.
London, Chapman & Hall
• Hospital Infection Control : Policies and practical
procedures, London, Saunders, Philpott-Howard JN,
108. • Edelstam, J. et al. Glove powder in the hospital environment –
consequences for healthcare workers. Int. Arch. Environ. Health 2002; vol.
75: 267-271
• Kohn WG, Collins AS, Cleveland JL, et al. Guidelines for infection control in
dental healthcare settings—2003. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-
17):1-61
• Jacks M. A laboratory comparison of evacuation devices on aerosol
reduction. J Dent Hyg. 2002;76:202-206.
• Bentley CD, Burkhart NW, Crawford JJ. Evaluating spatter and aerosol
contamination during dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc. 1994;12:579-
584.
• Timmerman MF, Menso L, Steinfort J, van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Weijen
GA. Atmospheric contamination during ultrasonic scaling. J Clin
Periodontol. 2004;31:458-462.
• Fine DH, Yip J, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Olshan AM, Vincent J. Reducing
Editor's Notes
Organism causing SARS
Etiology
CDC guidelines
Sterilisation
Disinfection
Color coded dustbins
G
Diseases that are spread from animals to humans are known as zoonoses
Animals that carry disease agents from one host to another are known as vectors
Hand washing
Zika virus
Ebola
Compositon od hand sterilizer
: gloves do not provide complete protection against hand contamination; prolonged use of gloves for contact precautions in the absence of considering the need to perform hand hygiene can result in the transmission of germs.
medical gloves are made of different polymers including latex, nitrile rubber, polyvinyl chloride and neoprene; they come unpowdered, or powdered with cornstarch to lubricate the gloves, making them easier to put on the hands.[2] Cornstarch replaced tissue-irritating Lycopodium powder and talc, but even cornstarch can impede healing if it gets into tissues (as during surgery). As such, unpowdered gloves are used more often during surgery and other sensitive procedures. Special manufacturing processes are used to compensate for the lack of powder
Sterilisation of gloves
Composition of nitrile/vinyl gloves
Components in each gloves
Price
Change picture
Powder composition
Overgloves
Glove color https://hourglass-intl.com/2016/05/24/does-glove-color-matter/
The Glove Pyramid – to aid decision making on when to wear (and not wear) gloves provided by who
Type of gloves to be used: As a general policy, selection of non-powdered gloves is recommended since this avoids reactions with the alcohol-based handrub in use within the health-care facility
Infection control for tuberculosis; OSHA
Adverse reactions
Wearing surgical masks is not without risk. Masks can irritate facial skin by friction/rubbing. Facemask material coloring (dyes) and printing can also cause irritation or even hypersensitivity. Persons with sensitive skin may be better served through the use of masks with white outer layers and white, nonprinted inner layers.
Materials used to fabricate surgical masks can also cause hypersensitivities. Latex substances - including adhesives containing latex - may be present. The metal strip or bar used to better fit a mask to a user’s face can be problematic. In a limited number of cases, metals can be released and cause difficulties.
Tuberculosis
When airborne infection control precautions are necessary (e.g., for tuberculosis patients), a NIOSH-certified particulate-filter respirator (e.g., N95, N99, or N100) should be used. N95 refers to the ability of a filter to retain one micron particles in an unloaded state with a filter efficiency of >95 percent (with a 5 percent leakage). The flow rate assumed is ≤50 liters/minute (thought to be the maximum airflow rate produced by a HCW during breathing). Current research indicates that infectious droplet nuclei measure between one and five microns. N95 respirators - when properly tested and fitted correctly - should be adequate for the situation.
The majority of surgical facemasks used in dentistry are not certified respirators. Wearing such masks does not protect against TB and does not meet OSHA requirements for respiratory protection. However, there are some surgical masks (surgical N95 respirators) that do meet the requirement and are certified as being respirators by NIOSH.
Fortunately, N95 respirators are not often required. Detailed information regarding airborne-transmission precautions and respirator programs (including fit-test procedures) are available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/99-143.html.
Surgical masks are disposable and are composed of multiple layers of synthetic (microfiber) filter materials designed to collect and retain microscopic particles. The minimum goal is to filter out at least 95 percent of small particles that directly contact the mask. Hepa masks http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/dem/print/volume-10/issue-2/focus/proper-use-and-selection-of-masks.html
It is recommended that masks be changed every 20 minutes of heavy exposure to fluids or after an hour of normal use. Masks become less effective the wetter they become. Surgical masks are considered to be single-use, disposable items and should be discarded after each patient treatment. Removal of masks involves touching only the ties, bands, or loops.
(Note- Contaminated masks are not considered regulated medical waste)
Anti retroviral drugs
Cross infection; NHQHS guideline for dentists; flushing of dental water lines: can suction tips be autoclaved?
Sterilisation of the dental office/ carpets etc; protocol to follow if an instrument falls on the floor
https://www.accesscontinuingeducation.com/ACE6002-10/c8/index.htm
Difference between airborne and droplet
Ref 3
Levels of disinfection, types of disinfectants used, disinfection related to prions
an agent with as narrow a spectrum as possible should be used,
Ipv = inactivated polio vaccine (in addition to oral polio vaccine); salk and sabin
BCG= bacille calmette-guerin
Engerix B
Heplisav- B
One millimeter equals 1,000 microns.
Ballistic- projectile, moving under the force of gravity
Antimicrobial mouthrinses are tested for bacterial reduction. To date, all antimicrobial mouth rinses are effective at reducing the number of pathogens. Tooth brushing or mouth rinsing prior to ultrasonic instrumentation or polishing will most likely reduce the number of pathogens in the oral cavity.