Orthopedics is a Reconstructive Surgery. Mangled extremity is an injury to at least three out of four systems (soft tissue, bone, nerves, and vessels). A Decision have to be made Amputation + Prosthesis Vs. Limb salvage procedure which includes Irrigation & Debridement, External fixation, Antibiotic bead spacers, Soft tissue coverage and finally Restoring Skeletal Stability by Salvage of Bone Defect
Orthopedics is a Reconstructive Surgery. Mangled extremity is an injury to at least three out of four systems (soft tissue, bone, nerves, and vessels). A Decision have to be made Amputation + Prosthesis Vs. Limb salvage procedure which includes Irrigation & Debridement, External fixation, Antibiotic bead spacers, Soft tissue coverage and finally Restoring Skeletal Stability by Salvage of Bone Defect
Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction ---- an update on techniques used. This lecture was taken by me at Trinity Arthroscopy Course, Chandigarh.
Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction ---- an update on techniques used. This lecture was taken by me at Trinity Arthroscopy Course, Chandigarh.
Masquelet technique for management of large bone defects.Kushi Rithvic
The Masquelet's technique is a viable option in the management of large defects of long bones as much as 25 cms of defects. It is a two stage procedure.
Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis - Infection of BoneRahul Singh
Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis - Infection of Bone
http://essentialinspiration4u.blogspot.com
Osteomyelitis is defined as an acute or chronic inflammatory process of bone, bone marrow and its structure secondary to infection with micro organisms.
Duration , Mechanism & Host response.
Duration - Acute / Subacute / Chronic
Mechanism - Heamatogenous (tonsil , lungs , ear/ GIT) - Exogenous (injection , open fractures)
Host response - Pyogenic / Granulomatous
Introduction of bacteria from :
Outside through a wound or continuity from a neighboring soft tissue infection
Hematogenous spread from a pre existing focus (most common route of infection)
Osteomyelitis may be a very dreadful condition for both the suffering patient & the treating orthopaedic surgeon.Here is the brief presentation on it deeply focused on its standard management.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. NON UNION
A state in which healing process comes to a halt as judged by
clinical & x-ray evidence, beyond the stipulated period of
healing for a particular bone due to mechanical or biological
failure , with a gap being filled with fibrous or dense fibro
cartilaginous tissue requiring a change in treatment.
3. INFECTED NONUNION
That state existing after considerable time [6-8 months] has
elapsed, when there is no evidence that fracture will unite
and infection still persists. Therefore other method of
treatment to be done to achieve union and eradicate
infection.
7. Infection perse doesn’t cause nonunion
OM thrombosis of blood vessel of haversian canals
bone sclerosis and dead bone.
Butterfly fragments become sequestrii, isolated & devitalized
by pus & infection granulation tissue.
8. Infection granulation tissue Osteolysis gaps
nonunion.
Osteolysis occurs around the implants loosening
instability of fixation nonunion.
Infection causes nonunion earlier than non-infected pts.
9. BIOFILM
Key for the development & persistence of inf.
Aggregation of microbes enclosed with in an extracelluar
polysaccharide matrix [glycocalyx] that adheres to the surface
of the implants or devitalized bone.
59% of orthopaedic biomaterial related infections +ve
findings.
10. Protects the organism from antibiotics and host defense
mechanism.
Allows the infection to exist in sub clinical state and recur.
Implants promotes biofilm, infection would persist.
11. MICROBIOLOGY
Staphylococcus aureas most common, [alone or in
combination in 65-70%].
Pseudomonas aeroginosa [20-37%]
Commonly polymicrobial [32-70%].
Atypical mycobacterium & fungi in immunocompromised
pts.
13. ROSEN et al [AO manual]
Infected non-draining nonunion
Infected draining nonunion.
14. Infected nondraining nonunion
Quiescent ( dry, nondraining for at least 3 months)
Needs one stage treatment.
Active ( non draining but abscess & fever).
Needs two stage treatment.
15. Infected draining nonunion
I STAGE: By pass bone grafting [fibular protibia,
posteromedial femur or humerus grafting.
II STAGE: By pass has become solid radical debridement
& open/closed irrigation & antibiotics.
III STAGE: cancellous B.G, muscle or skin pedicle flap,
17. TYPE I: fragments in apposition with mild infection and
with or with out implant, stable implant insitu with
mild infection.
TYPE II: Fragments in apposition with severe infection
with large or small wound.
TYPE III: Severe infection with a gap or deformity or
shortening.
3A defect with loss of full circumference
3B defect in > 1/3 of cortex
3C infected nonunion with deformity.
18. CLINICAL EVALUATION
Pain, erythema, swelling, draining sinuses, abnormal
mobility.
No Fever
Infection is clinically silent.
High index of suspicion esp in atrophic nonunion.
0.2-1.6% chronic draining sinuses S.C.C
Suspect when change in pain / discharge.
19. INVESTIGATION
Elevated ESR & CRP,Normal WBC.
X RAY:
1] Quality of bone
2] Type of implant
3] Fracture healing status
4] Angular alignment.
20. Areas suspicious of infection
Bone resorption
Sequestrum & involucrum
Periosteal & endosteal new bone formation
Cortical irregularities.
21. Disadvantages
Due to distorted anatomy due to trauma
Physiological reaction of bone to injury.
Presence of implants.
Can't reliably differentiate between septic and aseptic
changes
Serial x rays, sensitivity-14%, specificity- 70% in diagnosing
active infection.
22. C.T SCAN
Better cortical bone details
Sequestrum
Subtle cortical erosion
Best detail of bone structure for planning.
No artifact with implants.
23. MRI
Highly sensitive modality. 98% sensitivity, 75% specificity.
Gadolinium enhanced MRI: allows discrimination of active
infection from artifacts and fibro-vascular scar.
Demonstrate sinus tracts, differentiate bone & soft tissue inf,
extent of bone involvement.
26. CULTURE
Gold standard
Prior antibiotic treatment and improper handling of
specimens preclude the growth.
Multiple intra-op specimens: sinus tract, purulent fluid, soft
tissue, curetted bone, bed of the involved bone.
Different micro enviroments.
27. PRINCIPLES
Prompt diagnosis and aggressive Rx
Infection control with surgical debridement and specific
antibiotics.
# stabilisation
Soft tissue coverage
Restoration of bone defects.
28. GOALS
(1) the infected tissues must be resected to live margins;
(2) the methods must address previous fixation failures
and structural deficiencies;
(3) the patient must have the potential to heal, survive
treatment, and benefit from treatment; and
(4) the prognosis for success must be reasonable and the
methods within the capabilities of the medical team
30. CONVENTIONAL METHOD
To convert an infected and draining nonunion in to one
that has not drained for several months and then to
promote bone healing by bone grafting.
More time consuming.
Stiffness of adjacent joints.
Reconstructive procedures should be delayed until at
least 6 months after all signs of infections have
disappeared.
31. POSTEROLATERAL GRAFTING
To avoid the active draining sinuses and poor skin in the
anterior aspect.
Posterior aspect of the tibia is roughened superior and
inferior to nonunion.
Entire area is covered with graft.
Nonunion site is not exposed.
32.
33. ACTIVE METHOD
To obtain bony union early and thus shorten the period of
convalescence.
To preserve the motion in adjacent jts.
Restoration of bony continuity- I step.
Bone union takes priority over infection.
Nonunion exposed through old scars and sinuses.
34. The ends of the fragments are decorticated subperiosteally
osteoperiosteal flaps.
All devitalized and infected bone and soft tissue were
removed.
Fragments aligned and stabilised ext.fix.
If necessary a second decortication with or with out B.G
carried out.
35.
36. ILIZAROV METHOD
To eliminate infection and to achieve union vascularity must
be increased.
By corticotomy and circular ext. fix.
To remove necrotic and infected segments before
osteosynthesis.
For hypertrophic nonunion with minimal infection & no
sequestrated bone compression.
39. Segmental bone transport
Eliminates need for B.G.
Simultaneous restoration of bony defect
Elimination of limb shortness
Correction of deformity
Improvement in local soft tissue.
Increase in local blood circulation
Elimination of infection.
40. TYPES OF BONE TRANSPORT
3 TYPES.
Differs in the way that the bone fragments are transfixed to
the frame and in how they are transported to the intended
site
41. EXTERNAL TRANSPORT
For combined bone loss replacement with correction of
deformity and lengthening of the limb
INTERNAL TRANSPORT:
For bone loss replacement without deformity correction
or limb lengthening.
42. B.T OVER A NAIL
Herzenberg et.al
At the end of the bone transport interlocking was done.
Ilizarov fixator can be removed at an early stage .
Avoid complications of the ring fixator.
43. HARMONS GRAFTING
Bone grafting on the interosseous membrane to obtain a long
synostosis with fibula, spanning the tibial defect.
C.I in proximal defects.
45. Free vascularised bone transfer
Rib, fibula, iliac crest.
Isolation of a segment of contra lateral fibula with attached
nutrient artery and vein.
Length of graft should be 4 cm longer than defect to allow 2
cm overlap at the proximal and distal ends.
49. DEFORMITY CORRECTION
Complex deformity consists of : shortening, rotation,
angulation & translation.
Generally length must be reestabilised before other
deformities being corrected.
51. Polymethyl methacrylate powder is mixed with antibiotic
powder beads.
Aminoglycosides common choice.
broad spectrum
heat stability
low allergenicity.
52. BEAD POUCH TECHNIQUE
Occupy dead space and prevents haematoma or scar tissue.
Free flap placed over the beads contour much better.
High local conc. Antibiotic.
Minimizes systemic toxicity.
Seals the wound from external environment with semi
permeable barrier prevents secondary inf.
54. CLOSED SUCTION IRRIGATION
Used when there is a large potential space or cavity after closure.
Abandoned due to risk of secondary contamination.
55. PRIMARY CLOSURE
When all the infected tissue has been removed, wound is
alive, dead space has been addressed and the antibiotic is
pathogen specific.
57. Gap tissues progressively calcify and are invaded
by vessels from the flanking bone margins,
producing a picture very similar to that of normal
endochondral ossification.
The electrical fields do not stimulate osteogenesis
directly, but rather appear to modify
fibrochondrocyte function so that any soft-tissue
impediment to bridging by bone is eliminated.
58.
59. PAPINEAU PROCEDURE
Open bone grafting tech, done to control infection.
Infected nonunion with large cavity or bone defect &
inadequate soft tissue coverage & inability to close skin
directly.
60. PAPINEAU TECH
1) granulation tissue markedly resists infection,
2) Autogenous cancellous bone grafts are rapidly
revascularized and are resistant to infection,
3) the infected area is completely excised,
4) adequate drainage is provided,
5) adequate immobilization is provided,
6) antibiotics are used for prolonged periods.
63. Amputation
Any one or all of the following
1) Extensive bone defect
2) Poor soft tissue cover
3) Neurovascular compromise
4) Anticipated poor outcome after treatment.
5) Severe Pt co morbidities.