1.  What is communism?
 What is socialism?
 a theory or system of social organization based
on the holding of all property in common, actual
ownership being ascribed to the community as a
whole or to the state.
 a theory or system of social organization that
advocates the vesting of the ownership and
control of the means of production and
distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the
community as a whole.

2. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

7.  What is capitalism?
 Adam Smith: a Scottish professor, wrote The Wealth of
Nations
 challenged mercantilism (labor not money was the source of
wealth)
 laissez faire: the government should not interfere in business
 Need for Reform
 utilitarianism
 John Stuart Mill concluded that the government should stay
out of people’s lives as much as possible but also allow the
promotion of education.
▪ called for equality between men and women
▪ warned against potential tyranny of the majority and that government
power should be limited.

8.  What is socialism?
 Socialists believed that the means of
production should be operated to benefit all
of the people rather than just some of them
 they hoped to end the misery of the poor by
changing the structure of society
 Utopian Socialists
 utopia: the ideal society

9.  Karl Marx
 German, studied at the Universities of Bonn and
Berlin
 forced to Paris where he met Friedrich Engel
 Friedrich Engels
 Son of a German manufactuer
 Wrote a book that caught the eye of Karl Marx

10.  Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels believed that it wasn’t
possible to have a utopian society. They felt that it was
important to dissolve the existing social system. Their
basis was on the struggle of the classes.
 Marx’s ideas
 Conflict between the classes was inevitable
 division of classes
 Capitalism was not a permanent state
 Marx’s Writings
 Communist Manifesto (1848)
 Das Capital (1885)
 Greatly effected the workers
▪ Trade unions
▪ Strikes

11. • Darwinism: natural
selection (Charles
Darwin)
 social Darwinism
(Herbert Spencer)

12.  Romanticism: the idea that humankind was
good, emphasized the senses and emotions
 followed the basic idea of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Other famous romanticists
▪ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
▪ Alexander Dumas (Three Musketeers and Count of
Monte Cristo)
▪ Victor Hugo (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
▪ Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe)
▪ John Keats

13.  Realism: portrayed life in a realistic style,
advocated human freedom and wanted a
better world, wanted change-not escape
 Charles Dickens
 Naturalism: took a scientific approach to
their art, describing everything with objective
precision
 Leo Tolstoy ( War and Peace, Anna Karenina)
 Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage)

14.  Impressionism (in
painting): art that
didn’t delve into social
problems, was
pleasant to look at and
a little sentimental,
they used color to
create effects
 Claude Monet

15.  Post-
Impressionism:
they believed
that art should
reproduce
reality as close
as possible
 Georges Seurat
(Sunday
afternoon on
the island of La
Grande Jatte)
 Vincent van
Gogh