Communism and socialism advocate for a society where the means of production are commonly owned and controlled by the community. Capitalism emerged in response to mercantilism and is based on private ownership and laissez faire economic policies. Major thinkers who advocated alternative economic systems included Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. Marx and Engels believed that conflict between social classes was inevitable under capitalism and would lead to its dissolution, replacing it with a communist system.

1.  What is communism?
 What is socialism?
 a theory or system of social organization based
on the holding of all property in common, actual
ownership being ascribed to the community as a
whole or to the state.
 a theory or system of social organization that
advocates the vesting of the ownership and
control of the means of production and
distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the
community as a whole.

2. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

7.  What is capitalism?
 Adam Smith: a Scottish professor, wrote The Wealth of
Nations
 challenged mercantilism (labor not money was the source of
wealth)
 laissez faire: the government should not interfere in business
 Need for Reform
 utilitarianism
 John Stuart Mill concluded that the government should stay
out of people’s lives as much as possible but also allow the
promotion of education.
▪ called for equality between men and women
▪ warned against potential tyranny of the majority and that government
power should be limited.

8.  What is socialism?
 Socialists believed that the means of
production should be operated to benefit all
of the people rather than just some of them
 they hoped to end the misery of the poor by
changing the structure of society
 Utopian Socialists
 utopia: the ideal society

9.  Karl Marx
 German, studied at the Universities of Bonn and
Berlin
 forced to Paris where he met Friedrich Engel
 Friedrich Engels
 Son of a German manufactuer
 Wrote a book that caught the eye of Karl Marx

10.  Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels believed that it wasn’t
possible to have a utopian society. They felt that it was
important to dissolve the existing social system. Their
basis was on the struggle of the classes.
 Marx’s ideas
 Conflict between the classes was inevitable
 division of classes
 Capitalism was not a permanent state
 Marx’s Writings
 Communist Manifesto (1848)
 Das Capital (1885)
 Greatly effected the workers
▪ Trade unions
▪ Strikes

11. • Darwinism: natural
selection (Charles
Darwin)
 social Darwinism
(Herbert Spencer)

12.  Romanticism: the idea that humankind was
good, emphasized the senses and emotions
 followed the basic idea of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Other famous romanticists
▪ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
▪ Alexander Dumas (Three Musketeers and Count of
Monte Cristo)
▪ Victor Hugo (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
▪ Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe)
▪ John Keats

13.  Realism: portrayed life in a realistic style,
advocated human freedom and wanted a
better world, wanted change-not escape
 Charles Dickens
 Naturalism: took a scientific approach to
their art, describing everything with objective
precision
 Leo Tolstoy ( War and Peace, Anna Karenina)
 Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage)

14.  Impressionism (in
painting): art that
didn’t delve into social
problems, was
pleasant to look at and
a little sentimental,
they used color to
create effects
 Claude Monet

15.  Post-
Impressionism:
they believed
that art should
reproduce
reality as close
as possible
 Georges Seurat
(Sunday
afternoon on
the island of La
Grande Jatte)
 Vincent van
Gogh