This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 13 of the textbook "Human Geography." It discusses the historical development of industrial and service economies. The industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century due to factors like technological innovations and transportation improvements. Major theories explain the spatial patterns of industrialization, such as Weber's least-cost model. Deindustrialization has led to a shift toward service economies in many core regions. The document outlines the major industrial regions that developed before 1950 and the factors influencing changes in manufacturing geography over time.

1. Session 10: Industry and Services
1) Chapter 13, 13.1: What are industrial and service
economies?
2) Chapter 13: 13.2: Where did the industrial
revolution begin and how did it diffuse?
3) Chapter 13, 13.3: How do location theories explain
historical patterns of industrialization?
Fouberg, E. H., Murphy, A. B., De Blij, H. J. and C. J. Nash (2012). Human Geography: People,
Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., Mississauga.
March 27,
2015

2. Section 13.1 – What are industrial and service economies?
Primary activities: involves the extraction or production of raw
material (e.g., mining, forestry)
Secondary activities: involves making something from raw materials
(e.g., food processing)
Tertiary activities: service industries connecting the manufacturing
and industrial processes to consumers
**Table 13.1 – Employment by Industry in Canada

3. Section 13.2 – Where did the industrial revolution begin and how did
it diffuse?
Industrial revolution: The term applied to the social and economic
changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing that resulted
from technological innovation and specialization in the late-18th
Century Europe.
Changes in technology led to a second agricultural revolution,
advances in medicine improved health – death rates went down
and birth rates went up
- advent of more efficient forms of transportation (railroad and
steamship) enhanced the rate and reach of the industrial revolution

4. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
Criteria for industrial zones: 1) proximity to coalfields; 2) connection
via water to a port
London was ideally suited for industry because of its port location
on the Thames River
Belt of major coal fields (west to east): across northern France and
southern Belgium, the Netherlands, the German Ruhr, western
Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and Silesia in Poland.

5. In the 1700s and 1800s the colonies of Britain and France were
preindustrial and provided raw materials
These were predominantly: tobacco, cotton, lumber, animal pelts,
and fish
Imports were necessary for the growth of the industrial revolution
The development of more specialized transportation network was
essential to industrialization

6. source: www.thegeographeronline.net
Modern flows affecting development & industry

7. Section 13.3 – How do location theories explain historical patters of
industrialization?
Economic activities have spatial organizations that are influenced by
several factors, including cultural and historical influences
Decisions to locate industry are typically based on access to
resources and the availability of skilled labour, as well as adequate
connection to the appropriate transportation network.
Location theory (focus of economic geography): A logical attempt to
explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the
manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.

8. Factors Affecting the Theory
Variable costs: Costs that change directly with the amount of
production (e.g., energy supply and labour costs).
Friction distance: The increase in time and cost that usually comes
with increasing distance.
Distance decay: The effects of distance on interaction; generally the
greater the distance the less interaction.
i.e., more efficient to serve local markets

9. Weber’s Model
Least cost theory: Model developed by Alfred Weber according to
which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined
by the minimization of three critical expenses: labour,
transportation, and agglomeration.
Agglomeration: A process involving the clustering or concentration
of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing
plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because
they share skilled-labour pools and technological and financial
amenities.

10. Site
Factory location
Raw Materials
Finished Products
Raw Materials
Market
d = distance

11. Deagglomeration: The process of industrial deconcentration in
response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to
congestion and competition.

12. Major Industrial Regions of the World Before 1950
Primary industrial regions: Western and Central Europe; Eastern
North America; Russia and Ukraine; and Eastern Asia, each of which
consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with
subsidiary clusters.

13. Western and Central Europe
Experienced industrialization in the late 18th and early 20th centuries
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) emerged from this area
Many areas were damaged during WWII
Germany remains as one of the world’s leading producers of both
coal and steel – is Europe’s leading industrial power

14. The Manufacturing Belts of Germany
Ruhr, Germany: emerged as key region during the industrial
revolution; industrial base of coal mines and steel mines
Import of resources followed local depletion
By the 1930s became one of the most important industrial regions
in the world
Saxony (present day Germany) became specialized towards lighter
and more specialized manufacturing
e.g., cameras, watches

15. North America
By the beginning of the 20th century rivaled Europe’s production
Canada first developed its
agrarian base
Much of the manufacturing was
based in urban areas
Taxes and tariffs protected
Canada from foreign competition
Established a heartland-hinterland
relationship between central
Canada and the periphery
source: www.canadiandesignresource.ca

16. Creation of the Canada Pacific Railway helped unite the country
industrially speaking
North America’s coal reserves are among the world’s largest and are
widely distributed
Steel also played a significant role in the emergence of Canada as a
player on the global economy in the 1950s and 1960s
1900s provincial and municipal governments began promoting
local iron and steel production
WWII changed production in Canada significantly
Establishment of unions, change in working conditions

17. Major Manufacturing Regions of North America

18. Global Shale Gas Deposits

19. The North American Manufacturing Belt

20. **Text book (p. 385) describes the manufacturing belt in Sarnia,
Ontario
Documentary from Ryerson University:
Chemical Valley: A Toxic Tale
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifxPjKZTgk0

21. The Former Soviet Union
Industrialization / manufacturing focused in the western part of
Russia
Auto manufacturing (Lada) helped boost the economy in the 1980s
Ural Mountains yield a large variety of metallic ores
St. Petersburg area is one of Russia’s oldest manufacturing areas, is
also a modern focus for industry

22. Major Manufacturing Regions of Russia

23. Eastern Asia
Japan and China – significant areas that avoided European
colonization
Japan was a large scale player (more so than China) at the beginning
of the industrial revolution – government goals for industrialization
built on capital from colonization
The Japanese Manufacturing Belt: the Kanto Plain; contains ~ 1/3 of
the nations population

24. Kantō Region (Wiki commons)

25. Eastern China
Major expansion during the communist period (starting in 1949)
Vast country with a substantial resource base (e.g., large quantities
of coal)
Now a major center for diverse forms of manufacturing
Video: ABC News: Apple’s Chinese Factories: Exclusive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmLsV9cSk0o

26. Section 13.4 – What are the spatial implications of changes in
industrial production?
Following WWII there was a boom time - in the 1950s
Motor vehicle production became a major focus in industrial
production
Mass production and the assembly line were key components of this
type of production
Fordism: A highly organized and specialized system for organizing
industrial production and labour.
Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production
features assembly-line production of standardized components for
mass production.

27. Post-Fordist: World economic system characterized by a more
flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass-
produced; instead, production has been accelerated or dispersed
around the globe by multinational companies that shift production,
outsourcing it around the world.
Contributing to this system and the time space compression…
Just-in-time delivery: Method of inventory management made
possible by efficient transportation and communication systems,
whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-
term production.

28. Global division of labour: Phenomenon whereby corporations and
others can draw from labour markets around the world, made
possible by the compression of time and space.
…has reshaped the role different economic sectors play within
countries
e.g.,
Some countries like Mexico focus strongly on agricultural
production, which serves the core countries to the north

29. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing:
Importance of Transportation in Industrial Location
Intermodal connections: Places where two or more modes of
transportation meet
Container systems play a key role in the modern transportation of
goods

30. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing:
Importance of Regional and Global Trade Agreements
Immediately following WWII many countries entered into GATT: the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trading
Reduced trading barriers staring in 1947
Regional trade agreements then came in and influenced how good
could be imported and exported between countries
e.g., NAFTA

31. World Trade Organization (WTO): works to negotiate rules of trade
among member states
Nations must be observers before the can accede to full
membership

32. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing:
Importance of Energy in Industrial Location
Map: Oil producing countries, 2010
Wikicommons

33. Time-Space Compression and Deindustrialization
The significance has of locations has been reduced due to
improvements in technology
“the end of geograhy” !!
Of course, spatial factors will always influence this world and
geography is never going to disappear.

34. Deindustrialization: Process by which companies move industrial
jobs to other regions with cheaper labour, leaving the newly
deindustrialized regions to switch to a service economy and to work
through a period of high unemployment.
(Likely a major factor in the birth of the share economy!)
Process, Outsource: To turn over in part or in total to a third party
Offshore: a third party located outside of the country ( implies
overseas)

35. Section 13.5 – What is the service economy, and where are services
concentrated?
By the end of WWII the saturation of the consumer market:
• saturation of consumer markes
• massive growth of government activities
• rising labour activism
• declines in cost of transportation and communication
This challenged the Fordist economic structure!

36. Intensified in the 1970s
Was also affected by high oil prices and periods of international
financial instability (many period like this throughout modern
history)
Core industrial regions had a hard time maintaining their
competitive advantage with regards to production
Slowly the core started to shift to an economy dominated by
services
Service (tertiary) industries: do not generate an actual tangible
product; instead, they encompass the range of services that are
found in modern societies

37. In the global core, service industries employ more people than
primary and secondary industries combined!
Range from small to large scale…
Examples?
Has created “post-industrial” societies

38. Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy
Deindustrialization did little to change the disparities between the
core and the periphery
Also, areas that were deindustrialized are hard to redevelop – very
costly
Some areas have transitioned to service economies, while
maintaining their manufacturing, example:
Sunbelt: The South and Southwest regions of the US. Many service
based companies have established, while industrial and agricultural
production has persisted.

40. New Influences on Service Industry Location
Quaternary services: high-level services that collect, process and
manipulate information and capital
Some are strongly geographically tied (e.g., administrative services)
and others are not (e.g., telecommunications, social media, etc.)
Corporate headquarters usually located in large metropolitan areas
Technopole: Centres or nodes of high-technology research and
activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes
established