Disaster management ppt

1. Mohammed Iqbal C K
Roll no : 52

2.  ‘A serious disruption of the functioning of the community
or a society involving widespread human, material,
economic or environmental losses and impacts, which
exceed the ability of the affected community to cope using
its own resources’- United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction.

3. The Disaster Management Act 2005 of India definition for disaster:
"Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in
any area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or
negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering
or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, or degradation
of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond
the coping capacity of the community of the affected area”

4. Dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition
that may cause loss of life injury or other impacts,property
damage,loss of livelihoods and services,social and economical
distruction or environmental damage. - UNISDR

5. TYPES OF HAZARDS
NATURAL HAZARDS
1. Geophysiological - Earthquake,volcano,tsunami.
2. Hydrological – flood, landslides
3. Meteorological – cyclon, cold wave, lightning, sand storm,
snow, ice
4. Climatological - drought, extreme hot or cold climate
5. Biological-Epidemics, insect infestations.

6. It can be chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear.
Rise in population, Rapid urbanization, Industrialization,
Environmental degradation, Climate change aggravates
the vulnerabilities to various kinds of disaster.

7. Morbidities results from a disaster situation can be
classified into 4 types
1. Injuries
2. Emotional stress
3. Epidemic of diseases
4. Increase in indigenous diseases.

8. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The UNISDR defines disaster risk management as the systematic
process of using administrative decisions, organizations, operational
skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping
capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of
natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters.
There are three fundamental aspects of disaster management :
a. disaster response
b. disaster preparedness
c. disaster mitigation.

10. Management of mass casualities can be divided in to
Search, rescue and First aid
Field care – convergence of health facilities, bed availability,
surgical sevices, food and shelter, response to inquiries
Triage - it consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis
of the severity of their injuries and the likelihood of their
survival with prompt medical intervention.

12. Tagging – all patients should identified with tags stating their
name, age, place of origin, triage category, diagnosis and initial
treatment.
Identification of dead – it is an essential part of disaster
management. Large number of dead can also impedes the
efficiency of the rescue act.
It include : 1) removal of dead from disaster scene 2)
shifting to mortuary 3) idenotification 4) reception of bereaved
relatives.

13. Relief phase
 Begins when assistance from outside starts to reach the disaster area.
 The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined by
2 main factors
1. Type of disaster
2. Type and quantity of supplies available locally.
There are four principal components in managing humanitarian supplies :
(a) acquisition of supplies
(b) transportation
(c) storage
(d) distribution.

14. Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control
Disasters can increase the transmission of communicable diseases
through following mechanisms :
1. Overcrowding and poor sanitation in temporary resettlements.
2. Population displacement may lead to introduction of communicable
diseases to which either the migrant or indigenous populations are
susceptible.
3. Disruption and the contamination of water supply, damage to
sewerage system and power systems are common in natural disasters.
4. Disruption of routine control programmes as funds and personnel are
usually diverted to relief work.

15. 5. Ecological changes may favour breeding of vectors and increase the
vector population density.
6. Displacement of domestic and wild animals, who carry with them
zoonoses that can be transmitted to humans as well as to other animals.
7. Provision of emergency food, water and shelter in disaster situation
from different or new source may itself be a source of infectious disease.

16. The principals of preventing and controlling communicable diseases
after a disaster are to
a.Implement as soon as possible all public health measures to reduce
the risk of disease transmission
b.Organize a reliable disease reporting system to identify outbreaks
and to promptly initiate control measures
c.Investigate all reports of disease outbreaks rapidly.

17.  Vaccination
 Nutrition
Rehabilitation
The final phase in a disaster should lead to restoration of pre-disaster conditions.
In first weeks after disaster the pattern of health needs will change rapidly from
casualty treatment to more routine public health care.
Priorities should be on
 Water supply
 Food safety
 Basic sanitation and personal hygiene
 Vector control

18. Mitigation
Measures designed either to prevent hazards from causing
emergency or to lessen the likely effects of emergencies.Eg-
-flood mitigation works
-appropraite land use planning
-improved building codes.
- Reduction or protection of vulnerable population and structures

19. Preparedness
It is a programme of long term development activities whose goals
are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to
manage efficiently all types of emergency.
It is a multisectoral activity which is responsible for developing plans
and programmes for disaster management, prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

20. Policy development
The policy is strategic in nature and performs the following functions :
(a) establish long-term goals
(b) asign responsibilities for achieving goals
(c) establish recommended work practice
(d) determine criteria for decision making.
Six sectors are required for response and recovery strategies. These
sectors are communication, health, social welfare, police and security,
search and rescue and transport.

21. Personal protection in different types of emergencies
Making people aware of what is expected of them in case of an
emergency can make large difference to the organized management
efforts.
By taking precautions, the individual assists the collective effort to
reduce the effects of an emergency.

22. A number of measures must be observed by all persons in all types
of emergency:
-Do not use the telephone, except to call for help, so as to leave
telephone lines free for the organization of response.
-Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and the various media
so as to be informed of development.
-Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by
loudspeaker.
-Keep a family emergency kit ready.
In all the different types of emergency, it is better:
-to be prepared than to get hurt;
-to get information so as to get organized;
-to wait rather than act too hastily.

23. Floods
Before hand
Town planning is the responsibility of government but individuals
should find out the risks in the area where they live.
Eg.areas downstream from a dam.
Should know about the signals used when a dam threatens to break
Water levels after a heavy rain.
During the flood
Turn off the electricity to reduce the risk of electrocution.

24. Protect people and property
-take care of vulnerable group(children,old age,sick,disabled)
-personal belongings should move to upsatirs or keep it in a safe
place.
Beware of water contamination
Immediate evacuation of danger zones.
After a flood
Wait until the water is declared safe before drinking any of the
untreated water.
Clean and disinfect room that has been flooded.

25.  All dishes and kitchen utensils should sterlize or wash with boiling
water.
 Get rid of any food that has been in or near the water.
Earthquakes
Beforehand
 Build in accordance with urban planning regulations for risk areas.
 Avoid storing heavy objects and materials in high positions.
 Hold family evacuation drills
 Prepare family emergency kits.

26. During earthquake
Keep calm do not panic
People who are indoors should stay there but move
towards the centre part.
Keep away from the stairs.
People who are outside should move away from buildings
and electric cables.
People inside vehicle should park it away from bridges
and buildings.

27. After an earthquake
Obey the instructions given by the authority.
Do not go back into the damaged buildings.
Give first aid to the injured and alert the emergency
services in case of fire burst pipes etc.
Make sure that water is safe to drink and food stored at
home is fit to eat.

28. STORMS, HURRICANES AND TORNADOES
before-hand
-choose a shelter in advance, before the emergency occurs
-minimize the effects of the storm -fell dead trees, prune tree branches,
regularly check the state of roofs, the state of the ground, and the
drainage around houses
-take measures against flooding
-prepare a family emergency kit.

29. During an emergency
-Listen to the information and advice provided by the authorities.
-Do not go out in a car or a boat once the storm has been announced
-Evacuate houses if the authorities request this
-If possible, tie down any object liable to be blown away by the wind
-If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in a
shelter; if there is no shelter, lie down flat in a ditch.
-In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical
conductors, unplug electrical appliances and television aerials. Do not
use any electrical appliances or the telephone.

30. • Anyone who is outside should
-look for shelter in a building (never under a tree)
-if out in a boat, get back to the shore
-keep away from fences and electric cables
-kneel down rather than remain standing.

31. After an emergency
After the storm has subsided
-follow the instructions given by the authorities
-stay indoors and do not go to the stricken areas
-give first aid to the injured
-make sure the water is safe to drink
-check the exterior of dwellings and call for assistance if there is a risk
of falling objects (tiles, guttering, etc.)

32. CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES
before-hand
People in a risk area should:
-find out about evacuation plans and facilities;
-familiarize themselves with the alarm signals used in case of
emergency;
-equip doors and windows with the tightest possible fastenings;
-prepare family emergency kits.

33. During an emergency
-Do not use the telephone; leave lines free for rescue services.
-Carry out the instructions transmitted by radio or loudspeaker.
-Close doors and windows.
-Stop up air intakes.
-Seal any cracks or gaps around windows and doors with adhesive
tape.
-Organize a reserve of water.
–Turn off ventilators and air conditioners.
After an emergency
–Comply with the authorities’ instructions and do not go out until
there is no longer any risk.
–Carry out necessary decontamination measures.

34. MAN-MADE DISASTERS
causation either accidental or intended.
These can also be divided into three categories.
1. Sudden disasters – Bhopal Gas Tragedy in India on 3rd
December 1984
2. Insidious disasters - insidious chemical exposure and insidious
radiation exposure, resulting in release of radioactive
substances into the air, soil and underground water
3. Wars and civil conflicts -attack on twin buildings of World
Trade Centre in New York

35. Disasters in India
With a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions, India is the
highly disaster-prone country in Asia-Pacific region with an average of 8
major natural calamities a year.
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the lead
agency responsible for the preparation of Disaster Management (DM)
plans and the execution of DM functions at the national level.
The Disaster Management Act of 2005 provides for the setting up of
NDMA at national level and the SDMA at the state level.
DGHS under the ministry of Health and Family Welfare there is a
special wing called the Emergency Medical Relief Wing which
coordinates all activities related to health

36. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES PROVTDING HEALTH
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
Several international or regional agencies have established special
funds, procedures and offices to provide humanitarian assistance.
United Nation's Agencies are United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), World Health
Organization (WHO), UNICEF, World Food Programme (WFP), Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Inter-governmental organizations are European Community
Humanitarian Office (ECHO). Organization of American States (OAS),
Centre of Coordination for Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central
America, Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency.

37. second wednesday of October - World Disaster Reduction Day.
Some Non-Governmental Organizations are CARE, International
Committee of Red Cross, International Council of Voluntary Agencies
(ICVA), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (IFRC) etc.

38. Thank you