Research methodology and industrial safety analysis
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The document discusses hazard identification, classification, and control in industrial safety analysis. It begins by explaining the UN hazard identification system and how hazards are classified based on their properties, such as explosives, flammable materials, oxidizing substances, and corrosives. The contents of a safety data sheet are then outlined, including identification information, health and physical hazard data, exposure controls, and more. Methods for controlling hazards are described, such as engineering controls, administrative measures, and personal protective equipment. PPE is explained as equipment like gloves, glasses, and coveralls that are worn to minimize exposure to workplace hazards.
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Research methodology and industrial safety analysis
- 1. RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ANALYSIS(HCE22) SUBMITTED BY KISHAN KASUNDRA SUBMITTED TO, PROF. MAHADEVA RAJU G.K. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,DSCE 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 1
- 2. CONTENTS:- UN HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD CONTENTS OF SAFETY DATA SHEET CONTROL OF HAZARD PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) REFERENCES 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 2
- 3. HAZARD CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES Explosives UN class 1 – explosives Mononitrates, Dinitrates, Tetranitrates, Pentanitrates, Diamines, Pentamines Gases UN class 2.1 - Flammable Gas Hydrogen, acetylene UN class 2.2 – Nontoxic, Nonflammable, Compressed gases Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air UN class 2.3 – Toxic Gases Ammonia, chlorine, boron trichloride, dinitrogen tetroxide UN HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM:- 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 3
- 4. HAZARD CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES Flammable Liquids UN Class 3.1 – Flammable liquid Xylene, toluene, ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetonitrile, turpentine Flammable Solids UN Class 4.1 – Flammable solids Reactive solids – metal powders such as magnesium,desensitised explosives such as picric acid UN Class 4.2 – Spontaneously Combustible solids UN Class 4.3 – Dangerous when wet Hydrides 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 4
- 5. HAZARD CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES Oxidising Substances UN Class 5.1 – Oxidising Substances Nitrates, permenganates, chromic acid, perchloric acid UN Class 5.2 – Organic Peroxide Toxic Substances UN Class 6 – Toxic Substances Cycloheximidine, Fluoroacetic acid, hydrogen fluoride, sodium cyanide Radioactive Substances UN Class 7 – Radioactive substances Uranium hexafluoride, enriched uranium, radioactive ores Corrosive Substances UN class 8 – Corrosive substances Any acid including acetic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, Any caustic such sodium hydroxide, ammonia1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 5
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD:- oThe Globally Harmonized System (GHS) was developed by the United Nations for international standardization of hazard classification and communication. oThe GHS classification is divided as health, environmental and physical hazards into separate classes such as toxicity, irritation, sensitization, flammability, etc. oThe severity of the hazard within each class is described by the category. The higher the category number, the lower the hazard. 1) Health hazards :- Acute Toxicity (Category 1 through 4) •Compounds in Category 1 through 3 are identified by the Skull and Cross Bone pictogram. They are highly toxic in small amounts and can cause serious health effects or death. •Compounds in Category 4 are labelled with the Exclamation Mark symbol (!). They are still harmful but cause lethal effects only after exposure to large amounts. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 6
- 7. Skin Corrosion / Irritation (Category 1 through 3) •Compounds in Category 1 can cause severe skin damage. They are marked with the Corrosion symbol. •Compounds in Category 2 and 3 can cause reversible damage and are labelled with the Exclamation Mark symbol. Eye Effects •Compounds that can cause irreversible, serious eye damage are classified as Category 1 and are marked with the Corrosion symbol. •Eye irritants are classified as Category 2a and 2b. They can cause reversible adverse effects and are labelled with the Exclamation Mark. Sensitization •Respiratory sensitizers that can induce hypersensitivity of the airways after inhalation are marked with the Health Hazard symbol. •A skin sensitizer that can induce an allergic response following skin contact is labelled with the Exclamation Mark. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 7
- 8. Carcinogenicity (Category 1a, 1b and 2) •A Category 1a compound is known to cause tumours in humans. •Compounds in Category 1b are presumed to cause cancer in humans based on animal carcinogenicity. •For compounds in Category 2, there is limited evidence of human or animal carcinogenicity. Reproductive Toxicity (Category 1a, 1b and 2) •A Category 1a compound is known to cause effects on human reproduction or development. •Compounds in Category 1b are presumed to cause such effects, based on the results of animal experiments. •Compounds in Category 2 are suspected to cause reproductive effects. An additional category describes effects through lactation. Target Organ Toxicity (Category 1 through 3) •Chemicals in this category have significant health effects upon single or repeated exposure that can impair the function of one or more organs. •Category 1 refers to chemicals that are known to cause such effects. •Compounds in Category 2 are presumed to cause adverse effects. •Category 3 chemicals cause only transient narcotic effects or respiratory tract irritations and are labelled with the exclamation mark symbol.1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 8
- 9. 2) ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD:- Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity •A substance that can cause injury or other adverse effects to •aquatic organisms with either a short-term or long-term exposure. •Acute aquatic toxicity Category 1 and chronic aquatic toxicity Category 1 and 2 are labelled with the Environment symbol. 3) PHYSICAL HAZARDS:- Corrosive to metals A substance that will react with and damage metals. This class is marked with the Corrosion symbol. Explosives •A chemical that is by itself capable of producing gas at a temperature, pressure, and speed that it can cause serious damage to the surroundings. •Explosives are divided into groups 1.1 through 1.6 depending on sensitivity. •Divisions 1.1 through 1.4 are labelled with the Exploding Bomb symbol.1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 9
- 10. Flammables All flammables are identified by the Flame symbol and include: •Gases: A gas having a flammable range in air under standard conditions (20°C, 101.3 kPa). •Aerosols: Compressed, liquefied, dissolved gas, or gas mixture in a non-refillable container containing flammable components. •Liquids: A liquid having a flash point of not more than 93°C / 200⁰F. Based on their flash points, flammable liquids are assigned to Category 1 through 4. •Solids: Solids that are readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Depending on the burning rate flammable solids are assigned to category 1 or 2. Gases under pressure •Gases that are contained in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 280 Pa at 20°C or as a refrigerated liquid. They are identified by the Gas Cylinder symbol. Oxidizing gases, liquids or solids •A chemical that in itself may not be combustible but causes or contributes to the combustion of other materials. This class is marked with a Flame Over a Circle symbol. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 10
- 11. Pyrophoric liquid or solid A chemical that ignites within five minutes after coming into contact with air. This class is identified by the Flame symbol. Self-heating substances A substance that self-heats by reacting with air Unlike pyrophorics, it ignites only when in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days). Compounds are marked with the Flame symbol. Self-reactive substance A thermally unstable liquid or solid that can undergo an exothermic decomposition without the participation of oxygen. This class is divided into categories A through G. Compounds in categories A and B possess explosive properties and are marked with the Exploding Bomb symbol. Categories C through G are less hazardous and are marked with the Flame symbol. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 11
- 12. Content of a Safety Data Sheet :- In compliance with the new Hazard Communication Standard, SDS are divided into 16 sections and are required to provide the following information: Identification: Product identifier used on the label; manufacturer or distributor name, address, phone number, emergency phone number; recommended use; and restrictions on use. Hazard Identification: This section lists the GHS classification and hazard statements. This section may also show the label pictograms and give any other information related to known hazards of the product. Composition/Information on Ingredients provides a list of all hazardous ingredients and their concentrations or concentration ranges in the product. For each ingredient, the hazard classification is given. Depending on the concentration, the classification for each individual compound may be different than the classification of the mixture found under section 2. First-Aid Measures describes potential symptoms and acute or delayed effects resulting from exposure. It gives information on how to respond to exposure and on appropriate medical treatment. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 12
- 13. Fire-Fighting Measures lists suitable extinguishing techniques and equipment as well as potential hazards arising from a fire, such as toxic fumes. Accidental Release Measures lists emergency procedures for responding to a spill, required protective equipment, and basic methods of containment and cleanup. Handling and Storage lists brief precautions for safe handling and storage. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection This section should also give information on personal protective equipment (PPE); e.g., appropriate respirators and gloves, and engineering controls. Physical and Chemical Properties lists the characteristics of the product such as colour, boiling point, pH, and density etc. Stability and Reactivity lists chemical stability, possibility of hazardous reactions, conditions to avoid, incompatible materials, and hazardous decomposition products. Toxicological Information describes possible routes of exposure; symptoms related to physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics; acute and chronic effects; and numerical measures of toxicity such as LD50 values if available. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 13
- 14. Ecological information includes available information on ecotoxicity, degradability, bioaccumulation, and other adverse effects on the environment. Disposal consideration is relevant for professional waste disposal services. Transport information lists proper shipping name, and class. Regulatory information includes other applicable local regulations on safety, health, and environment. Other information includes the date of preparation of the SDS or its last revision. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 14
- 17. HAZARD CONTROL:- oA hazard control consists of all steps necessary to protect workers from exposure to a substance or system. oThe main ways to control a hazard include: Elimination (including substitution): remove the hazard from the workplace, or substitute (replace) hazardous materials or machines with less hazardous ones. Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure. Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal hygiene practices). Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 17
- 18. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE):- oPersonal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. oThese injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. oPersonal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suits. 1/8/2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,DSCE 18