Persian Rulers
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This document summarizes key Persian rulers from Cyrus the Great to Darius III. It notes that Cyrus defeated the Medes to gain control of the Persian Empire and allowed conquered lands to keep their customs and religions. It then outlines the reigns and accomplishments of subsequent rulers like Cambyses II, Darius I, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes III, and Darius III, including their military campaigns, revolts they faced, and how they came to and lost power. The Persian Empire declined during this period with rebellions and foreign invasions until its final defeat by Alexander the Great under Darius III
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3) Though he pushed his army to India, defeating King Porus, his troops rebelled and refused to march further east, forcing Alexander to turn back.
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Persian Rulers
- 2. Cyrus the Great Cyrus defeated the Mede king to gain control of the Persian Empire. He allowed conquered lands to keep their customs and religion. He was killed in battle, fighting the Massagetae.
- 3. Cambyses II Camkyses II became ruler after the death of his father, Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt and brought it into the Persian Empire. He died accidentally while putting down a revolt in his Iranian homeland.
- 4. Darius I Darius I, sometimes called Darius the Great was elected as monarch by Iranian nobles following the Iranian revolt. He expanded the Persian Empire into India and Europe. He died of an illness while trying to put down an Egyptian revolt.
- 5. Xerxes Xerxes was the son of Darius I. He succeed in putting down the Egyptian revolt. He entered into war with Greece, but was defeated Xerxes’s defeats led to a palace coup, where he was murdered.
- 6. Artaxerxes Artaxerxes came to power very young after the murder of his father, Xerxes. There were many revolts throughout the empire. He dealt with his enemy Athens by supporting Athens’s enemies. After his death, he was succeeded by two sons who were both murdered by a third son who became:
- 7. Darius II After murdering his half-brothers, Darius II assumed power and put down the several revolts that were occurring throughout the empire, most importantly in Egypt. After Darius II’s death, Egypt successfully broke away from Persia for several decades.
- 8. Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes II put down several rebellions during his reign, most importantly those of his brother, Cyrus, who he killed in battle, and another from a group of Satraps. Artaxerxes II crushed both rebellions and ruled longer than any other Persian ruler.
- 9. Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes III assumed rule because he was the son of Artaxerxes II. Like his father, he had trouble with the Greeks and the satraps. Also like his father, he tried and failed to regain control of Egypt. He put down revolts from the satraps with cruelty, and by the end of his Reign, the whole empire was firmly under his control, and remarkably peaceful.
- 10. Darius III Darius III was installed as ruler by the vizier Bagoas after Bagoas had poisoned Artaxerxes III and his son. Darius III then poisoned Bagoas upon attaining power. Darius III’s rule was full of satrap revolts and foreign invasions. The Persian empire effectively ended when Darrius III was defeated by Alexander the Great.
- 11. The End