This document describes research into optimizing the production of the enzyme xylanase by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus using wheat bran as a substrate. The researchers used response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) to evaluate the effects of various process parameters on xylanase production. They optimized substrate concentration, temperature, incubation time, initial moisture content and initial pH. The maximum predicted xylanase production of 553 IU/gds was achieved under optimal conditions of 10.7g substrate, 32.7°C, 133 hours, 83.2% moisture, and pH 5.3. In addition to xylanase, a low amount of cellulase activity was also observed
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Isolation, Optimization, Production and Purification of Alpha Amylase from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the isolation, optimization, production, and purification of the enzyme alpha amylase from soil bacteria. Key points:
1) The bacteria Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil samples and identified as an alpha amylase producer through starch hydrolysis screening and biochemical tests.
2) Fermentation conditions like pH and temperature were optimized for maximum enzyme production, with pH 7.0 and 37°C found to be optimal.
3) The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified via dialysis. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified amylase.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
Xylan-degrading enzymes can be used in a variety of industrial applications to break down plant biomass. They catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, one of the most abundant renewable polysaccharides found in agricultural waste streams and residues. Potential applications of these enzymes include improving food processing in industries like cereal, juice, and baking; aiding biofuel production; and assisting pulp and paper processing by breaking down waste. Many agricultural byproducts like corn fiber, rice bran, and potato pulp contain xylan and could be broken down for higher value uses with xylan-degrading enzymes.
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) from oil ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Isolation, Optimization, Production and Purification of Alpha Amylase from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the isolation, optimization, production, and purification of the enzyme alpha amylase from soil bacteria. Key points:
1) The bacteria Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil samples and identified as an alpha amylase producer through starch hydrolysis screening and biochemical tests.
2) Fermentation conditions like pH and temperature were optimized for maximum enzyme production, with pH 7.0 and 37°C found to be optimal.
3) The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified via dialysis. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified amylase.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
Xylan-degrading enzymes can be used in a variety of industrial applications to break down plant biomass. They catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, one of the most abundant renewable polysaccharides found in agricultural waste streams and residues. Potential applications of these enzymes include improving food processing in industries like cereal, juice, and baking; aiding biofuel production; and assisting pulp and paper processing by breaking down waste. Many agricultural byproducts like corn fiber, rice bran, and potato pulp contain xylan and could be broken down for higher value uses with xylan-degrading enzymes.
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) from oil ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90±5°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Statistical optimization of process parameters for gelatinization of potato (...eSAT Journals
Abstract Potato, a cost effective source of starch, a root vegetable is grown in more than 100 countries in the world. India holds 2nd position in potato production in the world and West Bengal 1st position in India. Potato is processed into a variety of products ranging from potato powder, potato starch, frozen potato flakes, baby food and alcohol, potato chips, French fries, potato flakes/powder etc. In this study, the main objective was statistical optimization of the condition for potato gelatinization and effect of potassium metabisulphite (KMS) concentration on potato starch in gelatinization process. The range of the factors employed were gelatinization pressure, time and different concentration of KMS. The optimized gelatinization condition was 10psig for 15 minutes and 200ppm KMS. The percentage of gelatinized starch at optimized gelatinized condition was 35.67 (dry weight basis). Optimization of effective concentration of potassium metabisulphite (KMS) to retain the colour of potato was also studied and the optimized effective concentration of KMS to retain the colour was 200ppm. RSM modeling, simple regression was used as a tool to study different interactive and linear effect of different factors and significance of the factors. Keywords: potato starch, gelatinization, KMS concentration, colour retention, RSM modeling, regression equation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
Hydrolytic activity of amylase produced in solid state fermentation by a lo...Samuel Kwatia
This document summarizes research on the production and characterization of amylase enzyme from a strain of Aspergillus niger using solid-state fermentation. Key findings include:
- Amylase was produced using optimized fermentation conditions and showed highest activity at pH 4-8 and temperatures of 30-60°C.
- Partial purification using ammonium sulfate increased the specific activity and concentration of amylase.
- The purified enzyme was able to hydrolyze starches from various sources like maize, yam and cassava, producing reducing sugars.
- Different starch sources showed varying susceptibility to hydrolysis, with maize starch being most easily broken down.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy can be used by the author for non-commercial research and education purposes, including instruction and sharing with colleagues, but other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling, licensing copies or posting to third party websites are prohibited without permission. The author is allowed to post a version of the article to their personal website or institutional repository in most cases. Further information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies is available at the provided URL.
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) an...Meesha Singh
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) and Evaluation of their Industrial Applications
This document summarizes a study on the production of pectinase enzymes from agricultural wastes using microbial processing. Pectinases are important industrial enzymes with applications in juice extraction and clarification. The study aims to optimize pectinase production from bacterial sources using agricultural waste, characterize the enzymes, and evaluate their applications. Key steps include screening bacteria, optimizing fermentation parameters, purifying and characterizing the enzymes, and testing applications in juice clarification and fruit peeling. A hierarchical model is also developed to analyze barriers to industrial pectinase production.
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in ConcreteYogeshIJTSRD
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul Mohabe | G. D. Dhawade | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41186.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41186/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete/rahul-mohabe
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
This document summarizes a research project that optimized pectinase production from different organic wastes. The objectives were to determine the optimal ratio of citrus fruit peel powder and wheat bran for maximum pectinase production at lowest cost. Different ratios of mosambi, kinnu and orange peels with wheat bran were tested, and mosambi peel with wheat bran at a 1:3 ratio produced the highest pectinase activity. Incubation for 25 minutes was found to be the optimum time for pectin breakdown. The research concluded that mosambi peel is the best substrate for producing pectinase using this solid-state fermentation method.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development of a monoherbal formulation containing an extract of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) for its laxative properties. Flaxseed was extracted using a pilot scale extraction plant and the extract was spray dried. A chewable tablet formulation was developed containing the flaxseed extract using wet granulation technique. The formulation was evaluated for various pharmacopoeial parameters and was found to comply with specifications. In an animal study, the formulation showed laxative activity comparable to the reference standard drug agar-agar, indicating the laxative properties of the combined phytoconstituents in flaxseed.
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
This document outlines amylases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze starch. It describes three main types of amylases - alpha, beta, and gamma amylase - and their differences in terms of what bonds they cleave in starch. It also discusses methods for producing amylases through microbial fermentation, determining enzyme activity, and purifying the enzymes. The key industrial applications of amylases are in the food, paper and textile industries.
1. The document describes the extraction and purification of lactase (β-galactosidase) from a local isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus.
2. Four L. acidophilus strains were screened for lactase production, with strain Lac4 showing the highest activity and selected for further study.
3. The enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, increasing its specific activity and purification fold at each step.
This document outlines a study aimed at isolating and identifying soil bacteria capable of producing the enzyme alpha-amylase. Soil samples were collected from different environments and inoculated onto culture media. Colonies showing clear zones of starch hydrolysis were considered positive for alpha-amylase production. Phylogenetic analysis using 16s rRNA sequencing identified the positive bacteria as belonging to the genus Bacillus. The isolated bacteria were further characterized by examining the effects of pH and temperature on alpha-amylase activity.
Un mono le preguntó a su mamá por qué eran tan feos. Su mamá le respondió que debería estar agradecido con Dios por cómo son, y que debería ver a la persona que está leyendo el correo, dando a entender que podría ser aún más feo.
El documento presenta tres etapas para el desarrollo de competencias TIC en docentes: 1) nociones básicas como alfabetización, búsqueda e contextualización, 2) profundización del conocimiento TIC para su apropiación, y 3) generación de nuevo conocimiento TIC para transferirlo a diferentes contextos.
The document repeats the phrase "DhifAllah Alayadi" multiple times and contains other unintelligible text. It does not provide any clear information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Extraction of Pectin from Unripe Banana PeelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that extracted pectin from unripe banana peels through an acid extraction process. Pectin was extracted from unripe banana peel powder using hydrochloric acid at 90±5°C for varying time periods. Extraction for 4 hours at 90°C and pH 2 yielded the highest amount of pectin at 13%. The extracted pectin was characterized based on parameters like moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. The pectin extracted from banana peels has potential applications as a gelling agent in food products.
Statistical optimization of process parameters for gelatinization of potato (...eSAT Journals
Abstract Potato, a cost effective source of starch, a root vegetable is grown in more than 100 countries in the world. India holds 2nd position in potato production in the world and West Bengal 1st position in India. Potato is processed into a variety of products ranging from potato powder, potato starch, frozen potato flakes, baby food and alcohol, potato chips, French fries, potato flakes/powder etc. In this study, the main objective was statistical optimization of the condition for potato gelatinization and effect of potassium metabisulphite (KMS) concentration on potato starch in gelatinization process. The range of the factors employed were gelatinization pressure, time and different concentration of KMS. The optimized gelatinization condition was 10psig for 15 minutes and 200ppm KMS. The percentage of gelatinized starch at optimized gelatinized condition was 35.67 (dry weight basis). Optimization of effective concentration of potassium metabisulphite (KMS) to retain the colour of potato was also studied and the optimized effective concentration of KMS to retain the colour was 200ppm. RSM modeling, simple regression was used as a tool to study different interactive and linear effect of different factors and significance of the factors. Keywords: potato starch, gelatinization, KMS concentration, colour retention, RSM modeling, regression equation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete A Resultijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the properties of concrete when banana peel powder is used as an admixture. The study found that the percentage of heat transmitted through concrete cubes and the time taken for the cubes to cool down were both reduced when banana peel powder was added, indicating that the exothermic chemical reaction in the concrete was decreased. Specifically, the heat transmitted was reduced by 12-16% and the cooling time was reduced by 2.5-4% compared to normal concrete without banana peel powder. The flexural strength of the concrete increased slightly with the addition of banana peel powder but the compressive strength did not change significantly. Therefore, the study concluded that banana peel powder can be used as a concrete admixture
Hydrolytic activity of amylase produced in solid state fermentation by a lo...Samuel Kwatia
This document summarizes research on the production and characterization of amylase enzyme from a strain of Aspergillus niger using solid-state fermentation. Key findings include:
- Amylase was produced using optimized fermentation conditions and showed highest activity at pH 4-8 and temperatures of 30-60°C.
- Partial purification using ammonium sulfate increased the specific activity and concentration of amylase.
- The purified enzyme was able to hydrolyze starches from various sources like maize, yam and cassava, producing reducing sugars.
- Different starch sources showed varying susceptibility to hydrolysis, with maize starch being most easily broken down.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy can be used by the author for non-commercial research and education purposes, including instruction and sharing with colleagues, but other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling, licensing copies or posting to third party websites are prohibited without permission. The author is allowed to post a version of the article to their personal website or institutional repository in most cases. Further information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies is available at the provided URL.
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) an...Meesha Singh
Microbial Processing of Agricultural Wastes to produce Pectinase Enzyme(s) and Evaluation of their Industrial Applications
This document summarizes a study on the production of pectinase enzymes from agricultural wastes using microbial processing. Pectinases are important industrial enzymes with applications in juice extraction and clarification. The study aims to optimize pectinase production from bacterial sources using agricultural waste, characterize the enzymes, and evaluate their applications. Key steps include screening bacteria, optimizing fermentation parameters, purifying and characterizing the enzymes, and testing applications in juice clarification and fruit peeling. A hierarchical model is also developed to analyze barriers to industrial pectinase production.
This document summarizes research that optimized production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Pseudomonas fluorescens using rice bran as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman statistical design was used to screen significant medium components, identifying rice bran, peptone, NaCl, and MnCl2 as most effective. Central composite design then optimized their concentrations for maximum EPS yield of 4.62 g/L after 48 hours of fermentation. Kinetic modeling using logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret equations accurately simulated microbial growth, substrate utilization, and EPS formation. The extracted polysaccharide shows potential as a biodegradable, non-toxic alternative to synthetic polymers with antioxidant properties for industrial and pharmaceutical
Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in ConcreteYogeshIJTSRD
Analysis of properties of concrete using banana peel as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. The percentage of transmission temperature and reduction time of temperature has decreased hence it is clear that the exothermal reaction in concrete has been reduced by using dried banana peel powder as admixture. Ingredients other than cement, water and aggregates that import a specific quality to either plastic fresh mix or the hardened concrete ASTMC 496 is called concrete admixture. The flexural strength of concrete by using banana peel powder as admixture has increased, but considerable lesser compressive strength has increased. Rahul Mohabe | G. D. Dhawade | R. K. Kakpure "Utilization of Banana Peel Powder in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41186.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41186/utilization-of-banana-peel-powder-in-concrete/rahul-mohabe
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
This document summarizes a research project that optimized pectinase production from different organic wastes. The objectives were to determine the optimal ratio of citrus fruit peel powder and wheat bran for maximum pectinase production at lowest cost. Different ratios of mosambi, kinnu and orange peels with wheat bran were tested, and mosambi peel with wheat bran at a 1:3 ratio produced the highest pectinase activity. Incubation for 25 minutes was found to be the optimum time for pectin breakdown. The research concluded that mosambi peel is the best substrate for producing pectinase using this solid-state fermentation method.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
This document describes the development of a monoherbal formulation containing an extract of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) for its laxative properties. Flaxseed was extracted using a pilot scale extraction plant and the extract was spray dried. A chewable tablet formulation was developed containing the flaxseed extract using wet granulation technique. The formulation was evaluated for various pharmacopoeial parameters and was found to comply with specifications. In an animal study, the formulation showed laxative activity comparable to the reference standard drug agar-agar, indicating the laxative properties of the combined phytoconstituents in flaxseed.
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
This document outlines amylases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze starch. It describes three main types of amylases - alpha, beta, and gamma amylase - and their differences in terms of what bonds they cleave in starch. It also discusses methods for producing amylases through microbial fermentation, determining enzyme activity, and purifying the enzymes. The key industrial applications of amylases are in the food, paper and textile industries.
1. The document describes the extraction and purification of lactase (β-galactosidase) from a local isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus.
2. Four L. acidophilus strains were screened for lactase production, with strain Lac4 showing the highest activity and selected for further study.
3. The enzyme was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, increasing its specific activity and purification fold at each step.
This document outlines a study aimed at isolating and identifying soil bacteria capable of producing the enzyme alpha-amylase. Soil samples were collected from different environments and inoculated onto culture media. Colonies showing clear zones of starch hydrolysis were considered positive for alpha-amylase production. Phylogenetic analysis using 16s rRNA sequencing identified the positive bacteria as belonging to the genus Bacillus. The isolated bacteria were further characterized by examining the effects of pH and temperature on alpha-amylase activity.
Un mono le preguntó a su mamá por qué eran tan feos. Su mamá le respondió que debería estar agradecido con Dios por cómo son, y que debería ver a la persona que está leyendo el correo, dando a entender que podría ser aún más feo.
El documento presenta tres etapas para el desarrollo de competencias TIC en docentes: 1) nociones básicas como alfabetización, búsqueda e contextualización, 2) profundización del conocimiento TIC para su apropiación, y 3) generación de nuevo conocimiento TIC para transferirlo a diferentes contextos.
The document repeats the phrase "DhifAllah Alayadi" multiple times and contains other unintelligible text. It does not provide any clear information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Este documento describe el proceso de escribir textos utilizando computadoras en lugar de métodos manuales como lápices y papel. Explica que las computadoras permiten escribir textos de forma estandarizada y facilitan realizar modificaciones y correcciones posteriormente. Finalmente, pregunta cómo utilizar las computadoras para escribir textos de forma eficiente.
O Diferencial e as Tendências do Design de InteraçãoUTFPR
O documento discute as tendências do design de interação, abordando os modelos de desenvolvimento de produtos centrados em engenharia, marketing ou design. Também apresenta exemplos de projetos desenvolvidos por estudantes que exploram novas abordagens como interfaces tangíveis e mobilidade. Por fim, descreve as atividades do Instituto Faber-Ludens de design de interação.
El documento trata sobre el problema del trabajo infantil en Ecuador. Detalla las causas como la pobreza extrema, falta de educación y trabajo de los padres, que llevan a los niños a dejar la escuela para trabajar en sectores como la minería, la construcción y la recolección de hojas de coca. Propone como solución combatir la pobreza a través de estilos de desarrollo inclusivos que generen oportunidades.
The document is a website URL for viciogame.com. It does not contain any other text or information to summarize beyond providing the web address for the site viciogame.com in a single word.
This document describes a study that optimized media components for xylanase production by Aspergillus fumigatus using solid state fermentation. Key findings:
1. Plackett-Burman design identified three significant nutrients (NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4) influencing xylanase production.
2. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to further analyze the effects of these nutrients and establish a regression model.
3. Under optimized conditions found by response surface analysis (NaNO3 = 0.29066 g/gds, (NH4)2SO4 = 0.14448 g/gds, KH2PO4 0
Study on the Use of Agricultural Wastes for Cellulase Production by Using Asp...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on using agricultural wastes like rice husks, millet husks, maize cobs, and wheat straws for cellulase production by Aspergillus niger. Key findings include:
1) Rice husks produced the highest level of cellulase enzyme (10.2 units/ml) after 5 days of incubation compared to other substrates.
2) Higher cellulase production was achieved at pH 3 using rice husks and pH 4 using maize cobs at varying substrate concentrations.
3) Of the substrates tested, rice husks produced the most cellulase enzyme and are a promising substrate for enzyme production using A. niger.
Improved Sugar Yield for Bioethanol Production by Modelling Enzymatic Hydroly...theijes
Alternative lignocellulosic substrates to produce high value-added products such as biofuel have been attractive. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of three parameters namely L/S ratio (50_ 100 mL/g), cellulase concentration (10_ 60 U/g) and incubation time (4_ 44h), on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of physically pretreated Peganum harmala leaves. The fitted mathematical model allowed us to plot response surfaces as well as isoresponse curves and to determine optimal saccharification conditions. Statistical results indicated that the hydrolysis time and the enzyme concentration were the main factors influencing the release of reducing sugars. The selected optimal saccharification conditions were: L/S ratio of 75.0 mL/g, enzyme concentration of 35.0 U/g, and reaction time of 44.0h. These conditions allowed 39.6% of enzymatic hydrolysis yield versus 37.8±2.9%, respectively for the predicted values. The saccharification efficiency using enzyme treated biomass under optimized conditions was about 20-fold higher than before optimization. Fermentation of optimized cellulosic hydrolysate containing 12.6% glucose was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 4.75% ethanol production within 48h. These results showed a promising future of applying Peganum harmala leaves as potential lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production.
This document summarizes a study on the production of bioethanol from potato and carambola juice using molds and agaricus as sources of amylase enzymes. The amylase activity of molds and agaricus was investigated under varying conditions of starch concentration, pH, incubation time, and temperature. Maximum amylase activity of 173-178 U/g was obtained for molds using 1.5% starch solution at pH 5.0 and 60°C for 30 minutes. For agaricus, highest amylase production of 14-16 U/g occurred with 1.5% starch solution at pH 6.0 and 75°C for 30 minutes. Reducing sugars were produced by fermenting potato
Optimizing the medium conditions for production of tetracycline by solid stat...bioejjournal
This document describes research optimizing conditions for the production of tetracycline by Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417 using solid state fermentation of pineapple peel waste. Statistical experimental designs including Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology were used. Plackett-Burman design identified peanut meal, incubation period, and soluble starch as significant factors affecting tetracycline production. Response surface methodology then optimized these three factors, determining that peanut meal at 0.4%, incubation period of 2 days, and soluble starch at 2% provided optimal conditions for maximal tetracycline production of 17.98 mg/g substrate.
Optimizing the medium conditions for production of tetracycline by solid stat...bioejjournal
Tetracycline belongs to one of the extracellular produced polyketide antibiotics having hydrophilic
properties. Statistical based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface
methodology (RSM) were occupied to screen and optimize the medium conditions for the
production of tetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417, using solid state fermentation.
pineapple peel waste was used as both the curious solid support and carbon and nitrogen sources and
inorganic salts for the growth of Streptomyces aureofaciens NCIM 2417. Based on the positive
influence of the half normal plot obtained from PBD on tetracycline production, three medium
conditions – peanut meal, incubation period and soluble starch were screened. Central composite
design (CCD) was occupied using these three medium conditions at five levels, for advance
optimization, and the second order polynomial equation was derived, based on the experimental
data. Response surface methodology showed that the conditions of peanut meal (0.4%), incubation
period (day 2) and soluble starch (2%) were the optimal levels for maximal tetracycline production
(17.98 mg/g substrate) which were validated through experiments.
Potential use of nylon scouring pad cubes attachment method for pectinase pro...Haritharan Weloosamy
This document summarizes a study that investigated using nylon scouring pad cubes as a support matrix for immobilizing fungal cells of Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 to enhance pectinase production. The study found that immobilizing A. niger cells on scouring pad cubes resulted in higher pectinase activity compared to free cells. Various culture parameters were optimized, including the number of scouring pad cubes, inoculum size, agitation speed, and temperature. Under optimized conditions of 6 scouring pad cubes, an inoculum size of 1 × 107 spores/mL, an agitation speed of 150 rpm, and a temperature of 30°C, pect
This document describes research on producing biodiesel from the marine microalga Chlorella salina using immobilized whole cell yeast. Some key points:
- The yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was immobilized on sugarcane bagasse to produce lipase enzymes for biodiesel production.
- Oil was extracted from cultivated C. salina biomass and its molecular weight and fatty acid composition were analyzed.
- The immobilized yeast cells were used as whole cell biocatalysts in a solvent-free system to convert the microalgal oil to biodiesel via interesterification, optimizing various reaction parameters like biocatalyst loading, temperature, and water content
This document discusses medium optimization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and used to produce exopolysaccharide. Statistical methods like Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology using central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium. The optimized medium contained specific concentrations of cane molasses, yeast extract, NaCl, and CaCl2, which produced 4.92 g/L of exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide showed antioxidant activity, with a 61.19% reduction of DPPH free radicals, greater than vitamin C. The biopolymer could have applications in industries and pharmaceuticals.
Pomelo peels as alternative substrate for extracellular pectinase production ...Haritharan Weloosamy
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pomelo peels as an alternative substrate for producing pectinase enzymes through solid state fermentation with the fungus Aspergillus niger HFM-8. Initial experiments found the highest pectinase production and fungal growth on day 8 of cultivation. Various culture parameters were then optimized, finding that a substrate particle size of 0.75 mm produced the highest pectinase levels and fungal growth. After improving the fermentation parameters, pectinase production increased by 48.82% compared to initial levels, demonstrating that pomelo peels are a suitable substrate for pectinase production.
Study on Culture Conditions for A Cellulase Production From As Pergillus UnguisIJMERJOURNAL
1) The document studies the optimal culture conditions for cellulase production by Aspergillus unguis through solid state fermentation.
2) Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, moisture content, duration and citrate buffer content on cellulase production.
3) The highest cellulase activity of 110.92 U/ml was achieved under the following optimal conditions: rice husk as the carbon source, yeast extract as the nitrogen source, 64% moisture content, 7 days of incubation, and a citrate buffer to byproduct ratio of 7:1.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production of α-amylase using new strain of Bacillus polymyxa isolated from s...IOSR Journals
In this study, a new amylase producer strain was isolated from sweet potato tuber. This strain was able to grow at 37 °C and produce α-amylase in high quantity compared to other standard strain cultures. In the first part, cultivation in shake flask in standard medium was carried out to give complete information about the growth and production kinetics of this strain. The results clearly demonstrate that the isolated strain is able to production α-amylase in submerged culture with concentration up to 2050 kat/L after 20 h cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization was carried out by changing the starch concentration and cell cultivation in medium of mixed carbon source (composed of starch and glucose of ratio 15:5 g/g) to enhance the production process and to increase the growth rate. The volumetric and specific α-amylase production in this optimized medium were 4550 kat/L and 1060 kat/g, respectively. Further improvement in enzyme production process was achieved by scaling up the process from shake flask to 3-L stirred tank bioreactor under non-oxygen limiting condition. The maximal volumetric and specific α-amylase productions in bioreactor batch culture were 5210 kat/L and 1095kat/g, respectively, after only 14 h cultivation
Optimization of process parameters for the production of l glutaminase with m...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-Glutaminase, an amidohydrolase enzyme has been a choice of interest in the treatment of leukaemia since the discovery of its anti-tumour properties. Because it is a potent anti leukemic agent and a flavor-enhancing agent used in the food industry, many researchers have focused their attention on L-glutaminase. L-Glutaminase is majorly produced by micro organisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. In the present study, production of L-Glutaminase from fungi, Aspergillus wentii was reported. Solid state fermentation was followed in the study for the enzyme production using different agro-industrial by products which include coconut oil cake, sesame oil cake, groundnut oil cake and neem oil cake. Out of them potential substrates were screened and used as mixed substrate. Mixed substrate was selected by mixing coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake in different compositions. The best composition, 1.25gm coconut oil cake and 3.75gm sesame oil cake was selected. Effect of process parameters namely temperature, pH, incubation time, moisture content, inoculum volume on enzyme production was investigated. Also effect of supplementary carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions and glutamine concentration was studied and their optimum conditions were determined. The organism produced high levels of enzyme at an optimum temperature of 28C and optimum pH 7.0, after 120h of incubation with 40% inoculum volume and 50% moisture content. Enhanced production was obtained on addition of 1% W/V D-glucose, peptone, magnesium sulphate and 1% W/W glutamine as supplements which showed an increase to four folds. Using this optimized media components and parameters; the L-Glutaminase activity 496U/gds was obtained. Keywords: L-Glutaminase, leukaemia, Aspergillus wentii, solid state fermentation, mixed substrate
Lipase Production from Bacillus subtilis using various Agricultural wasteIJAEMSJORNAL
Lipases was produced by Bacillus subtilis PCSIR NL-38 strain and rape seed oil cake as substrate. Surface fermentation of minimal media in 250ml conical flask under static conditions gave 12.81 U/ml of lipases at 40°C for 48 hours. Lipase activity was monitored titrimatrically. Optimization of physicochemical parameters indicated that PCSIR NL-38 showed maximum lipase production at pH 7 with NH4NO3 as inorganic nitrogen source, glucose as carbon source, FeSO4.7H2O as salt, with 7% inoculum size and 96 hours of incubation.
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Watermelon Waste for Ethano...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
As the world oil reserves are draining day by day, new resources of carbon
and hydrogen must be investigated to supply our energy and industrial needs. An
extensive amount of biomass is accessible in many parts of the world and could be
utilized either directly or as crude material for the production of different fuels. The
motivation behind the present research is to find an appropriate strain for the fermentation
of watermelon waste to get ethanol. Saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
of watermelon waste were carried out simultaneously in the presence of A. niger and
S. cerevisiae (toddy origin and baker’s yeast). Toddy originated S. cerevisiae culture
is found to be more active than that of baker’s yeast. For the ethanol production, the
optimized conditions for different parameters like temperature, time, strain and pH
are finalized.
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
Isolation Characterization and Screening of fungal Lipase from oil contaminat...AI Publications
Present scenario demands a more sustainable, ecofriendly and economic measures globally to deal with the growing problems of environmental issues. The main goal of this work is to opt for such ideas and technologies which involve cleaner and greener procedures for utilizing waste materials for deriving value added products. The soil pertaining to the areas of oil mills contains densely population of various microbes’, especially fungal origin. These microbes are rich in lipase content (due to oil source). Thus in this we isolated fungal colonies from this oil rich soil, cultured in laboratory, fermented them under various conditions to extract fungal enzyme i.e. lipase and then used it for further applications. Lipases are highly versatile and industrially important enzymes. Deriving the lipases from waste soil is the main attraction of this work and is a venture strategizing the “best from waste” approach.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work deals with the screening of microorganisms Candida rugosa NCIM 3467 and Penicillum citrinum NCIM 765 with different agro residues – rice bran, wheat bran, groundnut oil cake, coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake for maximum production of lipase. Among all the industrial residues, Groundnut oil cake supported the maximum lipase production by C.rugosa NCIM 3467. The physical factors such as fermentation time, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level, initial moisture content played a vital role in lipase production and further the yield was improved with the supplementation of carbon and organic nitrogen sources to the solid medium. At 5 days of fermentation, 32 °C, pH 6, 5 day old culture, 15% inoculum level and at 60% initial moisture content, lipase activity of 57.25 U/ml was obtained. Further the activity was raised to 63.35 U/ml by supplementing the substrate media with maltose (5%w/w) and peptone (3%w/w). Keywords: Candida rugosa, Pencillum citrinum, Solid state Fermentations, Lipase, Optimization and Characterization.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...
As26277287
1. K.Vimalashanmugam, T.Viruthagiri / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
Response Surface Methodology Optimization Of Process
Parameters for Xylanase Production by Aspergillus
fumigatus in SSF using Central Composite Design
K.Vimalashanmugam*, T.Viruthagiri **
*
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India)
**
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India)
ABSTRACT
In this work, the production of xylanase the cellulose pulp and paper manufacturing
enzyme using inexpensive substrate wheat bran processes [3]. Xylanases also been studied for the
by Aspergillus fumigatus under SSF was production of xyloologiosaccahrides, which are used
investigated by optimizing various process as moisturizing agents for food, sweeteners [4], in
parameters such as substrate concentration, the production of several valuable products like
temperature, incubation time, initial moisture xylitol and ethanol [5]. Other important applications
content and initial pH of the medium. These are to make the bread fine and soft and extend the
parameters were optimized using response storage time, to purify fruit juice, wine and beer, to
surface methodology (RSM). The central form xylitol glucose used in confectionery industry
composite design and RSM have been applied for [6].
designing of experiments to evaluate the Enzyme productivity in solid state
interactive effects through a full 50 factorial fermentation (SSF) is usually much higher than that
design. The optimum conditions were substrate of submerged fermentation [7]. Solid state
concentration – 10.7g, temperature – 32.70C, fermentation has gained interest for researchers in
incubation Time – 133 hrs, initial moisture recent years because of economic and engineering
content – 83.2%, initial pH – 5.3. Higher value of advantages [8], since this method employs
the regression coefficient R2= 0.9750 indicates agricultural residues in their natural form, thus
excellent evaluation of experimental data by helping to prevent the environmental impact caused
second order polynomial regression model. The by the accumulation of these residues. Agricultural
Response surface methodology revealed that the residues contain 20–30% hemicellulosic materials,
maximum xylanase production of 553.17 IU/gds which can be utilized for production of xylanase by
was obtained at the above optimum conditions. microorganisms [9]. India, being an agriculture-
Along with xylanase, a concurrent production of based economy, generates huge quantum of agro-
a low amount of cellulase activity has also been residues which are difficult to dispose off, and their
found. use as substrates for xylanase production will not
only combat environmental pollution but will also
Keywords: Xylanase, central composite design, reduce the cost of enzyme production [10].
response surface methodology, regression The choice of an appropriate substrate is of
coefficient, operating parameters great importance for the successful production of
xylanases. The substrate not only serves as carbon
1. INTRODUCTION and energy source, but also provides the necessary
Xylanases (1,4-β -D-xylan xylanohydrolase inducing compounds for the organism, preferentially
E.C. 3.2.1.8) are a family of hydrolytic enzymes that for an extended period of time, for an increased
cleave internal linkages on the β -1,4-xylopyranose overall productivity of the fermentation process
backbone [1]. Xylan represents the major [11]. The use of purified xylan as an inducer
component of hemicellulose, the second most increases the cost of enzyme production. For this
abundant plant material in nature. Due to its reason, different lignocellulosic residues, including
complex structure several enzymes are required for wheat bran, wheat straw, corn cob and sugar cane
its complete hydrolysis, but endo β-1,4-xylanase (β- bagasse have been used as growth substrate in
1, 4-D-xylanohydrolase, E.C.3.2.1.8) is most crucial cultures to produce xylanases [8]. Wheat bran is
for depolymerization of the main backbone of xylan rightly known to be the gold product and finds its
[2]. Xylanases have great potential in various applications not only in fermentation industry but
industrial processes, including the manufacture of also in pharmaceutics and biomedical research [12].
bread, food and drinks, improvement of nutritional Wheat bran remains loose even under moist
properties of agricultural silage and grain feed, for conditions during the solid state fermentation (SSF)
processing plant fibers in the textile industry, in mode of culturing thereby providing a large surface
pharmaceutical and chemical applications, and in area and efficient aeration [13], used as substrate for
xylanase production from various organisms
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2. K.Vimalashanmugam, T.Viruthagiri / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
including A. niveus RS2 [14], A. sydowii SBS 45 each flask was inoculated with 2 ml of the spore
[15], A. niger DFR-5 [16]. Xylanase production on suspension containing 1x106 spores/ml prepared
commercial scale can also be achieved by using WB from 6 day old slants of the culture grown at 300C
as a substrate as it is an agro-economical inducer and the inoculated flasks were incubated at 300C in
due to its high xylan content (12.65% of dry an incubator. After fermentation 50 ml of 0.05M
material) [17]. citrate buffer (pH – 5.3) was added to the fermented
Most of the literature concerning xylanases flask and the contents were agitated for 30 minutes
dealt with their purification and characterization, at 200 rpm in an orbital shaker at 300C and filtered
and relatively fewer studies have been done through a wet muslin cloth by squeezing. The
regarding production, optimization of xylanases extract was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 20
[18],[19]. Statistical optimization, allows rapid minutes and the supernatant was used for
screening of a number of factors and factor determination of enzyme activity.
interactions, and reflects the role of each
component. Response surface methodology (RSM) 2.3. Enzyme Assay
is gaining recognition as a powerful approach for Endoxylanase activity was measured by
optimizing conditions for the production of incubating 0.5ml of 1% (w/v) oat spelt xylan in 0.05
industrially important products such as chemicals M Na-citrate buffer (pH 5.3). And 0.5 ml of suitably
and enzymes [20]. In the last few years, RSM has diluted enzyme extract at 50°C for 30 min. The
been applied to optimize and evaluate interactive release of reducing sugar was measured by dinitro-
effects of independent factors in numerous chemical salicylic acid (DNS) method [25] and xylose was
and biochemical processes [21], [22], [23]. The used as the standard. One International unit (IU) of
objective of the present study is to statistically xylanase activity is defined as the amount of
optimize the process parameters such as substrate enzyme releasing 1 μmol of xylose per minute under
concentration, temperature, incubation time, initial the assay conditions. Xylanase production in SSF
moisture content & pH for production of xylanase was expressed as IU/g dry substrate (IU/gds).
from Aspergillus fumigatus under SSF using Cellulase activity was assayed by adding
inexpensive substrate wheat bran by central 0.5 ml of appropriately diluted enzyme to 0.5 ml of
composite design (CCD) in Response surface 1 % (w/v) of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in 50
methodology. mM Na-citrate buffer, pH 5.3 and incubating at
500C for 30 min. The amount of reducing sugars
2. MATERIALS & METHODS released during the reaction was measured using the
2.1. Microorganism and culture media DNS method [25] and D-glucose was used as the
Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC No - 343) standard. One International unit of cellulase activity
used in this study was purchased from the Microbial was defined as the amount of enzyme that liberated
Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, 1 µmol of glucose equivalent under the assay
Chandigarh, India. The stock culture was conditions.
maintained on agar slants at 50C. The medium
composition comprises of : *Czapek Concentrate - 2.4. Optimization of Process Parameters
10.0 ml; K2HPO4 - 1.0g, Yeast extract -, 5.0 g; A full factorial design, is a powerful tool
Sucrose - 30.0 g; Agar -15.0 g; Distilled water -1.0 for understanding complex processes for relating
L. (*Czapek concentrate: NaNO3 - 30.0g; Kcl - factor interactions in multifactor systems because it
5.0g; MgSO4.7H2O - 5.0g; FeSO4.7H2O - 0.1g; and includes all possible factor combinations in each of
Distilled water - 100.0 ml). the factors. Response surface methodology (RSM) is
an empirical statistical technique employed for
2.2. Solid state fermentation (SSF) multiple regression analysis by using quantitative
Wheat bran was used as substrate for data obtained from designed experiments to solve
xylanase production. Wheat bran was oven dried at multivariate equations simultaneously. A central
700C for 48 hrs, ground to 40 mesh particle size and composite experimental design with 10 star points ,
used as a substrate. Fermentation was carried out in (25 = 32) axial points and eight replicates at the
Erlenmeyer flasks (250 ml) with, 0.1% (v/v) of center point (n0 = 8), resulting in a total of 50
Tween-80, 0.1% (w/v) of oat spelt xylan, experiments covers the entire range of spectrum of
supplemented with nutrient concentration (% w/w) : combinations of variables, was used for fitting a
NaNO3 - 0.29, (NH4)2SO4 - 0.14 and KH2PO4 - 0.24, second order response surface. The experiments
adjusted with process parameters such as substrate with substrate concentration, temperature,
(wheat bran) concentration, temperature, incubation incubation time, initial moisture content and initial
time, % initial moisture content [24] and pH as pH were employed, simultaneously covering the
defined by experimental design. 0.1 % of oat spelt spectrum of variables for the production of xylanase
xylan serves as an inducer for xylanase production. in the central composite design, batch experiments
Each flask was covered with hydrophobic cotton were conducted. The coded values of the process
and autoclaved at 1210C for 20 min. After cooling,
278 | P a g e
4. K.Vimalashanmugam, T.Viruthagiri / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
26 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 524.99 525.95 81.37
27 0 (10) 2.378 (36.8) 0 (120) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 445.18 425.05 78.85
28 0 (10) 0 (32) 2.378(177.1) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 445.24 435.96 76.27
29 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 523.97 525.95 88.36
30 1 (12) -1 (30) 1 (144) -1 (75) -1 (4.5) 377.41 382.95 79.46
31 -1 (8) 1 (34) -1 (96) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 374.58 371.16 65.01
32 -1 (8) -1 (30) -1 (96) 1 (85) -1 (4.5) 257.28 255.97 64.05
33 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 524.09 525.95 82.19
34 1 (12) 1 (34) 1 (144) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 428.27 428.96 66.26
35 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 0 (80) 0 (5.0) 552.09 525.95 78.67
36 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 0 (80) 2.378 (6.2) 422.43 415.37 76.43
37 -1 (8) 1 (34) 1 (144) 1 (85) -1 (4.5) 431.64 428.92 73.76
38 0 (10) 0 (32) 0 (120) 2.378 (91.9) 0 (5.0) 462.93 454.12 75.36
39 -1 (8) -1 (30) 1 (144) -1 (75) -1 (4.5) 340.75 345.60 62.12
40 1 (12) -1 (30) -1 (96) 1 (85) -1 (4.5) 353.85 352.75 68.27
41 -1 (8) -1 (30) -1 (96) -1 (75) -1 (4.5) 261.60 265.05 60.57
42 1 (12) -1 (30) 1 (144) 1 (85) -1 (4.5) 421.70 421.24 74.43
43 1 (12) 1 (34) -1 (96) 1 (85) -1 (4.5) 409.15 408.08 72.76
44 1 (12) 1 (34) 1 (144) -1 (75) -1 (4.5) 358.49 353.56 69.07
45 1 (12) -1 (30) -1 (96) 1 (85) 1 (5.5) 397.38 393.52 63.12
46 1 (12) -1 (30) -1 (96) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 363.35 365.86 62.76
47 1 (12) -1 (30) 1 (144) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 444.34 453.08 72.65
48 1 (12) 1 (34) -1 (96) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 380.60 381.13 74.54
49 -1 (8) -1 (30) 1 (144) -1 (75) 1 (5.5) 393.83 395.47 73.43
50 1 (12) -1 (30) -1 (96) -1 (75) -1 (4.5) 318.27 322.83 66.23
The experimental design is shown in Table 2. A variables were obtained in coded values and
mathematical model, relating the relationships transformed to uncoded values.
among the process dependent variable and the
independent variables in a second-order equation, 3. RESULTS AND DICUSSION
was developed (Equation 2). The regression analysis To examine the interactive effect of five
was performed to estimate the response function as various process parameters (independent variables),
a second order polynomial. on the xylanase production, a central composite
design of 25 = 32 , 8 centre points and 10 star
𝒌 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌
points leading to a total of 50 experiments were
𝒀 = 𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝒊 𝑿𝒊 + 𝜷 𝒊𝒊 𝑿 𝒊𝟐 + 𝜷 𝒊𝒋 𝑿 𝒊 𝑿 𝒋 − − (𝟐)
performed. Equation (3) represents the mathematical
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏,𝒊<𝒋 𝒋=𝟐
model relating the xylanase production and the
Where Y is the predicted response, βi, βj, βij are second order polynomial coefficient for each term of
coefficients estimated from regression. They the equation determined through multiple regression
represent the linear, quadratic and interactive effects analysis using the Design Expert 8.0.7.1.5. The
of X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 on response. A statistical experimental and predicted values of xylanase
software package Design Expert 8.0.7.1.5, was used production are also given in table 2.
for regression analysis of the data obtained and to The results were analyzed by using
estimate the coefficient of the regression equation. ANOVA (analysis of variance) appropriate for the
The equations were validated by the statistical tests experimental design used and shown in Table 3. The
called the ANOVA analysis. Design-based ANOVA of the quadratic regression model indicates
experimental data were matched according to the the model to be significant. The Model F-value of
second order polynomial equation. The independent 57.54 implied the model to be significant. There is
variables were fitted to the second order model only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this
equation and examined for the goodness of fit. The large could occur due to noise. Model P value
quality of fit of the second order equation was (Prob>F) is very low [<0.0001]. This reiterates that
expressed by the coefficient of determination R 2, the model is significant. The P values are used as a
and its statistical significance was determined by F- tool to check the significance of each of the
test. The significance of each term in the equation is coefficients, which in turn are necessary to
to estimate the goodness of fit in each case. To understand the pattern of the mutual interactions
establish the individual and interactive effects of the between the test variables. The F value and the
test variable on the xylanase production response corresponding P values, along with the coefficient
surfaces were drawn. The optimal values of the test estimates are given in Table 3. The smaller the
magnitude of the P, the more significant is the
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
corresponding coefficient. Values of P less than X1X2, X1X4, X2X3, X2X4, X3X5, X12, X22, X32,
0.0500 indicates the model terms to be significant.
X42, X52 are significant model terms. The
The coefficient estimates and the corresponding P
coefficient of interaction terms X1X2, X2X4,
values along with the coefficient estimate are given
X2X3, X1X4, X3X5 was found to be highly
in table 4. The coefficients estimate and the
significant.
corresponding P values suggests that, among the
test variables used in the study, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5,
Table 3 : Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for response surface quadratic model for the production of
Xylanase
Source Coefficient Sum of DF F P>F
factor Squares
Model 525.67 3.11E+05 20 57.54 < 0.0001 significant
X1-Substrate
Concentration 21.55 20127.9 1 74.57 < 0.0001 Significant
X2-Temperature
25.73 28683 1 106.27 < 0.0001 significant
X3-Incubation
Time 34.15 50527.8 1 187.2 < 0.0001 significant
X4- Initial
moisture content
18.05 14114.2 1 52.29 < 0.0001 significant
X5-Initial pH 23.95 24843.7 1 92.04 < 0.0001 significant
X1X2 -17.02 9269.09 1 34.34 < 0.0001 significant
X1X3 -5.11 834.77 1 3.09 0.0892
X1X4 9.75 3041.22 1 11.27 0.0022
X1X5 5.07 821.75 1 3.04 0.0916
X2X3 -9.85 3104.72 1 11.5 0.0020
X2X4 11.33 4107.8 1 15.22 0.0005
X2X5 1.31 55.23 1 0.2 0.6544
X3X4 2.09 140.2 1 0.52 0.4769
X3X5 6.77 1468.55 1 5.44 0.0268
X4X5 -0.57 10.24 1 0.038 0.8469
X12 -30.22 50866.3 1 188.46 < 0.0001 significant
X22 -29.74 49254 1 182.48 < 0.0001 significant
X32 -30.53 51902.6 1 192.3 < 0.0001 significant
X42 -20.58 23581.5 1 87.37 < 0.0001 significant
X52 -29.89 49749.3 1 184.32 < 0.0001 significant
Residual 7827.36 29
Lack of Fit 7170.36 22 3.47 0.0583 insignificant
Pure Error 657.01 7
Cor Total 3.18E+05 49
Std. Dev - 16.43; R2 - 97.50%; Mean - 403.52; Adj R2- 95.85%; C.V – 4.07%;
Pred R2- 90.77%; Adeq Precision – 25.332
Xylanase activity, Y = 525.67 + 21.55X1 + 25.73X2 + 34.15X3 + 18.05X4 + 23.95X5 - 30.22X12 -
29.74X22 - 30.53X32 - 20.58X42 - 29.89X52 - 17.02X1X2 - 5.11X1X3 + 9.75X1X4 + 5.07X1X5 -
9.85X2X3 + 11.33X2X4 + 1.31X2X5 + 2.09X3X4 + 6.77X3X5 - 0.57X4X5 ......….. (3)
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
The predicted R2 of 0.9077 is in reasonable evaluate their effect on the xylanase production. The
agreement with the adjusted R2 of 0.9585. Adequate response Eq. (3) was obtained for the xylanase
precision measures the signal to noise ratio. A ratio production.
of greater than 4 is desirable. This model can be To study the interactive effect of two
used to navigate the design space. The fit of the factors on the xylanase production, the response
model was also expressed by the coefficient of surface methodology was used and 3D surface and
regression R2, which was found to be 0.9750 contour plot was drawn. Response surface plots as a
indicating that 97.50% the variability in the function of two factors at a time, maintaining all
response could be explained by the model. The other factors at fixed levels are more helpful in
closer the value of R (correlation coefficient) to 1, understanding both the main and the interaction
the better is the correlation between the effects of these two factors. The interaction effects
experimental and predicted values. Here the value of of the variables and optimal levels of the each
R2 (0.9750) being close to 1 indicated a close variable were determined by plotting the contour &
agreement between the experimental results and the response surface graphs. The 3D response surface
theoretical values predicted by the model equation. graphs and contour plots are shown in Figs. 1 to 10.
This implies that the prediction of experimental data The elliptical shape of the contour indicates good
is quite satisfactory. The Coefficient of Variation interaction of the two variables and circular shape
(CV) indicates the degree of precision with which indicates no interaction between the variables. There
the experiments are compared. Generally, the was a significant interaction between every two
higher the value of the CV is, the lower the variables, and the surface confined in the smallest
reliability of the experiment. Here a lower value of ellipse in the contour diagrams indicates the
CV (4.07) indicates greater reliability of the maximum predicted yield.
experiments performed. The response surface
methodology was used with five process variables to
(a) (b)
Fig.1: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of substrate concentration
and temperature on Xylanase activity
(a) (b)
Fig.2: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of substrate concentration
and incubation time on Xylanase activity.
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
(a) (b)
Fig.3: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of substrate concentration
and % moisture content on Xylanase activity
(a) (b)
Fig.4: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of substrate concentration
and initial pH on Xylanase activity.
(a) (b)
Fig.5: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of Temperature and
Incubation time on Xylanase activity.
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
(a) (b)
Fig.6: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of Temperature and %
moisture content on Xylanase activity.
(a) (b)
Fig.7: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of Temperature and initial
pH on Xylanase activity.
(a) (b)
Fig.8: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of Incubation time and %
moisture content on Xylanase activity.
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
(a) (b)
Fig.9: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of Incubation time and
Initial pH on Xylanase activity.
(a) (b)
Fig.10: (a) Contour plot (b) 3D Response surface plot showing interactive effect of % moisture content
and Initial pH on Xylanase activity.
The magnitude of P and F values in (Table one at which the maximum xylanase production is
3) gives the maximum positive contribution of attained. Such an optimum condition for Xylanase
substrate concentration, temperature, incubation time, production can be obtained by solving the second
initial moisture content and pH on xylanase activity. order polynomial equation using RSM. The central
The interactions of substrate concentration and initial point is the point at which the slope of the contour is
moisture content, substrate concentration and pH, zero in all directions. The coordinates of the central
temperature and initial moisture content, temperature point within the highest contour levels in each of
and pH, incubation time and initial moisture content, these figures will correspond to the optimum values
incubation time and pH have positive effect, whereas of the respective constituents. The optimum values
the interactions of substrate concentration and drawn from these figures are in close agreement with
temperature, substrate concentration and incubation those obtained by optimizing the regression model
time, temperature and incubation time and initial Eq. (3). The sequential quadratic programming in
moisture content and pH have negative effect on MATLAB 7 is used to solve the second-degree
Xylanase activity are illustrated in Figures (1-10). polynomial regression Eq. (3). The optimum values
So, compared with the traditional ‘one- for maximum xylanase production were: substrate
variable at- a-time’ approach which is unable to concentration -10.7g, temperature - 32.7°C,
detect the frequent interactions occurring between fermentation time - 133hrs, % initial moisture content
two or more factors although they often do occur, - 83.2% and pH - 5.3. The optimal values for the
RSM has immeasurable effects and tremendous variables as predicted were found to be within the
advantages. The response surfaces of mutual design region. This shows that the model correctly
interactions between the variables were found to be explains the influence of the chosen variables on the
elliptical for most cases. Optimum condition is the xylanase production.
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.277-287
Validation of the experimental model was thermostable β-xylanase from Aspergillus
carried out by conducting the batch experiment under awamori, Journal of Industrial
optimal operation conditions obtained by the Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2010, 37,
regression model, substrate concentration – 10.7 g, 10, 1041-1051.
temperature – 32.7°C, incubation time - 133 hrs,
initial moisture content - 83.2% and pH - 5.3. The [5]. Salles, B.C., Medeiros, R.G., Bao, S.N,,
experiments were performed in triplicates and the Silva, Jr. F.G, Filho, E.X.F., Effect of
results are compared. The xylanase activity (553.17 cellulase-free xylanases from
IU/gds) obtained from experiments was close to the Acrophialophora nainiana and Humicola
actual response (550.82 IU/gds) predicted by the grisea var. thermoidea on eucalyptus kraft
regression model, which proved the validity of the pulp, Proc. Biochem, 2005, 40, 343-349.
model.
[6]. Romanowska, I., Polak, J., Bielecki, S.,
4. CONCLUSION Isolation and properties of Aspergillus niger
In this work, the applied Response surface IBT-90 xylanase for bakery, Appl Microbiol
methodolgy (RSM) proved to be efficient in Biotechnol, 2006, 69, 665–71.
optimizing operating parameters for xylanase enzyme
production under solid-state fermentation using low [7]. Haltrich, D., Nidetzky, B., Kulbe, K.D.,
cost substrate wheat bran. A small amount of Steiner, W., Zupancic, S., Production of
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experimental runs. From optimization studies, the 58, 137–161.
optimized values of the process parameters for
Xylanase production were as follows: substrate [8]. Pandey, A., Selvakumar, P., Soceal. C.R.
concentration – 10.7 g, temperature – 32.70C, Nigam, P., Solid state fermentation for the
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conditions the maximum xylanase production of
553.17 IU/gds was obtained. This is in reasonable [9]. Milagres, A.M.F., Santos, E.T., Piovan, I.C.,
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The authors wish to express their gratitude for the Studies on an alkali-thermostable xylanase
support extended by the authorities of Annamalai from Aspergillus fumigatus MA28 3,
University, Annamalai Nagar, India in carrying out Biotech , 2011, 1, 161–171.
the research work in Bioprocess Laboratory,
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