This document describes a sustainable biorefinery concept that converts animal wastes into value-added products through three main steps:
1) Anaerobic digestion is used to treat animal wastes and produce biogas for energy generation. This results in liquid and solid digestates.
2) The liquid digestate is treated with electrocoagulation to reclaim water.
3) The solid digestate undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation using the electrocoagulation water, producing fungal biomass containing the high-value chemical chitin.
The biorefinery concept fully utilizes animal wastes to simultaneously treat wastes and produce a valuable product, while being energy
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
Sewage sludge rich in carbohydrates and other nutrients could be a good feedstock for fuel/chemical production. In this study, fungal and engineered bacterial cultivations were integrated with a modified anaerobic digestion to accumulate fatty acids on sewage sludge. The anaerobic digestion was first adjusted to enable acetogenic bacteria to accumulate acetate. A fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and an engineered bacterium (Escherichia colt created by optimizing acetate utilization and fatty acid biosynthesis as well as overexpressing a regulatory transcription factor fadR) were then cultured on the acetate solution to accumulate fatty acids. The engineered bacterium had higher fatty acid yield and titer than the fungus. Both medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C12:0-C18:0) were produced by the engineered bacterium, while the fungus mainly synthesized long-chain fatty acids (C16:0-C18:3). This study demonstrated a potential path that combines fungus or engineered bacterium with anaerobic digestion to achieve simultaneous organic waste treatment and advanced biofuel production.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
At present our country is facing various problems, among that energy crisis has become more serious in next coming years. Both energy crisis and pollution problems could be controlled by adopting an alternative method of biogas production form waste products. Food waste is the best alternative for biogas production in a community level biogas plant. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to study the rate of biogas production in a lab scale biogas digester model for the efficient conversion of the food waste (starch –rich materials) generated from PRIST University Campus. The biogas production depends on the maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant, which are all substrate - or process - specific. The experiments were carried out for 40 days and the rate of gas production was measured by water displacement method. The pH value of the cow dung and food waste was initially measured and adjusted to nearer to neutral and gradually increased to acidic and again it got stabilised to the neutral pH which favoured the production of biogas. The percentage of total solids was 69.86, 93.56 and 25.67 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile solids was 52.5, 86.3 and 18.9 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile fatty acid was 285, 356 and 365 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. Observations on daily basis were made on the constituent of biogas, pH, volume and rate of biogas production. The rate of biogas production continuously increased as days progressed and there was maximum yield in biogas after 20 days. Thus continuous feeding helps in daily biogas production and can be used at a small as well as larger scale to manage the organic waste and energy production for various applications.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
Sewage sludge rich in carbohydrates and other nutrients could be a good feedstock for fuel/chemical production. In this study, fungal and engineered bacterial cultivations were integrated with a modified anaerobic digestion to accumulate fatty acids on sewage sludge. The anaerobic digestion was first adjusted to enable acetogenic bacteria to accumulate acetate. A fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and an engineered bacterium (Escherichia colt created by optimizing acetate utilization and fatty acid biosynthesis as well as overexpressing a regulatory transcription factor fadR) were then cultured on the acetate solution to accumulate fatty acids. The engineered bacterium had higher fatty acid yield and titer than the fungus. Both medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C12:0-C18:0) were produced by the engineered bacterium, while the fungus mainly synthesized long-chain fatty acids (C16:0-C18:3). This study demonstrated a potential path that combines fungus or engineered bacterium with anaerobic digestion to achieve simultaneous organic waste treatment and advanced biofuel production.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
At present our country is facing various problems, among that energy crisis has become more serious in next coming years. Both energy crisis and pollution problems could be controlled by adopting an alternative method of biogas production form waste products. Food waste is the best alternative for biogas production in a community level biogas plant. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to study the rate of biogas production in a lab scale biogas digester model for the efficient conversion of the food waste (starch –rich materials) generated from PRIST University Campus. The biogas production depends on the maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant, which are all substrate - or process - specific. The experiments were carried out for 40 days and the rate of gas production was measured by water displacement method. The pH value of the cow dung and food waste was initially measured and adjusted to nearer to neutral and gradually increased to acidic and again it got stabilised to the neutral pH which favoured the production of biogas. The percentage of total solids was 69.86, 93.56 and 25.67 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile solids was 52.5, 86.3 and 18.9 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile fatty acid was 285, 356 and 365 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. Observations on daily basis were made on the constituent of biogas, pH, volume and rate of biogas production. The rate of biogas production continuously increased as days progressed and there was maximum yield in biogas after 20 days. Thus continuous feeding helps in daily biogas production and can be used at a small as well as larger scale to manage the organic waste and energy production for various applications.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Isolation and Screening of Hydrogen Producing Bacterial Strain from Sugarcane...Editor IJCATR
The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better
hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient
agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen
productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L-1. The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The
molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as
Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis
from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary
relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), mainly Kitchen Waste
(K) with Cow Dung (C) and Fungi Culture (F) can be used to
generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally
used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was
explored to mix Cow Dung with Fungi Culture for anaerobic
digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the
same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural
applications. Pre-treatment of Kitchen Waste was done by alkali
method. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was carried out in mesophilic
temperature range of 30°C to 37°C with different fermentation
slurries of 8 % total solids. Digestion was carried for a retention
period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the
downward displacement of water and was subsequently measured
and analyzed. The overall results showed that blending of Kitchen
waste with cow dung and fungi culture (Aspergillus flavus) had
significant improvement on the biogas yield.
Abideen Adeyinka Adekanmi, Adeniyi Sheriffdeen Adekanmi and Uthman Taiwo Adekanmi “Biotreatment of Slaughterhouse Waste Water by Microalgae” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 09, pp. 19-30, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i9/UIJRTV1I90003.pdf
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
According to the livestock census 2014, India has the world’s largest livestock population country, which is 56% of buffaloes, 13% of cattle, 13% of goat and 5% of sheep of world population respectively.
According to FAOSTAT production data, India ranks top position among countries in the world in terms of number of cattle, buffaloes and goat.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Page 2 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
have successfully established an EC treatment process
that is capable of simultaneously treating AD liquid efflu-
ent and cleaning up raw biogas, and developed a tandem
membrane filtration process to purify the EC treated
water [15]. The relatively clean EC treated water can then
be used as the processing water for cellulosic biorefinery.
As for solid digestate, treatments such as composting
and incineration have been widely used [16, 17]. Besides
these traditional methods, Sun et al. applied pyrolysis to
convert solid digestate into biochar as adsorbent mate-
rial [18]. Biological conversion processes have also been
developed to use solid digestate as a viable cellulosic
feedstock for bioethanol and biodiesel production [19,
20]. These studies indicate that solid digestate has much
better commercial uses as a cellulosic biorefining feed-
stock rather than a soil amendment or a combustion fuel.
However, investigations on fully utilizing AD effluent
(both solid digestate and liquid digestate) for value-added
chemical production have not been reported to date.
New technologies are urgently needed to realize such uti-
lization, so that environmentally sound and economically
feasible animal waste management can be achieved.
Chitin is a natural amino polysaccharide widely distrib-
uted in the animal and plant kingdom. The structure of
chitin is a linear polysaccharide made up of unbranched
β-(1,4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl resi-
dues which is also called N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. The
structural characteristics make chitin a very attrac-
tive biopolymer that can be used as coagulating agents
in wastewater treatment, plant seed coating agents in
agricultural industry, and biomaterials (e.g., absorb-
able sutures) in biomedical industry [21, 22]. Tradition-
ally, chitin is extracted from crustacean insects and shell
fishes. Compared to the chitin from shellfishes, fungal
chitin has advantages of lower level of inorganic mate-
rials, no geographic or seasonal limitations [23, 24],
and better effectiveness in inducing the plant immune
response (as a fertilizer) [25].
Therefore, to convert animal wastes into a high-value
chemical—chitin, this paper developed a sustainable
biorefinery concept integrating AD, EC and fungal fer-
mentation (Fig. 1). Animal wastes were first treated by
an AD to produce methane gas for energy generation to
power the entire biorefinery. The resulting liquid diges-
tate was treated by EC to reclaim water. Pretreatment,
enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation were then
applied on the cellulose-rich solid digestate using the
EC reclaimed water as the processing water to produce
chitin. The studied biorefinery not only converts animal
wastes into high-value added products, but also elimi-
nates freshwater use and external power supply, which
represents a promising utilization path of agricultural
waste management.
Methods
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion of animal wastes was carried out
on a commercial anaerobic digester located at a private
dairy farm (3000 cows) in Michigan (42N 46′29.51″,
85W 19′10.14″). The animal feeds of the dairy farm were
alfalfa and corn silage, which are blended based on the
Natural Research Council (NRC)’s standard total mixed
rations (TMRs) for dairy cattle [26]. The farm uses corn
straw as the bedding materials, and adopts a scrape sys-
tem to collect animal feces. The digester is a completely
stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated at temperature of
40 °C and retention time of 22 days. The effective volume
of the digester is 10,000 m3
. The biogas is combusted by
two 400 kW caterpillar®
generators to produce electric-
ity. Two 5.5 kW FAN®
screw press separators with 2 mm
screen are implemented to separate liquid and solid
digestate of the AD effluent. The liquid and solid diges-
tates were used to carry out the following EC treatment
and fungal fermentation, respectively.
EC treatment of liquid digestate
EC was conducted in a column EC reactor described in
a previous study [27] with minor modifications. Current
level, retention time, and working volume were set as
10A, 150 min and 3.5 L, respectively, which were deter-
mined based on COD removal of the EC (Additional
file 1: Figure S1). Total solid (TS) of the liquid digestate
was 2.7 %. Voltage was monitored during the EC treat-
ment. The EC effluent was collected and centrifuged at
230g for 10 min to prepare EC water for the following
experiments.
Fungal fermentation of solid digestate
Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of solid digestate
The EC water was used as the processing water to carry
out pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of solid
digestate. Based on the optimization (Additional file 1:
Tables S1 and S2), the preferred pretreatment condition
of 2 % of NaOH, 120 °C of reaction temperature, and
2 h of reaction time was selected with total solid load-
ing fixed at 10 % (w/w). The pH of the treated slurry
was adjusted to 5.5 using 30 % sulfuric acid. C-TEC3
enzyme cocktail with H-TEC (sponsored by Novozyme
North America, Franklinton, NC) was then added into
the slurry to release mono-sugars under the conditions
of 63 h of reaction time, 50 °C of reaction temperature,
and 150 rpm of shaking speed. The enzyme cocktail was
prepared as: 9.10 mg cellulose (CTEC3, protein content
of 218 mg mL−1
) and 1.43 mg xylanase (HTEC3, protein
content of 171 mg mL−1
) per gram dry solid digestate.
The hydrolysate was centrifuged at 7025g for 10 min,
and the supernatant was further detoxified by Ca(OH)2
3. Page 3 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
prior to the fermentation. The pH of the supernatant
was adjusted to 10 with addition of Ca(OH)2 and the
solution was maintained at 50 °C for 5 h with a shaking
speed of 150 rpm. The Ca(OH)2 treated supernatant was
centrifuged at 7025g for 10 min again. The detoxified
supernatant was collected. The pH was adjusted to 6.0
before the supernatant was stocked at −20 °C for further
uses. All non-specified reagents were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich®
.
Fungal strain and fermentation process
Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 (purchased from ATCC)
was the strain used for chitin accumulation. Spores of
R. oryzae ATCC 20344 were collected from the culture
on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (Sigma-
Aldrich®
). The spore concentration of the collected spore
solution was approximately 107
spores/mL. 0.5 mL of the
spore solution were inoculated to 100 mL of sterilized
potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium (Sigma-Aldrich®
)
with 8 g L−1
yeast extract (Acumedia®
), and cultivated at
30 °C, 180 rpm for 36 h to prepare the seed. The detoxi-
fied solution from “Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrol-
ysis of solid digestate” section was mixed with 3 g L−1
of CaCO3 and trace elements [28], and sterilized under
121 °C for 15 min to prepare the fermentation medium.
5 mL of the seed was inoculated to 45 mL of the fer-
mentation medium. The fermentation was carried out at
30 °C and 180 rpm for 120 h. Samples were taken during
the process to monitor kinetics of substrate consump-
tion, growth, and product production.
Analytical methods
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphate (TP)
and total nitrogen (TN) of animal wastes, liquid diges-
tate, and EC treated water were measured using ana-
lytical kits purchased from HACH company [13]. TS,
volatile solids (VS), cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
of animal wastes and solid digestate were analyzed
Fig. 1 Self-sustaining biorefinery concept. Black lines are for mass flow; blue lines are for energy flow
4. Page 4 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
using the methods developed by National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL) [29]. Dissolved total organic
carbon (TOC) of the liquid digestate was measured by
a method previously reported [13]. A Shimadzu high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped
with Aminex 87H column, micro de-ashing guard col-
umn and a refractive index detector was used to analyze
the sugars and organic acids. The HPLC method was
adopted from a previous study [28]. Cellulose conver-
sion was calculated as reported [5]. Xylan conversion
was calculated as ((Volume of enzymatic hydrolysate)
(L) * (Xylose concentration) (g L−1
))/((Weight of solid
digestate used for pretreatment) (g) * (Total solid con-
tent) (% w/w) * (Xylan content) (% w/w) * 1.136) * 100.
Chitin/chitosan were extracted from the collected fun-
gal biomass [30, 31], and glucosamine content was also
measured [32].
Statistical analysis
General linear model (GLM) analysis using the Statistical
Analysis System program 9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC)
was conducted to select the preferred condition for pretreat-
ment. Temperature, alkali loading, and reaction time were
the parameters. Total sugar concentration (glucose + xylose)
was the response. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used
to interpret the data and draw conclusions.
Results and discussion
Anaerobic digestion
The characteristics of animal wastes (AD feedstock)
were analyzed and summarized in Table 1. High con-
centrations of COD, TN and TP in the animal wastes
provide good nutritious sources to support growth of
anaerobic microbes. 454 metric tons of the wet animal
wastes are fed daily into the digester. Under 22 days of
hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 40 °C of culture
temperature, the AD generates 8495 m3
biogas per day
with a methane content of 60 % (v/v), and produces 40
metric tons wet solid digestate and 397 metric tons liq-
uid digestate per day. The energy demand to maintain
the temperature of the AD and power accessory equip-
ment is 5760 MJ/day.
As aforementioned, AD is a natural and biological
process good at confining organic wastes and produc-
ing renewable energy, though, it has limitations on
completely degrading fiber and removing nutrients in
agricultural wastes [5, 6]. A large portion of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin remained in the solid digestate
(Table 2), and nutrients (P and N) in inorganic form exist
in both liquid and solid digestates (Table 3). To improve
the efficiency of animal waste utilization, it is in great
need of new approaches to convert these remaining
compounds into value-added chemicals. EC and fungal
fermentation were adopted by this study to produce chi-
tin from the digestates.
Electrocoagulation of the liquid digestate
It has been tested that the liquid digestate with a
high COD concentration is not amendable for fungal
Table 2 Characteristics of solid digestate and hydrolysate
as well as cellulose and xylan conversion during the pre-
treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis
a
Data are average of three replicates with standard deviation
b
The concentrations were for the hydrolysate after pretreatment, enzymatic
hydrolysis and detoxification
Characteristics of solid digestate Valuea
Total solids (% TS) 26.27 ± 1.11
Volatile solids (% VS) 87.70 ± 0.44
Cellulose (% TS) 20.56 ± 0.21
Xylan (% TS) 11.77 ± 0.39
Lignin (% TS) 33.05 ± 0.23
Sugar and acid concentrations of hydrolysateb
Valuea
Glucose (g L−1
) 15.78 ± 0.36
Xylose (g L−1
) 11.49 ± 0.15
Acetate (g L−1
) 2.23 ± 0.10
Cellulose and xylan conversion Valuea
Cellulose conversion (%) 64.34 ± 2.28
Xylan conversion (%) 78.18 ± 2.77
Table 1 Characteristics of animal wastes and performance
of the commercial CSTR digester
a
Data are average of three replicates with standard deviation
Characteristics of animal wastes (AD feedstock) Valuea
Total solids (%,TS) 7.97 ± 0.45
Volatile solids (%, VS) 78.61 ± 1.31
COD (mg L−1
) 93,450 ± 2474
TP (mg L−1
) 2423 ± 49.33
TN (mg L−1
) 3673 ± 110.2
Digester performance Value
Operating temperature (°C) 40
HRT (days) 22
Biogas production (m3
day−1
) 8495
Methane composition (%) 60
Animal wastes feeding the AD (wet tons day−1
) 454
Solid digestate generated (wet tons day−1
) 40
Liquid digestate generated (tons day−1
) 397
Average energy demand for the AD operation (MJ day−1
) 5760
Methane production per COD in the AD feedstock (m3
kg−1
) 0.13
5. Page 5 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
fermentation of chitin accumulation (data not shown).
The liquid digestate must be treated prior to use as the
processing water for the fermentation. EC as a non-mem-
brane technology has advantages of high TS and COD
removal efficiencies and dual-function of biogas clean-
up and water reclamation [13], so that EC was adopted
to treat the liquid digestate in this study. Table 3 shows
the characteristics of liquid digestate and EC water as
well as the performance efficiency of the EC treatment.
Removal of TS, COD, TP, and TN during the EC were
70.5, 82, 92.3 and 33.3 %, respectively. Compared to the
removal of TS, COD, and TP, EC has lower efficiency on
TN removal. It has been reported that EC is highly effi-
cient in removing solid-dependent nutrients—TS, TP
and COD [14], while it is incompetent in removing highly
soluble compounds from solution such as ammonium ion
(the main form of nitrogen in the liquid digestate) [13,
27]. Nevertheless, high level of nitrogen is favorable for
fungal biomass growth and chitin synthesis, while limits
production of other nontarget metabolites such as lactic
acid and fumaric acid [33–35]. Therefore, using EC water
with high nitrogen content as the processing water could
be beneficial for R. oryzae culture to limit lactic acid pro-
duction and accumulate more chitin.
Energy consumption is the main concern for the EC
process. Electricity used during the EC process was mon-
itored. The voltage was kept stable at 16 ± 4 V in the first
120 min, and increased to 30 V in the last 30 min of the
process when the EC water turned into a relatively clear
solution. According to the electrocoagulation principle,
colloidal condition formed by charged (mostly nega-
tively) particles has to be primarily broken to trigger mas-
sive precipitation [14, 36]. Such solid precipitation leads
to increase of electronic resistance, and subsequently
results in the rapid climbing of voltage. The total energy
consumption of the EC was 446 kJ/L liquid digestate.
Fungal conversion of solid digestate into chitin using the
EC water as the processing water
Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of solid digestate
using the EC water as the processing water
The solid digestate has relatively high contents of cel-
lulose (21 % TS) and xylan (12 % TS), which provides a
good carbohydrate source. A three-step process of pre-
treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and detoxification was
applied on the solid digestate to convert cellulose and
hemicellulose into mono-sugars for R. oryzae fermen-
tation. The EC water was used as the processing water.
The hydrolysate after the three-step process contained
16 g L−1
glucose, 11 g L−1
xylose, and 2 g L−1
acetate. The
cellulose and xylan conversion were 64 and 78 %, respec-
tively, which are well aligned with a previous study [5].
The results also demonstrate that the EC water had no
negative impacts on pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis
or detoxification of the solid digestate.
Fungal fermentation on the hydrolysate to produce chitin
Fungal fermentation was carried out using the hydro-
lysate as the medium. The kinetic data demonstrate that
R. oryzae can utilize glucose and xylose in the hydro-
lysate to accumulate biomass and produce chitin (Fig. 2).
However, the consumption of glucose and xylose was
observed in a tandem pattern where xylose utilization
was after near-complete consumption of glucose. In addi-
tion, glucose was consumed much faster than xylose,
which verified that R. oryzae prefers glucose to xylose as
a carbon source [37]. Acetate was not significantly con-
sumed during the fermentation, indicating that acetate
is not a carbon source for R. oryzae. It is also interesting
to observe that there was minimum lactate accumulation
Table
3 Characteristics of liquid digestate and EC water
and performance of EC treatment
a
Data are average of three replicates with standard deviation
Characteristics Value
Liquid digestatea
Total solids (% TS) 2.64 ± 0.03
COD (mg L−1
) 9490 ± 14.1
TP (mg L−1
) 120 ± 0.0
TN (mg L−1
) 1495 ± 43.84
TOC (mg L−1
) 4284 ± 326
EC watera
Total solids (% TS) 0.78 ± 0.11
COD (mg L−1
) 1706.2 ± 19.4
TP (mg L−1
) 9.25 ± 0.35
TN (mg L−1
) 997.5 ± 31.82
Removal efficiency TS removal (%) 70.5
COD removal (%) 82.0
TP removal (%) 92.3
TN removal (%) 33.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Biomass
(g
L
-1
)
Glucose,
Xylose,
Acetate
(g
L
-1
)
Time (hrs)
Glucose
Xylose
Acetate
Biomass
Fig. 2 Kinetics of fungal growth and substrate utilization. Data are
average of three replicates with standard deviation
6. Page 6 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
during the fermentation on the hydrolysate. It has been
reported that lactate metabolism of R. oryzae is signifi-
cantly influenced by the nitrogen content in the medium
[34]. High level of nitrogen tends to be more favorable
for cell growth and chitin synthesis than lactate accu-
mulation. The EC water as the processing water con-
tains 998 mg L−1
of total nitrogen, which most likely
influenced the fermentation for biomass accumulation
and no lactate production. At the end of the exponential
growth phase (96 h), the biomass reached the maximum
concentration of 6.17 g L−1
. The corresponding biomass
yield was 33 % with respect to the amount of consumed
glucose and xylose. However, even though xylose has
been consumed by R. oryzae, there was still 5.81 g L−1
of xylose left in the broth at the end of the exponential
growth phase. The xylose utilization efficiency was only
44 %. Improving xylose utilization of R. oryzae is critical
to improve carbon utilization efficiency, and is currently
under investigation.
Correspondingly, relationship between chitin/chi-
tosan, glucosamine and biomass during the fermentation
was also delineated (Fig. 3). Similar to the growth kinet-
ics, chitin/chitosan and glucosamine all peaked at 96 h,
which is consistent with the reported observation that
extractable chitin content maximized at the end of expo-
nential phase [23]. The maximum concentrations of chi-
tin/chitosan and glucosamine were 0.75, and 0.50 g L−1
,
respectively. The yields of chitin/chitosan and glucosa-
mine were 4.10 and 2.73 % based on the amount of con-
sumed glucose and xylose.
Several fungal strains such as Aspergillus niger, Mucor
rouxii, and Candida albicans have been studied to pro-
duce chitin/chitosan on different feedstock (Table 4).
Among them, R. oryzae is the one that demonstrates bet-
ter performance on chitin accumulation. Higher chitin
content and yield of R. oryzae were observed in previous
studies (Table 5). However, most of them used pure sugar
or starch as the feedstock. There were only a few studies
partially using agricultural residues as feedstock for chi-
tin production [33, 34, 38]. This study is the first report
that uses animal wastes as the sole carbon source to cul-
ture R. oryzae and accumulate chitin.
Mass and energy balance analysis
A mass and energy balance was conducted to evalu-
ate the system performance (Fig. 4). The AD generated
162 g methane, 290 g solid digestate, and 11,234 g liquid
digestate per kg dry animal wastes (Fig. 4). A portion of
the liquid digestate (2063 g per kg dry animal wastes)
mixed with 1323 g fermentation effluent per kg dry ani-
mal wastes was treated by EC to prepare the EC water for
fermentation use. The EC sludge (1573 g per kg dry ani-
mal wastes) rich in phosphorus can be used as a fertilizer.
The fungal fermentation on the hydrolysate of the solid
digestate generated 17 g fungal biomass per kg dry ani-
mal wastes containing 12 % of chitin and 10 % of glucosa-
mine. The water was completely self-sustained, and the
freshwater was not needed. In addition, the EC water can
cover the processing water for the fungal fermentation. A
large demand of freshwater is one of the major challenges
for fermentation processes of value-added chemical pro-
duction [39–42]. Applying wastewater as processing
water is becoming favorable to make the bioprocesses
more sustainable [43, 44]. The results in this study dem-
onstrate that combining AD and EC can generate the
processing water to satisfy the demand of the fungal fer-
mentation for value-added chitin production. Besides the
EC water used as the processing water, there was an extra
amount of liquid digestate (9171 g/kg dry animal wastes)
rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, which can be used as a
liquid fertilizer.
Energy balance also demonstrates that integrating AD
with EC and fungal fermentation leads to an energy posi-
tive biorefining process (Table 5). AD as a powerhouse
in the system generated 6.95 MJ energy per kg animal
wastes. EC and fungal fermentation (with pretreatment
and hydrolysis) consumed 1.47 and 3.63 MJ per kg ani-
mal wastes, respectively, to satisfy the demands of water
treatment and fermentation process to convert 290 g of
solid digestate into 17 g of chitin/chitosan. A positive
net energy output of 1.69 MJ per kg animal wastes was
achieved by the studied biorefining concept.
Conclusion
The biorefinery system can produce 17 g fungal bio-
mass with 12 % chitin from 1 kg dry animal wastes.
The mass and energy balance analysis concludes that
the biorefinery is an energy neutral and freshwater-free
biorefining system with a net energy and water out-
puts of 1.69 MJ/kg dry animal wastes and 8.5 kg/kg dry
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Biomass
(g
L
-1
)
Chitosan/Glucosamine
(mg/100mg
biomass)
Time (hrs)
Glucosamine
Crude chitin/chitosan
Biomass
Fig. 3 Kinetics of chitin/chitosan and glucosamine accumulation.
Data are average of three replicates with standard deviation
7. Page 7 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
Table 4 Partial fungal chitin/chitosan production summary
a
Data shown are glucosamine content
b
Data shown is chitin/chitosan content only in mycelia
Origin strain Feedstock Fermentation time (days) Chitin/chitosan content Reference
Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 100 % AD fiber with treated AD effluent 3 12.2 This study
Aspergillus niger Yeast, peptone and dextrose broth 15 11.1a
[23]
Mucor rouxii Yeast, peptone and dextrose broth 21 20.13a
[23]
Rhizopus oryzae MTCC 262 Deproteinized whey 3 11.9 [38]
Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 Steamed rice 3 20b
[45]
Rhizopus oryzae 0602 Glucose, peptone, yeast extract, etc. 4 4.91 [46]
Rhizopus oryzae 0263 Glucose, peptone, yeast extract, etc. 4 4.43 [46]
Cunninghamella echinulata Glucose, peptone, yeast extract, etc. 4 7.14 [46]
Aspergillus niger TISTR3245 PDB 16 11 [47]
Rhizopus oryzae TISTR3189 PDB 6 14 [47]
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii TISTR5058 PDB 2 3.6 [47]
Candida albicans TISTR5239 PDB 2 4.4 [47]
Rhizopus oryzae YPF-61A Glucose 6 7.5 [48]
Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395 100 % potato hydrolysate 3 25 [34]
Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 50 % manure liquid with 20 g/L glucose 2 21 [33]
Table 5 Energy balance of the self-sustaining biorefinery
All inputs are negative, and all outputs are positive
a
Data were calculated and adjusted based on 1 kg dry animal wastes
b
The fungal fermentation includes unit operations of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation
c
The energy input for the AD unit includes both heat and electricity
d
The energy input for the EC unit is 446.65 kJ/L liquid digestate
e
The energy input for pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fungal fermentation and post-processing is 1.25 MJ/L fermentation broth (unpublished data)
f
The energy output of the AD is the methane energy. Low heating value of methane of 50 kJ/g methane was used for the calculation
Energy balancea
AD EC process Fungal fermentation b
Energy input (MJ/kg dry feedstock) −0.16c
−1.47d
−3.63e
Energy output (MJ/kg dry feedstock) 6.95f
0 0
Net energy (MJ/kg dry feedstock) 6.79 −1.47 −3.63
Overall net energy (MJ/kg dry feedstock) 1.69
Fig. 4 Mass balance of the self-sustaining biorefinery. The overall mass balance analysis was based on 1000 g dry animal wastes. a The mass
balance for fungal fermentation was calculated based on 50 mL flask data. b The EC process used the mixture of fermentation effluent and liquid
digestate to generate the EC water for the fermentation use
8. Page 8 of 9
Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:197
animal wastes, respectively. Correspondingly, the self-
sustaining concept that synergistically integrates AD,
EC, and fungal fermentation to convert agricultural
wastes into value-added product is concluded. The con-
cept provides a win–win solution for agricultural waste
management and biorefining of value-added chemical
production.
Abbreviations
AD: anaerobic digestion; HRT: hydraulic retention time; EC: electrocoagulation;
COD: chemical oxygen demand; TS: total solids; VS: volatile solids; TP: total
phosphorus; TN: total nitrogen.
Authors′ contributions
ZL, WL, and YL conceived and designed the study, analyzed and interpreted
data, and wrote the manuscript. ZL conducted experiments. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Andrew Austin at Scenic View Dairy for
his technical support and the AgBioResearch at Michigan State University for
funding this work through faculty salaries.
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Availability of supporting data
Data will be made available upon request.
Consent for publication
All authors approved the manuscript.
Funding
This study is funded by the AgBioResearch at Michigan State University.
Received: 22 April 2016 Accepted: 31 August 2016
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