IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
This document evaluates a study case of a sustainable commercial building called "30 The Bond" in Sydney, Australia. It achieved a high performance and low energy consumption through designing for occupants with sustainable criteria and an adequate site analysis. The site had constraints like only three exposed facades and an historic sandstone wall on the fourth facade. This wall provided thermal mass and was incorporated into the building design. An external shading system and double facade with intelligent controls were used to reduce energy consumption while improving indoor comfort and performance, considering the site's sun exposure, winds, and urban context. Through its design strategies, 30 The Bond achieved a 5-star energy rating from the Green Building Council of Australia's rating tool.
This document discusses adaptive reuse of industrial buildings and heritage sites. It defines adaptive reuse as converting a building from one use to another in order to preserve heritage significance and give new life to structures. Adaptive reuse provides environmental, social and economic benefits over demolition. Some challenges to adaptive reuse include finding appropriate new uses that respect the building's heritage and accommodating modern needs, as well as remediating contamination at former industrial sites. India has opportunities to adaptively reuse historic industrial buildings like mills and warehouses.
1) The ATTESS project aims to develop guidelines for improving the energy and environmental performance of historic buildings according to sustainable construction criteria.
2) The guidelines look to balance conservation needs with efficiency goals by building on the intrinsic sustainable qualities of traditional construction methods.
3) By carefully studying each building and context, the guidelines provide a methodological tool to thoughtfully design necessary interventions that respect history, technology, energy use, and sustainability.
ELAICH - Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage.
For more information and presentations, please visit: http://elaich.technion.ac.il/
Earthquake resistant mortars
ELAICH - Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage.
For more information and presentations, please visit: http://elaich.technion.ac.il/
Earthquake response of historic structures
Navarro a#1 introduction to foundation engineering_2014-2015Brylle Navarro
This document defines and discusses soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, foundation engineering, the role of a foundation engineer, and classifications of foundations. It provides details on:
1) The differences between soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, and foundation engineering.
2) The steps and responsibilities involved in designing a foundation as a foundation engineer.
3) The four main performance requirements for foundations: strength, serviceability, constructibility, and economic requirements.
4) The classifications of shallow foundations which include spread footings, strap footings, combined footings, raft/mat foundations, and deep footings. It also defines various deep foundation types such as pile foundations, pier foundations, caissons
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
This document evaluates a study case of a sustainable commercial building called "30 The Bond" in Sydney, Australia. It achieved a high performance and low energy consumption through designing for occupants with sustainable criteria and an adequate site analysis. The site had constraints like only three exposed facades and an historic sandstone wall on the fourth facade. This wall provided thermal mass and was incorporated into the building design. An external shading system and double facade with intelligent controls were used to reduce energy consumption while improving indoor comfort and performance, considering the site's sun exposure, winds, and urban context. Through its design strategies, 30 The Bond achieved a 5-star energy rating from the Green Building Council of Australia's rating tool.
This document discusses adaptive reuse of industrial buildings and heritage sites. It defines adaptive reuse as converting a building from one use to another in order to preserve heritage significance and give new life to structures. Adaptive reuse provides environmental, social and economic benefits over demolition. Some challenges to adaptive reuse include finding appropriate new uses that respect the building's heritage and accommodating modern needs, as well as remediating contamination at former industrial sites. India has opportunities to adaptively reuse historic industrial buildings like mills and warehouses.
1) The ATTESS project aims to develop guidelines for improving the energy and environmental performance of historic buildings according to sustainable construction criteria.
2) The guidelines look to balance conservation needs with efficiency goals by building on the intrinsic sustainable qualities of traditional construction methods.
3) By carefully studying each building and context, the guidelines provide a methodological tool to thoughtfully design necessary interventions that respect history, technology, energy use, and sustainability.
ELAICH - Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage.
For more information and presentations, please visit: http://elaich.technion.ac.il/
Earthquake resistant mortars
ELAICH - Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage.
For more information and presentations, please visit: http://elaich.technion.ac.il/
Earthquake response of historic structures
Navarro a#1 introduction to foundation engineering_2014-2015Brylle Navarro
This document defines and discusses soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, foundation engineering, the role of a foundation engineer, and classifications of foundations. It provides details on:
1) The differences between soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, and foundation engineering.
2) The steps and responsibilities involved in designing a foundation as a foundation engineer.
3) The four main performance requirements for foundations: strength, serviceability, constructibility, and economic requirements.
4) The classifications of shallow foundations which include spread footings, strap footings, combined footings, raft/mat foundations, and deep footings. It also defines various deep foundation types such as pile foundations, pier foundations, caissons
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents a methodology for classifying appendicitis based on ultrasound images using image processing techniques in MATLAB. The methodology involves capturing ultrasound images, preprocessing using median filtering, enhancing with adaptive histogram equalization, segmenting using histogram thresholding, detecting edges with Canny edge detection, and measuring the appendix diameter using Euclidean distance. Canny edge detection was found to be most suitable for defining the region of interest around the appendix. The diameter measurement can help diagnose appendicitis and determine severity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A novel work for bin packing problem by ant colony optimizationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design and development of embedded application software for an Interface Processing Unit (IPU) subsystem. The IPU subsystem interfaces various onboard systems like radars, gyroscopes, and GPS with an electronic support measure (ESM) system. It consists of two modules: a Gyro Interface Module (GIM) and a Blanking Interface Module (BIM). The GIM corrects gyroscope data and outputs it. The BIM generates blanking cover pulses from radar pre-trigger pulses to protect receivers during radar transmission. Both modules were designed, simulated, and integrated using VHDL on a Virtex-4 FPGA platform. The integrated system was able to correctly process gyroscope and radar inputs and generate the
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of CNTFET and CMOS comparator designs. CNTFET comparators were simulated using CADENCE showing faster propagation delays, lower power consumption, and improved transient response compared to CMOS comparators. Specifically, the CNTFET comparator had a rise time of 142.1ns versus 1.03ns for CMOS, and fall time of 164.18ns versus 821.476ns for CMOS. Average power was also lower at 118mW for CNTFET versus 910mW for CMOS. Due to these advantages, CNTFETs may replace silicon transistors as the performance of silicon MOSFETs reaches scaling limitations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Non standard size image compression with reversible embedded waveletseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Structural Conservation of Historical Palace using Refor_Tec and Sockf...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes techniques used for structural conservation of a historical palace, including REFOR-tec and SockFix. Excessive loads over time from new floors damaged the palace walls, so additional limestone walls were constructed, but reduced circulation. To address this, modern techniques like REFOR-tec and SockFix were used to remove the limestone walls and provide better circulation while preserving the palace's cultural and architectural value. The document reviews literature on heritage structure conservation challenges and techniques.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to showcase and illustrate the role and importance of retrofitting in the domain of built environment to make cities and human living cost-effective and sustainable. It tries to demonstrate how retrofitting can be leveraged and used to make value addition to the buildings by increasing their life span and usability. besides changing their usage and creating spaces needed by the city. It can promote inclusiveness and make cities least consumers of energy, resources and reducing the constrution and demolition of urban waste. Text also brings out the advantages and limitation of the process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents a methodology for classifying appendicitis based on ultrasound images using image processing techniques in MATLAB. The methodology involves capturing ultrasound images, preprocessing using median filtering, enhancing with adaptive histogram equalization, segmenting using histogram thresholding, detecting edges with Canny edge detection, and measuring the appendix diameter using Euclidean distance. Canny edge detection was found to be most suitable for defining the region of interest around the appendix. The diameter measurement can help diagnose appendicitis and determine severity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A novel work for bin packing problem by ant colony optimizationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes the design and development of embedded application software for an Interface Processing Unit (IPU) subsystem. The IPU subsystem interfaces various onboard systems like radars, gyroscopes, and GPS with an electronic support measure (ESM) system. It consists of two modules: a Gyro Interface Module (GIM) and a Blanking Interface Module (BIM). The GIM corrects gyroscope data and outputs it. The BIM generates blanking cover pulses from radar pre-trigger pulses to protect receivers during radar transmission. Both modules were designed, simulated, and integrated using VHDL on a Virtex-4 FPGA platform. The integrated system was able to correctly process gyroscope and radar inputs and generate the
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of CNTFET and CMOS comparator designs. CNTFET comparators were simulated using CADENCE showing faster propagation delays, lower power consumption, and improved transient response compared to CMOS comparators. Specifically, the CNTFET comparator had a rise time of 142.1ns versus 1.03ns for CMOS, and fall time of 164.18ns versus 821.476ns for CMOS. Average power was also lower at 118mW for CNTFET versus 910mW for CMOS. Due to these advantages, CNTFETs may replace silicon transistors as the performance of silicon MOSFETs reaches scaling limitations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Non standard size image compression with reversible embedded waveletseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Structural Conservation of Historical Palace using Refor_Tec and Sockf...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes techniques used for structural conservation of a historical palace, including REFOR-tec and SockFix. Excessive loads over time from new floors damaged the palace walls, so additional limestone walls were constructed, but reduced circulation. To address this, modern techniques like REFOR-tec and SockFix were used to remove the limestone walls and provide better circulation while preserving the palace's cultural and architectural value. The document reviews literature on heritage structure conservation challenges and techniques.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text tries to showcase and illustrate the role and importance of retrofitting in the domain of built environment to make cities and human living cost-effective and sustainable. It tries to demonstrate how retrofitting can be leveraged and used to make value addition to the buildings by increasing their life span and usability. besides changing their usage and creating spaces needed by the city. It can promote inclusiveness and make cities least consumers of energy, resources and reducing the constrution and demolition of urban waste. Text also brings out the advantages and limitation of the process.
Optimising Existing Structures Through RetrofittingJitKumarGupta1
Retrofitting remains most valuable and one of the best options to restore the existing derelict buildings to their original health and make buildings operationally efficient and usable for all human operations. Retrofitting should not remain confined only to meet the structural inadequacies or needs of repair and restoration. It needs to be extended and taken forward by making use of its enormous capacity it provides to make buildings energy efficient and more livable. Retrofitting can help in reshaping, reframing and putting to new use/options the existing structure, without resorting to demolition and destruction. Potential of retrofitting has not been properly studied, understood, appreciated and exploited in the context of building industry to make existing buildings more livable, cost-effective, operationally efficient, having larger/ extended life-span and reducing their adverse impact on the environment and ecology. It needs to be done on priority to make building industry more sustainable and least consumer of energy and resources besides generators of minimum waste.
REPAIR, REHABILITATION &RETROFITTING OF RCC FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH ...civej
The construction material mainly reinforced concrete is being used extensively for various types of
construction projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a
major problem worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in
them certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking,
splitting, delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by
using various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of
concrete structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for
sustainable development & also the method of carrying out Repair, Rehabilitation &Retrofitting.This has
been brought in details in the paper along with Case studies, where the Author of the paper was directly
involved in planning and execution of the jobs.
This document presents a framework for systematically analyzing precedents of adaptive reuse architecture projects. It proposes conducting analyses at three stages: 1) the original building and use, 2) the transformed building and new use, and 3) the transformation tactics and strategy. Sixteen case studies are classified according to various attributes to establish a basis for an automated search model. A comprehensive set of formal analyses is demonstrated on one case study, examining attributes like mass, size, rhythm and form at both the original and transformed stages. Documentation of plans, sections, images and 3D models is also discussed as fundamental to adaptive reuse precedent studies.
REHABILITATION/RETROFITING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ALONG WITH CASE STUDYcivej
The construction material mainly concrete is being used extensively for various types of construction
projects. However, the deterioration of Reinforced Concrete structures is recognized as a major problem
worldwide. Apart from requiring regular maintenance, many structures require extensive
Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting. Over a period of time, as these structures become older, we find in them
certain degradation or deterioration with resultant distress manifested in the form of cracking, splitting,
delaminating, corrosion etc. Such deteriorated structures can be rehabilitated and retrofitted by using
various types of admixtures & modern repair materials. The paper brings out the present state of concrete
structures & the major areas where improvement is needed during its service life stage for sustainable
development & also the method of carrying out Repair/Rehabilitation/Retrofitting.This has been brought in
details in the paper along with Case study, where the Author of the paper was directly involved in planning
and execution of job.
Seismic retrofit for rcc structureslocal global consequencesHashim k abdul azeez
This document discusses various schemes for retrofitting reinforced concrete structures to improve their seismic performance. It begins by outlining the objectives and framework for rehabilitation, including setting performance targets based on acceptable damage levels. It then describes several local and global intervention methods. Local methods include injecting cracks, using shotcrete, steel plate adhesion, steel jacketing, and externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymers. Global methods involve overall structural modification through techniques like base isolation or supplemental damping. The document stresses the importance of considering both structural and non-structural elements as well as foundation systems when selecting rehabilitation strategies.
Effect of Seismic Joint in the Performance of Multi-Storeyed L-Shaped BuildingIOSR Journals
The choices of building shapes and structural systems have significant effect on their seismic performance. While symmetrical buildings result in a fairly uniform distribution of seismic forces throughout its components. Unsymmetrical buildings result in highly indeterminate distribution of forces making the analysis and prediction more complicated. L-shaped buildings are among those unsymmetrical structures which are most commonly found in practice in the form of school, office, commercial buildings. In this work three dimensional models of L-shaped buildings are investigated for their seismic performance, varying bay length and storey height. These models were analysed for three conditions viz with gap, with seismic joint and with neither of these. The modeling of structures analysis is carried out using STAAD Pro V8i, also the performance is analysed providing brick infill and compared with, without infill condition. Performances is measured in terms of displacements, axial forces, bending moments, shear forces and compared for those conditions mentioned in the identified column viz., corner, intermediate and interior
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...Franco Bontempi
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
casestudy on conservation of historic township (leh)laxmi basnet
The document discusses conservation of historic townships in Nepal. It defines conservation as action taken to prolong the life and integrity of built heritage. Conservation helps develop expertise and learn about construction typology and materials over time. Some key points:
- Historic structures are important parts of cultural heritage that deteriorate without maintenance. Conservation aims to respect past cultures and prevent decay.
- Values that determine what needs conservation include emotional, architectural, aesthetic, archaeological, socio-economic, political and spiritual values.
- The methodology of conservation includes inventorying, inspecting, and documenting buildings before appropriate interventions like preservation, restoration or reconstruction.
- Degrees of intervention range from prevention of deterioration to conjectural restoration, with the
This document describes a study assessing the seismic vulnerability of a historical masonry building in Italy called Palazzo Bosco Lucarelli. The assessment involved a multidisciplinary approach including: (1) a historical investigation of the building and area, (2) detailed surveys, (3) material identification, (4) dynamic in-situ tests, (5) foundation soil characterization, and (6) dynamic identification using a finite element model. The results were used to evaluate the safety of the building through non-linear static analyses according to code provisions and estimate the behavior modification factor. Parametric studies were also conducted using linear dynamic and non-linear static analyses.
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...ijtsrd
The aging infrastructure of educational institutions poses significant challenges, demanding a comprehensive approach to assess, maintain, and rehabilitate existing structures. This review article focuses on the Structural Audit and Rehabilitation initiatives undertaken in the context of the old building in BDCE campus, shedding light on the methodologies, challenges, and outcomes associated with the process. The study integrates a thorough examination of structural audit practices, rehabilitation strategies, and case studies related to historical structures within the campus. The first section delves into the importance of structural audits in ensuring the safety and longevity of buildings. Various methodologies employed in conducting structural audits are explored, emphasizing the integration of modern technologies such as non destructive testing, structural health monitoring, and computer aided modeling. The second section of the review highlights the specific challenges encountered in the BDCE campus, including the unique architectural features, material deterioration, and compliance with updated building codes. This section also discusses the role of interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, and preservation experts in addressing these challenges effectively. The third section focuses on the rehabilitation strategies implemented based on the findings of the structural audit. This includes the use of innovative materials, retrofitting techniques, and sustainable practices to enhance the structural integrity and functional efficiency of the old buildings. Case studies illustrating successful rehabilitation projects within the BDCE campus are presented, showcasing the application of theoretical knowledge into practical solutions. Furthermore, the article discusses the economic and environmental implications of rehabilitation compared to new construction. It explores the potential for adaptive reuse, preservation of cultural heritage, and the positive impact on the overall sustainability of the campus. Ekta Agarakar | Prof. P. R. Khobragade "A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in BDCE Campus”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63506.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63506/a-review-article-on-“structural-audit-and-rehabilitation-of-old-building-in-bdce-campus”/ekta-agarakar
Evaluation of the constructive state of conservation of historical structures...IJERA Editor
The conservation status assessment of historical traditional architecture on extended range increasingly requires analysis tools, which allow to synthesize and process parameters of interest for the formulation of an evaluation on their state of conservation. An appropriate prevention strategy development of, based on the loss risk assessment, seems the most appropriate way to address the management problem of similar structures. This approach requires simplified analysis tools, which allow to synthesize and process parameters of interest for the formulation of a current state evaluation of these structures, that can ensure, in a coordinated manner, an immediate conservation status assessment. This paper shows the first results of use of a protocol named ANVIV which allows acquisition and interpolation of constructive and decay information for masonry buildings with different geometric configuration in plan and elevation. It has been developed as part of a research project, and is able to quickly show the physical conservation state of these buildings, both locally and globally, highlighting critical issues and planning appropriate intervention programs
The document provides an overview of historical retrofitting interventions on churches in Central Italy and evaluates their effectiveness based on damage from the 2016-2017 seismic sequence. It first reviews the main interventions carried out to mitigate seismic vulnerability, such as reinforcement with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) or steel bars. It then analyzes a sample of 600 churches that underwent past retrofitting and critically assesses the interventions based on surveyed damage data. The goal is to understand which techniques effectively improved seismic safety without compromising historical and cultural value, and inform the design of future retrofitting projects for ancient masonry structures.
Affected variables on successful infill design in urban historic contextAlexander Decker
This document discusses factors that affect successful architectural design for new construction projects within historic urban contexts. It begins by outlining the importance of conserving historic urban sites and traditional contexts as evidence of past lifestyles and cultures. The document then reviews different strategies for new design in historic areas, including replication of historic styles versus intentional contrast. It discusses guidelines from organizations like ICOMOS that call for new construction to be distinguishable from historic fabric while still being compatible. The document suggests there is a range between compatibility and contrast when designing in historic contexts. It argues that achieving aesthetic fitness requires understanding how new designs can both respect the historic context through elements like compatibility, harmony and meanings, while also bearing a contemporary stamp.
Challenges in Conservation of Heritage StructuresIJLT EMAS
Rajasthan is the most beautiful and vibrant state of India. The unique characteristic of its architecture is very popular in the whole world. The Rajasthan architecture is significantly depend on Rajput architecture school which was mixture of mughal and Hindu structural design. Grand havelis, astonishing forts and elaborately carved temples are the vital portion of architectural heritage of Rajasthan. Few of most striking and splendid forts along with palaces with parched Aravali land clearly depicts history of Rajasthan's celebrated heritage. Almost every city of the spectacular desert land Rajasthan is lined with fabulous forts and palaces built by various rulers and architects. These forts and palaces were generally built outside the walled city over the high hills to protect the city The state of Rajasthan hosts few of splendid palaces and forts of the whole world. Ornamented havelis, elaborately carved temples and also magnificent forts are section of the Rajasthan's architectural heritage. The artistic builders designed major architectural styles which are located in cities like Jaisalmer, Udaipur, Jaipur and Jodhpur. The most significant architectural designs in Rajasthan include Jantar Mantar, Dilwara Temples, Lake Palace Hotel, and City Palaces, Chittorgarh Fort, Deeg palace and Jaisalmer Havelis. The glory is well conserved in the Rajasthan and in the majestic forts and palaces. Enduring the unmerciful desert winds and oppressing heat of the scorching sun, they have stood unshakable against many-a-sieges and have provided protection to the rulers in their time of conflict. Now, they have been opened to the tourists who come here to see a wonderful presentation of their rich heritage and splendid artistic architecture. Many of these forts and palaces retain their old allure and ritual. Some of the royal residences have been now turned into heritage hotels, where the visitors can still experience the magic of India's imperial past. Important Artifacts of Rajasthan Architecture are: Havelis, Chhatris, Jharokhas, and Stepwells.
Review Paper on Comparative Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Building Str...IRJET Journal
This document presents a review and comparative analysis of circular and rectangular building structures in terms of load distribution and construction area utilization. It begins with an abstract highlighting the objectives of analyzing and quantifying these factors for both building shapes. It then provides background context on the problem statement and research objectives. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, including data collection, structural modeling, load simulation, analysis, and visualization of results. Literature on previous related studies is also reviewed. The document presents numerical data used in modeling a sample circular and rectangular building. It analyzes load distribution patterns and construction space optimization between the two shapes. Finally, it concludes the circular structure exhibits unique stress distribution but the rectangular is more predictable, while the circular optimizes interior space
Past earthquakes have shown that existing buildings designed to older seismic codes are vulnerable. Retrofitting techniques can upgrade seismic capacity. This paper evaluates four retrofitting techniques applied to four existing reinforced concrete building models: adding reinforced concrete walls, steel bracing, column jacketing, and strengthening columns with steel angles. Each technique is examined to determine its effect on top displacement, acceleration, base shear, and period. The technique with the minimum response for each model will be selected as the optimal retrofitting method for that structure. Several retrofitting techniques are described, including concrete jacketing, walls, and bracing. Factors such as strength, ductility, stiffness, bond, and material properties must be considered in retrofitting design.
This document discusses retrofitting an existing reinforced concrete building in Nashik, India. The 5-story building was constructed in 1984 but had deteriorated by 2008 and was deemed unsafe. To strengthen it, the project involved jacketing all columns on both floors with concrete. Loose pockets of concrete were also reconcreted. Faulty slabs were opened and rusted reinforcement replaced before recasting slabs with new concrete. The retrofitting aimed to increase the building's service life and improve its ability to withstand future earthquakes or other disasters by upgrading its seismic resistance. Common causes of building failures in past Indian earthquakes included old construction, lack of seismic design, inadequate codes knowledge, and poor workmanship.
Similar to A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case study (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
A systematic approach towards restoration of heritage buildings a case study
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 229
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TOWARDS RESTORATION OF
HERITAGE BUILDINGS- A CASE STUDY
Sayali Sandbhor1
, Rohan Botre2
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of civil engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune, India,
2
Graduate scholar, Dept. of civil engineering, Purdue University, USA,
sayali.sandbhor@sitpune.edu.in, botre.rohan@gmail.com
Abstract
Heritage structures perform vital role in nation’s history, culture and signify the richness of it. To augment life and enhance strength,
their restoration is very important for the future generations to have knowledge about how mankind lived in past ages. Restoration
involves investigating, diagnosing and correcting deficiencies and deterioration of any structure. Identification of common defects and
problems faced in old structures and devising a systematic approach towards handling these issues is civil engineer’s obligation. A
case study throws light on the various problems encountered and the methods employed to tackle them. This paper focuses on such
problems and methodology to handle these problems while respecting structure’s cultural integrity with the help of a case study. It
also seeks to highlight the need for a greater awareness and the need to take precautionary measures of the immediate effects, and of
the long-term management issues of heritage structures.
Index Terms: Heritage structures, defects, evaluation, systematic approach etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Heritage buildings and monuments in any country are mute
testaments of its glorious past [Meli et. al, 2007]. India has a
very rich historic background which is evident from various
buildings, forts, temples, landscapes, objects of historic era.
Many of these were constructed several hundred years ago
when the Indian Civilization was at its peak. Their
architecture, design and construction at the time when
computers, code of practice, design guidelines, research
institutions and modern construction techniques did not exist
makes one to realize the wisdom and expertise of our
forefathers. These structures have managed to survive for
hundreds of years while most of the modern constructions
need repair after couple of years of service [Meli et. al, 2007].
Work is often performed to reverse decay or alterations made
to the building after its initial construction. Physical materials
of an earlier time, that might have been state of the art at the
time of construction, might have failed and now need
replacement with contemporary better functioning, but
aesthetically similar materials. Such reasons make it
mandatory to instigate a systematic approach in the area of
heritage conservation.
1.1 Restoration of heritage structure
Building restoration refers to the process of correctly revealing
the state of a historic building, as it looked in the past and
recovering the same by various measures while respecting its
heritage value. Restoration involves returning the existing
fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing
accretions or by reassembling existing components without
introducing new materials. Conservation means the process of
retaining structure‟s historical, architectural, aesthetic, cultural
significance. Preservation stands for maintaining the fabric of
a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration whereas
reconstruction implies returning a place as nearly as possible
to a known earlier state and distinguished by the introduction
of materials into the fabric. Restoration is defined as the act or
process of accurately depicting the form, features, and
character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of
time by means of the removal of features from other periods in
its history and reconstruction of missing features from the
restoration period.
[http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/standguide/restore/restore_ind
ex.htm].
1.2 Need of the study
Most old cities have some monuments which represent the
religious, military, political or economic powers of the past.
The condition of such monuments is determined largely by
their present function and use. Monuments which have no
further utilization tend to decay rapidly, while monuments
which are still in use have a better chance of being maintained
[Steinberg F., 1996]. The extent of maintenance varies from
structure to structure leading to deterioration of the structure.
Restoration increases the total expected life of the structure by
strengthening it to withstand all imposed loads. If the structure
is not timely restored, its condition may worsen to an extent
such that it becomes very difficult to regain its original
condition. Restoration takes the structure to a new minimum
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strength level as seen from graph in Figure 1. It is necessary to
follow a precise methodology, whose main steps are survey,
diagnosis, safety evaluation, the choice of criteria and
techniques of interventions, and finally the controls [Croci
G.,2009].
Fig -1: Need for restoration
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The value of architectural heritage is not only in its
appearance, but also in the integrity of all its components as a
unique product of the specific building technology of its time
[http://iscarsah.icomos.org/content/principles]. Verifying the
structural reliability constitutes in itself a complex aspect of
the problem which cannot be solved based solely on structural
calculations. Complementary approaches involving historic
research, comparative analyses and monitoring are also
needed within the frame of a broader and more flexible
understanding [Roca P.,2011]. The periodic monitoring of
relevant parameters can help identify eventual deterioration
phenomena. Thus, dynamic tests, in conjunction with model
updating, are becoming reliable tools for non-destructively
assessing historical structures [Rainieri C., 2011]. Lot of work
has been done in the field of restoration in devising various
innovative techniques of restoration. Every restoration work
has its own challenges and ways to tackle them. These
challenges may include visual appearance, architectural
appearance, strength of the structure, present or proposed use
of the structure etc. Research paper by Oudatzi K. [2010],
attempts to use virtual 3D modelling in the field of restoration.
As per the study of Thiru K.P.Mohandas, major problems any
old structure face may be due to human negligence, human
vandalism, overloading of roof, raised ground water level,
wrong choice of materials, structural issues and climatic
problems. „Repair and strengthening guide for earthquake
damaged buildings in Gujarat‟, gives measures for
improvement of the seismic resistance of historic buildings. In
the study by Cancellieri S. et al [2011], an integrated
methodology concerning the diagnosis, based on non
destructive testing (NDT) and techniques, is presented in order
to better investigate materials and structures of historic
importance. For the investigation of the ancient structure of
Santa Maria in Gradi an integrated methodology has been
used, combining traditional investigations and different types
of NDT analysis, such as:
Characterization of different period masonry materials,
through maps of not homogeneous areas, i.e. areas with
different type of bricks or stone blocks;
Discovery of hidden structural elements, such as arches,
columns, choirs included in the existing masonry;
The description of the original construction techniques
and typologies;
Evaluation of structural performances through
determination of damage in fractured masonries;
The detection and classification of surface damage;
Examination of structural vulnerability through
investigation of physical/mechanical properties of
mortars, stones and bricks;
Inspection of previous refurbishment and/or maintenance
techniques (injections, stitching armed joints).
L. Bertolini et al. [2011], infers that the conservation of RCC
buildings of the cultural heritage is a challenge, since it
requires the development of specific strategies aimed at
finding the best compromise between the restoration of
structural safety and the prevention of future damage and the
preservation of the original materials and surfaces. Study of
Yasser Korany [2011] states that the selected technique must
be consistent with aesthetics, function, and the requirements of
strength, ductility, and stiffness and provides an overview of
the traditional and recent techniques proven to be effective in
restoring heritage masonry structures. The special
requirements for restoration of heritage structures and the
main non-destructive evaluation methods that could be used to
assess their structural condition are examined.
3. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
Restoration and conservation is a fine balancing act, learning
to judge just the right amount of intervention at the right time.
Restoration of architectural heritage requires a multi-
disciplinary approach. It is known that heritage structures are
meticulously designed and skilfully constructed structures. An
equally competent and compatible strategy is required for their
preservation. It should commence with an analysis to arrive at
the structural system and the mechanism of load transfer
[Kumar P., et.al, 2008].
As per Avrami E., et.al. [2000], in the cultural heritage
conservation field, we are consistently faced with challenges
on three fronts:
Physical condition: Behaviour of materials and
structural systems, deterioration causes and
mechanisms, possible interventions, long-term efficacy
of treatments, etc.
Current
Rehabilitation
Actual condition without
rehabilitation
Past
Rehabilitation
Condition before commencing
new work
Current
Time
Previous design
minimum
New design
minimumCONDITIO
N OF
STRUCTU
RE
TOTAL LIFE OF
STRUCTURE
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Management context: Availability and use of resources,
including funds, trained personnel, and technology;
political and legislative mandates and conditions; land
use issues, etc.
Cultural significance and social values: Why an object
or place is meaningful, to whom, for whom it is
conserved, the impact of interventions on how it is
understood or perceived, etc.
All these challenges should be given due consideration to
arrive at the best possible technique of restoration which will
not only be effective but also economical. The proposed
approach leads a restorer to efficient restoration practice by
giving a logical sequence of various activities to be followed
in restoration works. Identification of various problems and
devising the most suitable method to tackle the same is the
restorer‟s task. Choosing the most appropriate treatment,
requires careful decision making about building‟s historical
significance, physical condition existing on the date of
restoration, proposed use and mandated code requirements etc
[http://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/four-treatments/treatment-
guidelines.pdf].
A general restoration approach shown in Figure 2 below may
be adopted as a basis or guide for taking up work of
restoration. According to the suggested systematic approach,
restoration of heritage structure involves evaluation of
structure to expose its actual condition. Evaluation is done
based on documents and physical evidences by assessment of
condition of structure which includes inspection, diagnosis
and cause analysis. Evaluation may be exploratory or
immediate. Immediate evaluation includes repairs of
immediate nature which are desirable or necessary. Hence
evaluation of the structural performance of buildings
submitted to severe loading conditions is the most valuable
source of knowledge regarding their weaknesses and the ways
they respond to extreme conditions. These extreme conditions
may be historic fire [Gomez Heras M., et.al, 2009],
weathering of material, chemical reactions, water seepage,
adverse weather conditions etc. Traces of their past
performance can be retrieved by careful examination of its
main elements or can be found in historic documents [Meli
et.al, 2007]. On the basis of the evaluation report, quantum of
deviation from original condition of the structure is known. It
should then be treated by a suitable treatment which may
include restoration, reproduction and reconstruction. The
encountered problems need strategic planning so as to device
suitable technique. Accordingly, a repair strategy can be
devised. Repairs may be desirable or necessary. Method to be
followed and the extent of changes to be made will depend
upon the class of structure and limiting alterations that can be
carried out
[http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/byelaws.htm].
Materials and features from the restoration period are
identified, based on thorough historical research. Next,
features from the restoration period are maintained, protected,
repaired and replaced, if necessary. It also includes removal of
features from other periods; missing features from the
restoration period may be replaced, based on documentary and
physical evidence, using traditional materials or compatible
substitute materials.
[http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/standguide/restore/restore_app
roach.htm].
3.1 Standards for Preservation, rehabilitation,
restoration and reconstruction
Guidelines lead the stakeholders such as historic building
owners and building managers, preservation consultants,
architects, contractors, and project reviewers to develop the
best suited approach prior to treatment The standards given
by „Archeology and historic preservation: secretary of the
Interior's standards and guidelines, The National Park Service,
U.S. are as follows [http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-
law/arch_stnds_8_2.htm]:
1. The historic character of a property should be retained
and preserved. The replacement of intact or repairable
historic materials or alteration of features, spaces, and
spatial relationships that characterize a property should be
avoided.
2. Each property should be recognized as a physical record
of its time, place, and use. Work needed to stabilize,
consolidate, and conserve existing historic materials and
features should be physically and visually compatible,
identifiable and properly documented for future research.
Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction
techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize
a property should be preserved.
3. The existing condition of historic features should be
evaluated to determine the appropriate level of
intervention needed. Treatments that cause damage to
historic materials should not be used.
4. Deteriorated historic features should be repaired rather
than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires
replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature
should match the old in design, colour, texture, and,
where possible, materials. Replacement of missing
features should be substantiated by documentary and
physical evidence.
5. New additions and adjacent or related new construction
will be undertaken in such a manner that, if removed in
the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic
property and its environment would be unimpaired.
6. Replacement of missing features from the restoration
period should be substantiated by documentary and
physical evidence. A false sense of history should not be
created by adding conjectural features, features from other
properties, or by combining features that never existed
together historically.
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7. Reconstruction should be used to depict vanished or non-
surviving portions of a property when documentary and
physical evidence is available to permit accurate
reconstruction with minimal conjecture and should be
based on the accurate duplication of historic features and
elements. A reconstructed property should re-create the
appearance of the non-surviving historic property in
materials, design, colour, and texture.
Fig- 2: Systematic approach
Inspection
Diagnosis
Cause analysisAssessment of the
condition of the
structure
Collection of documents
and physical evidences
Rehabilitation of
heritage structure
Re-create missing features
Replace extensively
deteriorated features
Strategic planning to tackle
the encountered issues
Repair i.e. stabilize,
consolidate, and conserve
Protect and maintain
materials and features
Remove existing features from
other historic periods (other
than original)
Retain and preserve
the structure
Increased total expected
life of structure
Identify deviation from
original condition of structure
Major issues encountered:
Discolouration, rusting, termite
attack
Roofing leakages
Damaged masonry and other units
Destabilized core masonry
Masonry cracks
Structural weakness
Damaged structural components
Addition or subtraction of features
etc.
Exploratory
evaluation
Immediate
evaluation
Choosing a Treatment
Recommendations
on the condition
analysis
Reconstruction
Restoration
Reproduction
Repairs of
immediate
nature
Necessary
Desirable
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Hence effort of restoration should bring back the building to
its original form and beauty without necessarily sacrificing
authenticity. The monument must therefore be analysed and
appreciated to enable the recapturing of the original fabric and
character of the heritage structure through judicious
investigation & scientific methodology and it must be
complemented and enhanced with the minimum of
intervention and at a reasonable cost [Rene Luis S.
Mata,2009]. A case study of restoration work throws light on
the various aspects involved and the respective techniques
implemented.
4. CASE STUDY
To study the way in which typical rehabilitation work in India
is carried out, study of rehabilitation of main building,
University of Pune has been carried out. The building is
indexed as a Grade I structure
[http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/byelaws.htm], which
was constructed in 1871 by the British. Designed by the then
architect James Trubshawe, the building is a G+1 structure
with 60,000 sqft area having shallow foundation resting on
black cotton soil. The typical features include sloping pitch
roof, jack arch slab, typical wooden flooring, un coursed
rubble masonry in an Italian gothic architecture.
The project entailed the restoration and rehabilitation of the
historic University main building. Useful life of a structure
being considered as 100 years, it was of utmost importance to
rehabilitate the structure to the earliest. Assessment of
structure involved rapid visual screening, data collection,
condition assessment. The visual inspection brought to notice
many defects and proper investigation including non
destructive testing of various components revealed the actual
condition and hence validated the urge to take up work of
restoration of this historic precinct.
4.1 Major Problems and remedial measures
Buildings may show some degree of movement depending on
factors such as shrinkage, temperature gradients, the degree of
restraint from foundations, geometry etc., as well as loading
conditions from wind and snow. Deterioration caused by such
factors and its treatment is examined on site for the case study.
Poor design and construction defects can create poor load
distribution that can result in undesirable concentrations of
stresses. Major problems encountered in the assessment of
structure and the corresponding plan of action is as stated
below.
4.1.1. Structural cracks in masonry walls & damaged
masonry with loose bonding
Poor load distribution, poor water proofing causing bulging of
structural members had caused the members to crack with
cracks of varying magnitudes. The cracks observed on site
were not only superficial but also extended to the core of the
masonry. The entire north side of the structure along with
northwest and northeast corners was covered with very thick
creepers. The roots had penetrated in the wall through the
joints in masonry. Thus the gaps in the joints had increased
(Figure 3). The creepers had pulled out the upper portion of
the corner. Hence the upper portion of the wall was leaning
out of plumb. Masonry damage was the result of aging of the
structure and materials, poor water proofing, wrong loading
conditions etc. The destabilization of older walls due to the
deterioration of the inner core rubble between the exterior and
interior faces of masonry needed proper attention.
Fig -3: increased gap in joints due to growth of creepers
Fig -4: Reinforcement details of the wall face
Remedial measures
Epoxy grouting for strengthening weakened and cracked
masonry, jacketing of disturbed wall surfaces by means of
applying a mesh of non-ferrous steel reinforcement to both
sides of the wall, bonded to the wall with a mortar matrix,
metal straps with bolted connections are some of the measures
to repair & avoid any further cracking of masonry. The gaps in
the joints of the masonry can be filled up with lime mortar.
Also stitching can be done to avoid further damage. In the
case study, the repair of masonry cracks was taken care by
filling all the cracks by epoxy grout with the help of inserted
nipples and grouting gun. After the grouting was completed,
plinth beam was casted and steel C sections were placed on
both the sides of the wall bolted with each other through the
wall cross section as shown in Figure 4. A mesh of 8mm
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reinforcement bars was placed on the wall as shown in Figure
6 and then the face was shotcreted with suitable mix of
concrete and plastered with the conventional material mix
lime mortar 1:3. Details of the reinforcement of damaged
masonry walls are given in Figure 5.
Dealing with heavily damaged masonry included removal of
defective stonework from areas showing loose bonding,
structural faults, cracks and major shifts in plumbs or
alignments, procurement of matching stones from quarries to
match in strength, mineral composition, colour and
appearance, analysis of mortar used in the masonry to reveal
ingredients and their proportions to obtain specifications for
rebuilding masonry, dressing of broken stones in prescribed
shapes and sizes and fixing them in position using the mortar
derived from above analysis followed by dressing stones in
place.
Fig -5: Details of plinth and reinforcement
Fig -6: C/s of wall and plinth details
4.1.2. Crack in the Masonry and lime concrete slab
Thick creepers were allowed to grow on the masonry. The
creepers had its only support from the wall thus causing the
roots to grow in the masonry joints. The slab consisted of steel
sections supporting lime concrete. Ceiling tiles in terracotta
were laid below the lime concrete and were visible from
below. The Rolled Steel Joists (450 mm deep) did not have
any binding or bracing at the outer face of the porch to prevent
it from moving outwards. This allowed the upper portion of
the wall to be pulled out by the heavy creepers. The absence of
fixity either using nut-bolts or welding had further allowed the
walls of the porch to lean out of plumb by 25-30 mm. After
opening up the waterproofing on the slab, 20-25 mm wide
cracks were observed in the lime concrete slab towards
southern side running in east-west direction. It was also
observed that the T-sections at the outer face had corroded due
to the water seepage in presence of lime concrete,
considerably reducing the cross-section area of the steel
members (Figure 7). This had made the slab structurally
instable that could have collapsed without any warning.
Fig -7: Corroded steel members due to leakage
Fig -8: Details of reconstructed porch slab
Remedial Measures
Part of the porch was dismantled and the wall was
reconstructed in plumb. Damaged stones were replaced. Steel
members were fixed by welding and damaged steel sections
were replaced. Also bracing at the joist level was added. Old
slab was replaced with similar slab structure as shown in
Figure 8 which consisted of stack of two I sections one above
the other supporting inverted T section. Concreting of suitable
grade was done over the inverted T-section. Proper care was
taken to provide brick bat coba type of water proofing so as to
reduce future deterioration.
4.1.3. Collapse of portion of column
The column which was supporting overhead beams showing
major signs of bulging due to water seepage collapsed
partially which initiated the urgency to rehabilitate the
structure. The intact portion of the column showed loose
bonding of the mortar as well as cracks in the core which
needed special attention (Figure 9).
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Fig -9: Reconstruction of partially collapsed column
Fig -10: Grouting nipples at the top to fill voids
Remedial Measures
The collapsed portion was removed and reconstruction of that
portion was carried out using the same type of stone and
mortar. During the reconstruction, steel rods were inserted into
the old masonry so as to establish a proper bond between the
old and the new masonry. After the reconstruction, the cracks
in the core of the column were taken care by the epoxy
grouting carried out through the inserted nipples (Figure 10).
4.1.4. Bulging wall & Major longitudinal crack in
beam
The internal wall on eastern side was found showing signs of
bulging. The rainwater gutter on the terrace, which is above
this wall, was sagged due to water seepage observed in the
first floor wall as seen from Figure 11. The wall was bulged at
this location on first floor and also some cracks had appeared
in the plaster of the wall on ground floor at same location.
Remedial measures
The reason for the bulging of this wall was found to be a
corroded gutter above the wall, which allowed the water to
seep in the wall thus the gutter needed to be replaced and laid
with proper slopes. The bulge in the wall also needed to be
checked for its stability and also it was necessary to ensure if
the cracks in the wall could be rectified by stitching or the
required part of the wall could be dismantled and replaced
with minimal disturbance to the rest of the structure to ensure
proper transfer of loads through the walls.
Bulged wall resting above the beam caused the beam to have
sag at the centre leading to a structural crack. This major
longitudinal crack posed a major problem and required
flitching of the beam with steel plates on the exposed sides
after the wall resting on it is removed. The steel plates were
then bolted to the beam by anchor and through bolts as shown
in Figure 12. After restoring the beam, the wall above was
reconstructed.
Fig -11: Longitudinally cracked beam with visible sag
Fig -12: Flitching details of beam
4.1.5. Roofing leakages
The roof is constructed in lime concrete slab using chicken-
mesh. This slab is covered with mangalore tiles laid above
corrugated G.I. sheets (Figure 13). The mangalore tile roofing
did not have a proper slope for storm water drainage. Thus
water logging at the corners was observed which allowed
growth of trees. Seepage through roofs and down-take pipes
had resulted in the bulging of stone masonry and severe
cracking of the brick masonry below on the ground floor.
There were several places where the storm water from roof did
not reach the ground and seeped in the structure due to
improper laying of storm water drains or inadequate
maintenance.
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Remedial measures
The repair technique comprised of restoring proper slopes,
replacing corroded members, using lead flashing wherever
necessary. The down take pipes that travel through
inaccessible panelling through the centre of the building were
taken through more accessible positions with strict schedules
of periodic maintenance. The bulged and cracked masonry
was taken care of as per the requirements. State of the art
devices for detection and alarm in case of fire were installed in
the roof voids and other infrequently accessed spaces of the
building. Several changes in the profiles of roofs were done to
ensure better performance of roofs. The repaired roof was then
covered with panels coated by multiplas sheets for water
proofing (Figure 14).
Fig -13: Dismantling of deteriorated roof members
Fig -14: Laying of Multiplas sheet for waterproofing
5. FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
As the selected project for case study is of complicated nature
with hidden difficulties, the exact time estimate for completion
of restoration cannot be prepared. The construction work is
costlier than any other conventional construction project
because of the techniques and the difficulties involved in it.
Material procurement is a major problem posed because of
their specifications, colour, texture, quality, strength aspects,
use of the original material should be encouraged as far as
possible. Heavily deteriorated material may be replaced by
new material of same quality.
Rapid visual screening involves visual inspection and analysis
of structure based on past experience. Data collection involves
building description, various detailed drawings,
reconnaissance survey, preliminary survey, map preparation,
geotechnical report, construction specifications available,
exposure condition, geological report, variable for analysis,
condition assessment, initial inspection & appraisal, review of
document, detailed investigation, reporting and
recommendation. Detailed investigation is the most important
step in restoration works of heritage structures.
In the case study, the NDT reports depicted that the masonry
core strength was reducing and hence required either
strengthening or replacement. Hence decision of wall
strengthening is appropriate as replacement would be costlier.
Flitching of beam strengthens the beam as well as takes care
of the longitudinal crack and at the same time avoids
disturbing the whole structure for beam replacement. Partial
column replacement saves in material and hence proves
economical. Insertion of reinforcement ensures proper bond
between old and new masonry. Casting of slab using concrete
could have been done with precast concrete members thus
saving time of construction. After the complete restoration of
the structure it is recommended to practice regular
maintenance to ensure its proper working in future and
increased minimum strength level.
CONCLUSIONS
Deterioration of the structure may be caused due to various
reasons, some of which are long life, lack of maintenance,
unchecked growth of trees & creepers on the structures,
improper drainage system, irregular inspection, material
deterioration and weathering effect etc. Also, modern codes
and building standards, observance of cultural context,
conservation criteria, attainable benefit, traditional and
innovative methods etc. pose major challenges in restoration
of heritage structure. The best therapy to reduce decay is
preventive maintenance. Adequate maintenance can limit or
postpone the need for subsequent intervention. The repair
process requires the existing condition of the structure to be
identified and its causes of its deterioration. It is also
necessary to define how ongoing deteriorative factors should
be monitored given the effects of such processes on the
rehabilitation of the structure [Ghadban S.S.,2011]. An
understanding of the significance of the structure should be the
basis for conservation and reinforcement measures. The
design of intervention should be based on a clear
understanding of the kinds of actions that were the cause of
the damage and decay as well as those that are taken into
account for the analysis of the structure after intervention;
because the design will be dependent upon them. The choice
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between “traditional” and “innovative” techniques should be
weighed up on a case-by-case basis and preference given to
those that are least invasive and most compatible with heritage
values, bearing in mind safety and durability requirements.
The removal or alteration of any historic material or
distinctive architectural features should be avoided whenever
possible. Deteriorated structures whenever possible should be
repaired rather than replaced [ICOMOS charter].
Historic structures pass on a message coming through the
ages. It is the responsibility of the present generation to carry
it forward to the future generations
[http://www.windfallcentre.ca/index. php?st=1&s=Heritage
Retrofits& p=Overview].This gift may be lost if the integrity
of the original structure is destroyed to meet the present
demands. As these structures are closely related to local social
and economic conditions, methods which may be less
destructive and of original fabric need to be devised to
approach these issues. There is tremendous educational and
practical potential to be realized in the area of restoration. An
architectural, engineering, management as well as social
approach is required for such type of endeavour. Proper
education and training for such kind of works is today‟s need.
Involvement of more practitioners and technical professionals
is required. The potential of this field needs to be realized by
integrating and contextualizing the spheres and work of
conservation, not only as a self-contained science or
technological endeavour but also as a social practice.
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heritage buildings, heritage precincts and natural
feature areas, Model Building Bye-laws,
http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/byelaws.htm,
Retrieved August 2012
[2] Sanghamitra Basu, Preservation of heritage structures
& earthquake issues, guidelines and lessons from the
past, Chapter 27, „Repair and strengthening guide for
earthquake damaged buildings in Gujarat‟
NPCBEERM, MHA (DM), Govt. of India.
[3] Prabhat Kumar, Ashish K. Singh (2008), Preservation
of heritage buildings and monuments, NBMCW
February 2008.
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rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries,
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practice in palestinian territories: a case study from
jerusalem, Journal of Architectural Conservation,
Volume 17, Issue 3, November 2011
[7] Miguel Gomez-Heras, Stephen McCabe, Bernard J.
Smith, Rafael Fort (2009), Impacts of fire on stone built
heritage, an overview, Journal of Architectural
Conservation, Volume 15, Issue 2, July 2009
[8] Croci G. (2000), General methodology for the structural
restoration of historic buildings: the cases of the Tower
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BIOGRAPHIES
Rohan Botre, Graduate scholar, Dept. of
civil engineering, Purdue University, USA,
botre.rohan@gmail.com
Sayali Sandbhor, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of civil engineering, Symbiosis
Institute of Technology, Pune, India,
sayali.sandbhor@sitpune.edu.in