Indoor navigation system

 Nowadays many people face many problems
inside large buildings in which how to know
their location, their destination and how to go
to their with short route, without need of help.
 Company manager wants to track employees
and objects.
With our application these problems have been solved.
Why the need for Indoor Navigation?

Agenda
 Introduction
 WIFI Positioning
 Unity Software
 Database
 Applications
 Other Models
 Future Work

Our navigation system must be capable of
determining its location in the building.
It must be capable of determining the
optimal route to a destination.
An intuitive user interface must provide the
user with access to these features.
Three primary objectives
Indoor
Navigation
Positioning
RoutingTracking
Objectives

1.GPS based systems
Satellite navigation systems provide
geo-spatial positioning with global
coverage.
Line Of Sight (LOS) is required for the
functioning of these systems, so cannot
be used for an indoor environment
because the LOS is blocked by walls and
roofs.
Various Technologies for Positioning

2.Cellular system
This method is a basic technique using
Cell-ID, also called Cell of Origin, to provide
location services for cell phone users.
The accuracy of this technique is very low
due to the fact that cell towers can support
ranges of 35 kilometers or more

3.Infrared
Infrared (IR) wireless networking was a pioneer
technology in the field of indoor positioning
IR can be used in two different ways, direct IR and
diffuse IR.
An early implementation of an IR technique is the
Active Badge System
Limitation of IR network represents in low range of
it.

4.Ultra-Wide Band
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals used for
positioning, UWB advantages include
low power density and wide bandwidth,
which increases the reliability
High cost for implementation.

5.Bluetooth
Bluetooth is the IEEE 802.15
standard and is similar to Wi-Fi.
Maximum distance for Bluetooth
communication is up to 10
meters.
Implementation can be highly
expensive.

6.Wi-Fi
Wireless connectivity is commonly used nowadays.
Readily available throughout most buildings.
Minimal costs for implementation.
A user’s device can detect the RSSI
and MAC address of multiple
routers at one time.
Most devices have built in WIFI.

 University Model.
 Shopping Malls Model.
Implantation
The proposed system can be implemented in various models, such as:

 University model
I. First the user will use the application to access the database for his position
and the destination he wants to go to.
II. The clients read the RSSI reading of the nearest Access Point and compare it
to the database and then locating the position of client.
Implantation

To identify an optimal approach to enhance position estimate
accuracy for indoor environments.
To develop a client-side application based on Android platform for
collecting signal strength in the calibration phase and obtaining the
position in the positioning phase.
To develop a server-side positioning system for establishing a signal
strength and a database.
Goals

 In order to navigate within a
building, designer must firstly
determine client’s current
location :
 Accuracy
 Integrity
 Availability
 continuity
WiFi Positioning

Positioning Techniques
Line of sight techniques:
 Cell of Origin
 Angle of Arrival
 Angle Difference of Arrival
 Time of Arrival
 Time Difference of Arrival
Indoor techniques :
 Triangulation
 Location Fingerprinting
WiFi Positioning

 Triangulation Techniques
 In free space, signal strength varies with
the inverse of the square of the distance
from transmitter to receiver.
 To accurately convert to distance in a
real setting, factors such as antenna
gains and interference from objects in
the signal path must be accounted for.
Indoor Positioning Techniques
WiFi Positioning
Distance from
current location to
Tx A
Transmitter A
Transmitter C
Transmitter B
𝛽𝑐 𝛼 𝑐

 Location fingerprinting refers to a
technique that is based on the
sampling and recording of radio
signal behavior patterns in specific
environments that compares
measured RSSI data to a database of
expected values to estimate location .
 Location Fingerprinting
Indoor Positioning Techniques
WiFi Positioning

Wireless LAN
 A wireless LAN or WLAN, for
wireless local area network, is one
in which a mobile user can
connect to a local area network
(LAN) through a wireless (radio)
connection .
WiFi Positioning

Network
AccessRouters
Wireless LAN

Routers
Routers, are used to connect multiple
networks together
 Firewall
 Virtual private network (VPN)
 IP phone network
Wireless LAN

 An access point allows wireless
devices to connect to the
network .
 Think of what an access point
does for your network as
being similar to what an
amplifier does for your home
stereo
Access Point
Wireless LAN

 Wire – wireless
 Wireless – wireless
 Wireless – wire
Operating Modes
Wireless LAN

MAC(Media Access Control) address
 A Media Access Control (MAC)
address is a 48-bit address that is
used for communication between
two hosts in an Ethernet
environment. It is a hardware address,
which means that it is stored in the
firmware of the network card.
Wireless LAN

 RSSI is a measurement of how well your
device can hear a signal from an access
point or router .
 It’s a value that is useful for determining
if you have enough signal to get a good
wireless connection.
Signal
Strength
Quality
-30 dBm Amazing
-67 dBm Very Good
-70 dBm Good
-80 dBm Ok
-90 dBm Unusable
RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator)
Wireless LAN

 Because multiple WLANs can
coexist in one airspace, each
WLAN needs a unique name .
 this name is the service set ID
(SSID) of the network. Your
wireless device can see the SSIDs
for all available networks .
SSID (service set identifier)
Wireless LAN

 BSSID is typically the MAC
address (H/W Address) of
the Wi-Fi Chipset running
on a Wireless Access Point.
BSSID(basic service set identification)
Wireless LAN

 Routing techniques use algorithms
that find the shortest paths
between two locations.
 The relationship between nodes is
the weight or the cost of traveling
from one to the other such as
distance, time, or degree of
convenience
WiFi Routing

Dijkstra’s Algorithm
 This algorithm is suitable for
problems dealing with a single
source node and one or more
destination nodes .
 the algorithm chooses a node that
has the minimum cost from the
source node.
WiFi Routing
Routing Algorithms

 the A* algorithm provides a
lower complexity cost than
Dijkstra algorithm .
 optimal
A* Algorithm
WiFi Routing
Routing Algorithms

Android
72%
iOS
Other
Target Platforms

Development Tools
For implementing the project, a development tool that
fulfills the following goals was needed
 Map creation
 Android client-side
 User-friendly interface
 PC server-side

Android Studio Features
 Optimized for all Android devices
 Fast and feature-rich emulator
 Intelligent code editor
 Layout Editor

Unity Engine Features
 Multi-platforms across mobile, desktop, Web and Others.
 High performance across all platforms.
 Real time amazing visual fidelity
 Components for managing network

 Plans & Digital maps
Map Creation

 Ui elements
Element Image Description
Marker Client Estimated Position
Range Client Position Range
Arrow Destination Route
Pin Destination Location
Map Creation

 Positioning marker
Android Client-Side

Range of Signal Strength
Android Client-Side

 Destination Pin
Android Client-Side

 Routing
Android Client-Side

 Home screen
User-Interface

 Navigation interface
User-Interface

 Switching Platform
User-Interface

 server Interface
PC Server-side

Database
 Purpose of using SQLite Database is:
I. Storing every room in each floor,
II. Storing corresponding (x,y) Positions, and
III. Storing the MAC addresses of the surrounding routers
and AP.

Database
 What is Databases?
A database is a logically coherent collection of related data
with some inherent meaning.
A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a
specific purpose.

Database
 Characteristics of the Databases:
1. Self-describing nature of a database system
2. Insulation between programs and data, and data
abstraction
3. Support of multiple views of the data
4. Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing.

Data Base Management System
(DBMS)
 The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that
facilitates many processes among various users and
applications.
 These Processes are:
1. Defining,.
2. Constructing.
3. Manipulating,.
4. Sharing databases.
DBMS most important function is protecting the database and
maintaining it over a long period of time.

DBMS
 Classification of DBMS:
1. Several criteria are normally used to classify DBMSs:
2. Data model.
3. Number of users.
4. Number of Sites Over Which The Database is
Distributed.
5. Cost.

SQLite
 SQLite is a convenient way of implementing a simple
database in Unity.
 Allows the program to be operated without a database
installation or administration.
 Based on SQL Language which has statements for data
definitions, queries, and updates.
 It has facilities for applying the processes of DBMSs.

SQLite
 Features:
 It can be used for many different purposes and by many
different users:
1. SQLite as An Embedded Database
2. SQLite as A Developer’s Database
3. SQLite as An Administrator’s Database

SQLite
 Features:
 Reliable
 Small – 300 kb library, runs in 16kb stack and 100kb
heap.
 Single Database File – An SQLite database is a
single ordinary disk file that can be located
anywhere in the directory hierarchy.
 Readable source code – The source code to SQLite
is designed to be readable and accessible to the
average programmer.

SQLite
 Disadvantages:
 High concurrency – reader/writer locks on the entire
file.
 Huge datasets – DB file can’t exceed file system limit
or 2TB.
 Access control – we don’t have any user interface to
operate SQLite database objects as in MYSQL / SQL
Server /Oracle.

SQLite Implementation
Create Metod:
CREATE TABLE building_rooms (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
room_number INTEGER NOT NULL UNIQUE,
room_type TEXT NOT NULL,
location_x FLOAT NOT NULL,
location_y FLOAT NOT NULL,
MAC TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE);
 SQLite Database Methods:

 SQLite Database Methods:

INSERT INTO building_rooms (id, room_number, room_type, location_x,
location_y, MAC) VALUES (1,518,'classroom', 4.3,-3.8,'C04A00E97B67')
Insert method:

 Other Methods:
 Open
 Close
 Drop

1. University model
a) Parking
 Introduction
 Concept
 Components
b) Occupied Rooms
 Concept
 Components

Parking
 Our software is helpful for people who
face many problems in parking and
where to find an empty space for their
car especially in large parking like malls
or in large parking building.
 So we will use our application to solve
this problem.

Parking
 The concept:
 We will use IOT concept that depend on collecting data and
information from sensors via connectivity to be used by
people and processes to take action or re-transmit the
information to a different embedded system.
 Components:
 Magnetic sensor or Proximity IR sensor
 Node MCU
 Unity software

Parking
 Magnetic sensor
 The wireless magnetic sensor is designed
for street installation and detection of the
parking space availability.
 Sensor are installed in asphalt or other road
pavement.
 The sensor responds to change in the
earth’s magnetic field change when a
vehicle is parked above.

Parking
 Proximity IR sensor consist of two
elements:
1. Transmitter : IR LED
2. Receiver : Photodiode

Parking
 Principle of Working for IR sensor:
 IR LED emits infrared light.
 the Photodiode detects the infrared light.
 An IC Op – Amp is used as a voltage comparator.

Parking
 NodeMCU :
 Wireless communication module is an RF
module.
 small electronic device used to transmit
and/or receive radio signals between two
devices
 The Development Kit based on ESP8266,
integrates GPIO and PWM .

Occupied Room
 The concept of idea:
 It is simple if professor need to inform
their students that when he enters lecture
and doesn’t want anyone to enter after
him, he just had to press a button .
 This will relax professors and reduces
permanently all means of distraction and
disturbance that professors and students
have inside lecture.

 Components:
 Button
 Node MCU
 Unity software
Occupied Room
When professor push button it sends
information to server via WIFI module
which then respond to it and inform users
that professor already enter this class and is
forbidden to enter after him.

2. Shopping Mall
1. Model study and planning
2. Robot services
 Robot platform
 Arduino UNO shield
 Motor Shield L293n Driver
 Wireless module
 Lithium battery
 LM393 Infra sensor
 Jumpers and sockets

 The malls contain not only multiple stores, but
also cinemas, aqua parks, restaurants, cafes,
bowling clubs and multi-story car parks all
under one roof.
 What do you do if you own a mall or an
airport and you get an offer to enable indoor
location in your venue?
 The accuracy you need.
2. Shopping Mall
1. Model study

customers can use their mobile
devices to navigate inside malls and
search for :
 Points of sale
 Find their cars in the car park
 Locate friends in the shopping
mall
 Save different points of interest
 Receive notifications.
1. Model study
2. Shopping Mall

There is varies places that use the
indoor navigation system such as:
1. Hospitals.
2. Airports.
3. Manufactories.
4. Museums.
Various Models

 Indoor navigation system in hospitals:
 Provide turn-by-turn directions to
surgery centers, doctors' offices and
waiting rooms.
 Specification of indoor navigation in
hospitals:
 Instead of using Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth
Low Energy is used to avoid interference
medical equipment.
 Must have very high accuracy at least
between to patients’ beds.
Hospital

Airport Indoor navigation system in airports:
 Provide turn-by-turn directions so users
can find their way to gates and amenities
quickly and easily.
airports:
 the server monitor or control these
Indoor vehicles Movement and also it can
allow clients to monitor other clients in
case of getting lost.
 News interface can be used to announce
taking off or landing dates.

Manufactories
 Indoor navigation system in
Manufactories:
 Indoor vehicles can be used for transport
products or goods from place to another.
Manufactories:
 No need for user interface as the server
monitor or control the Indoor vehicles
Movement and also monitor staff
movements to ensure their productivity.
 Must have very high accuracy to find spare
parts quickly and easily

Museums
 Indoor navigation system in museum:
 Show users their location and all museum
services.
 Specification of indoor navigation in
hospitals:
 News interface can be used to provide
information about exhibits.
 Server allow clients to monitor others in
case of getting lost.

Drones
 we can use drone to perform all functions of car used
in our project:
 Monitoring
 Delivery
 Fire reporting

Online Server
 It allow clients to access the server
from anywhere on the planet but it
need a permission from the server itself.
 For example:
 if children got lost in mall his parents
can request permission from the server
to track another client (the child) on the
mall digital map.

GPS and unity application
 In the future:
 we imagine for any individual to connect
outdoor navigation in their mobile to any
location in any building by IPS .
 The next generation of positioning
technology is being designed to overcome
the limitations of GPS. While GPS devices
don't work particularly well indoors, IPS
(Indoor Positioning System) technologies .

Micro IPS Chips
 Micro IPS chips have several uses aside from protecting
your assets.
 Some of these include tracking down a mobile device or
tracking an individual’s every move.
 It receives signals from surrounding Wi-Fi routers, and
using wireless connectivity, it is capable of transmitting the
data to a controlling device such as your PC or mobile
phone.
 This can be used to view the microchip’s location.

Test Place Software
 It is a software program that arranges routers to provides the
optimum possible accuracy.

Indoor navigation system

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