(a) Meaning and Nature of Individual Differences. (b) Cause of Individual Differences. (c) Educational Provisions. (d) Measurement of Individual Difference. this presentation is prepared for AIOU course 8610

1. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
(A) MEANING AND NATURE
OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES.
(B) CAUSE OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES.
(C) EDUCATIONAL
PROVISIONS.
(D) MEASUREMENT OF
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE.
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar, GCUF) @AksEAina

2. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
All living organisms whether human beings or others differ in size shape appearance speed of reaction and in
numerable other aspects of behaviour. Individuals differ almost in every respect. They differ in physical as well as
psychological characteristics. Some of the major areas in which they differ and which affect their personality
growth to a large extent are age, height weight, sensory and motor powers, intelligence aptitudes or specific
abilities, interest attitudes, appreciations and educational attainments. They also differ in their hereditary, family
background and environmental influences.
Individuals not only differ among themselves with respect to a specific trait but differences may also be noticed
within the same individual when he is studied in respect of various traits. Difference may also be noticed in the
same individual with respect to this performance of a particular task at different time.
These differences that distinguish one from another and make one as a unique individual are named as “individual
differences” in psychology.
• Individual differences stand for variations or deviations among individuals about single characteristics or several
characteristics
• Individual differences stand for those differences which in their totality distinguish one individual from another.
(Dictionary of Education)
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

3. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
1. Physical differences: Individual different in height weight, colour of skin and eyes, colour and texture of hair
size of hands, structure and functioning of internal organs, facial expressions, and other such native or acquired
physical characteristics.
2. Mental differences: People differ in their intellectual abilities and capacities like thinking and reasoning power
of imagination creative expression, concentration etc.
3. Differences in motor ability: such as reaction time speed of action, steadiness manual and finger dexterity,
resistance to fatigue etc. Persons of any age differ in their ability to perform in activities that are pre-eminently
motor. In general, motor coordination and ability to perform successfully in the more complex motor skills increase
with age as maturity brings with it the more complex motor skills increase with age as maturity brings with it the
power of sustained attention,
muscular coordination, speed of performance, steadiness of control, and resistance to fatigue.
4. Differences in achievement: Differences exist in achievement and in knowledge and in knowledge even among
individuals who had almost the same amount of intelligence and had been subjected to equal around of schooling
and experiences.

4. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
5. Emotional differences: In some individuals positive emotions like love affection etc are more prevalent whereas in
others negative emotions like anger disgust etc are more powerful.
6. Differences in interest and aptitude: There exists great variations among the individuals in relation to the specific
tastes and interest. In a similar way people are found to have different aptitudes Some have mechanical aptitude while
others have scholastic musical or artistic aptitudes.
7. Differences in attitudes belief and opinions: Individuals are found to possess varying attitudes towards different
people groups objects and ideas Their attitude may be positive negative or neutral in nature
8. Learning differences: individual differences are found in the field of learning also. Pupils differ in their rate of
learning styles of learning motivation and persistence in Learning.
9. Differences in social and moral development: Some are found to be adjusted properly in the social situations and
lead a happy social life while others are socially handicapped unsocial or anti-social. Similarly, people are found to
differ in respect of ethical or moral sense. Thus, we can conclude that the personality of an individual is unique. In all
the dimension and aspects of behaviour and personality traits individuals differ from each other.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

5. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
10. Psychological (Gender Differences)
Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) arrived at three kinds of conclusions regarding gender differences.
i) Widely confirmed differences
ii) Questionable differences
iii) And unfounded differences
11. Social Class Differences
Social class is indicated by the status given to group of persons in a society by other persons of the same society. Warner, Havighurst,
and Loeb (1944) found that person of a large community could be classified in to the following six socio class group: upper, upper-
middle, middle-lower, upper-lower, and lower-lower. Social-economic status of the family, as measured by income, occupation of
parents, and amount of education of parents, was found to be an important determinants of social class. These criteria are generally
used in determining an individual’s social class today.
12. Racial and Ethnic Differences
Differences in abilities amongst racial and ethnic groups have not yet been studied sufficiently for the formulation of a general
conclusion that will cover all cases. Factors other than individual ability to master learning material may very easily affect the results
of studies and measurements, moreover, cross-marriages that have occurred for many generation between persons of different racial
and ethnic groups may hamper clear delineation.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

6. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
Areas of Individual Differences
Chronological Age
One of the general factor of difference that influences school grading is chronological age. A child enters school at a
certain age, 6 years, and is supposed to progress regularly in his schooling in terms of age factor. It is assumed
moreover, that all children should be able to profit similarly from instructions that is the same or nearly the same in
content and method of presentation for all learners on the respective grade levels. Apparent in ability on the part of a
learner to master study material is explained in terms of factors such as laziness or stubbornness, that fail to take into
consideration the factor that learners differ in their ability to perform in any one or more areas of learning
material and at any one stage of development.
Mental Age
Thurstone’s identification of primary mental abilities refutes the idea underlying general intellectual ability that
persons are equally able in all academic areas. Instead, most individuals vary markedly in verbal, numerical, spatial
and other abilities. For example it is possible for a student to be in the top one-fourth of the students of the same
grade in one ability, such as spatial, or mathematical, and to be in the bottom one-fourth of the same students in
another ability such as word fluency or perceptual speed. The primary abilities emerge and reach full functional
maturity at different rates. For example, perceptual seed approaches full functional maturity corresponding to that of
adult status by age 20, Whereas word fluency and verbal comprehension only reach such a level, respectively, of
about 60% and 80% of adult status and by 20% our verbal growth continues after we have peaked in perception;
speed.

7. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
There are some psychologists who hold the view that the cause of individual differences or psychological
differences is inherited. These psychologists are called the HEREDITARIANS or TRADITIONALISTS.
On other hand there are some environmentalists or progressivists who are of the opinion that environment is the
sole factor in the development of intelligence.
Galton’s Study
Sir Francis Galton was the first to study the possible relationship between intelligence and heredity. Galton first
demonstrated that there is a great deal of individual variation in intelligence. That all people are not equally bright
or capable. As evidence, he presented the family trees of prominent men in the fields of law, science, art and the
military, indicating that greatness ran in certain families.
≥ Differences among individuals can be attributed to variations in hereditary endowment or environmental
stimulation or both It can be observed that people belong to different hereditary stock and hence differ in their
native endowments and characteristics.
≥ Similarly environment influences and simulations experienced by the individuals' right from their conceptions in
the womb of their mother’s cause differences among individuals.
≥ Maturation learning, and training are also responsible for the occurrence of individual differences among human
beings.
≥ Differential amount of secretion of hormones by ductless glands in different individuals result in the differences
in individuals functioning.
Causes of Individual Differences

8. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
► The notion that individuals differ in their various abilities capacities and other personality characteristics should
help the practicing teachers realize the following:
► Every teacher should know the abilities potentials, interests, attitudes and other personality characteristics of each
student and try to render individual guidance to children for the maximum development of their potentialities.
► The teacher must be familiar with many approaches to adjusting the learning situation to the individual needs of
the pupil. Any program of instruction must take into consideration the important facts about differences in
individuals and traits.
► There exists in any realm of activity a wide range in endowments of individuals. However, individuals cannot
readily be classified into specific types since the various levels merge gradually and are not sharply differentiated.
► The evidence is clear that the degree to which the individual possesses different traits also varies. The wide range
of capacities, abilities, needs, and interests in any classroom necessitates a differentiated approach to instruction at
all school levels and in all areas of learning.
Significance of Individual Differences to a Classroom Teacher

9. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
General Provisions
(1) Every Individual’s ability should be
assessed as accurately as possible.
(2) Identification of special talents
(3) Educational provisions must be continuous
(4) Adequate facilities and materials are needed
(5) Competent school staff is needed
(6) Individualization is necessary
The Dalton’s Plan,
The Winnetka Plan, &
Homogeneous Grouping
(1) Need of Adult Education
Special Provisions
1. Provisions For the Gifted / Talented Children
2. Educating the Gifted Children
• Enrichment
• Acceleration
• Ability Grouping
(3) Provisions for the Slow Learners
i. Identifying the Slow-Learner
ii. Periodic Medical Examination
(4) Learning Handicaps in exceptional Children (like
dyslexia, hyperlexia, visual dyslexic, auditory dyslexic, etc.
(5) Placement with a Teacher
(6) Remedial Teaching
(7) Non-Promotion
Educational Provisions

10. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
1. Proper knowledge of the individuals' potentialities: The first in catering to individual difference is to know the potential of
everyone’s child through intelligence tests cumulative records interests’ inventories, attitude tests and tests of personality traits.
2. Ability Grouping: In the light of the results derived from the various tests students of a class can be divided into homogeneous
groups according to their abilities. Such division can prove beneficial in adjusting instruction to vary individual differences.
3. Adjusting the curriculum: To meet the requirement of varying individual differences among the pupils the curriculum should be
as flexible and differentiated as possible. It should have the provision for a few diversified courses and curricular experiences so
that pupils may get opportunity to study and work in the areas of their own interests and abilities.
4. Adjusting the methods of teaching: The teacher should try to follow a different procedure or method of instruction suiting the
requirements of varying ability groups of his pupils.
5. Adopting special programmes or methods for individualizing instruction: Special programmes like Dalton plan, the
Winnetka plan the project method or use of programmed learning material could be made to enable students to learn at their own
individual rate.
Tackling the problem of individual differences in the classroom

11. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
Care of Exceptional Children
The fact of individual differences implies that teachers must cater to a wide variety of pupils during
their professional work. Hence it is essential to know about the nature and needs of such exceptional
children who in some dimension or other deviate significantly from normal and average pupils.
According to Samuel A. Kirk an exceptional child is one who deviates from the average or normal
child in mental physical or social characteristics to such an extent that he requires a modification of
school practices or special education services in order to develop to his maximum capacity.
Exceptional children are classified as under:
Intellectually exceptional:
a. The gifted and creative
b. the slow learner and
c. the mentally retarded.
Physically Exceptional:
a. Impaired vision
b. Impaired hearing
c. Impaired speech,
d. Crippled and
e. Brain injured.
Emotionally and socially exceptional:
Delinquents

12. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
Test of General Intelligence
>Tests of Aptitude
These tests measure the possibilities of success in future performance. One of the most famous batteries, which
measure children’s different aptitudes, is “differential aptitude test battery” which measures the following abilities.
(i) Verbal Reasoning
(ii) Numerical Ability
(iii) Abstract Reasoning
(iv) Space Relations
(v) Mechanical Reasoning
(vi) Clerical Speed and Accuracy
(vii) Language Usage
>Interest Inventories
Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and Kuder’s Preference Record (Vocational) are some of the interest inventories
that can be used to measure differences among individuals in their interest.
>Test of Personality
The MMPI, Bells Adjustment Inventory, Projective tests like “Rorschach Ink Blot test.” Thematic Apperception
test, and other questionnaires can be used to measure personality structure and adjustment, and difficulties of
individuals.

13. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina
>Competence-Based Tests
Tests of achievement, mostly teacher-made type, can be used to measure individual differences in academic
achievement. Practically, these tests as are prepared by teachers do not measure the competence in learning various
subjects. The competence-based tests are an improvement over the traditional tests, and are not difficult to prepare
such tests. Once the teacher knows the learning competencies in various school subjects it becomes easy for the
teacher to prepare such tests.
>Multiple-Choice Tests or Essays
One of the criticisms of the multiple-choice tests is that it rewards rote memorization rather than true understanding.
This can certainly happen if the test is poorly designed, but when thoroughly researched and carefully prepared, the
multiple choice test can assess a person’s ability to apply concepts to problem solving situations. Rather than break
up the units of knowledge and isolating the pieces, as the critics typically charge, a well-designed multiple choice
test, such as SAT, demands that the students be able to understand concepts and bring facts together. Research
evidence clearly shows that the SAT verbal score shares much in common with IQ, the correlation between them
being an extremely high + 0.80.
There is the fear that standardized tests based only on essay questions and writing samples may have an adverse
effect on learning. Verbally adept but uninformed students may bluff their way through an essay exam. Similarly, the
tactics used by some students or memorizing or rotting the topics of subjects also affects learning process.
>Computer Assisted Testing (CAT)
The computer age has led to a high tech form of testing called CAT. (Computer Assisted Testing) Here, the
individual sits at a computer keyboard, and the questions are presented on the screen. The testing becomes
personalized since the testing is interactive with the computer, in effect custom designing the test to each student’s
skill level.
Test of General Intelligence

14. Hina Jalal (PhD Scholar) @AksEAina