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If two air streams are
mixed, having:
-mass flow rates m1 and m2,
-dry bulb temperatures t1and t2,
-enthalpies H1and H2,
the result will be:
m1t1 + m2t2 = [m1 + m2]t3,
m1H1 + m2H2 = [m1 + m2]H3
Therefore:
t3 = (m1t1 + m2t2) / m1 + m2
H3 = (m1H1 + m2H2) / m1 + m2
MIXING:
The psychrometric chart can be used to establish the value of t3 and H3. The two
state points are connected by a straight line, which is then divided in inverse
proportions of m1 and m2. If the mass flow rate m1 is the greater, the resulting point
P will represent the state of the combined air stream.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/indirectevaporativecooling-doha12thsep2015-160301060319/85/Indirect-Evaporative-Cooling-16-320.jpg)
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Indirect Evaporative Cooling
The document discusses innovative cooling solutions, particularly focusing on indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) technology, which provides efficient and eco-friendly cooling for industrial and commercial applications. It includes case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of IEC in improving indoor air quality and comfort in various environments, as well as outlines the advantages of different cooling technologies offered by a.t.e. enterprises. Additionally, it highlights the importance of comfort conditioning for human well-being, emphasizing factors such as temperature and humidity.
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Indirect Evaporative Cooling
- 1. 1 A.T.E. ENTERPRISES PRIVATELIMITED Business Unit: HMX v1.0– updated 17th Feb ‘15 A Seminar on: Innovative Cooling Solutions with: “Indirect Evaporative Cooling” By: Sunil Tiwari Sanjiv Sachdeva
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- 12. 12 SENSIBLE HEATING ORCOOLING: The addition or removal of heat, without any change in the moisture content (AH), resulting in the change in DBT. The status point will move horizontally to the left (cooling) or to the right (heating). Note that while the AH does not change, the change in temperature means the relative humidity (RH) changes. It increases if the temperature lowers and vice versa.
- 13. 13 If, as aresult of cooling, the point moving towards the left reaches the saturation line, some condensation will start. The DBT corresponding to this point is referred to as the dew-point temperature of the original atmosphere. If there is further cooling, the status point will move along the saturation line and condensation will occur. DEHUMIDIFICATION BY COOLING: The reduction in the vertical ordinate (on the AH scale) represents the amount of moisture precipitatied, ie, condensed out. This process will reduce the absolute humidity, but will always end with 100% RH.
- 14. 14 If moisture isevaporated into an air volume without any heat input or removal (this is the meaning of the term 'adiabatic'), the latent heat of evaporation is taken from the atmosphere. The sensible heat content - thus the DBT - is reduced, but the latent heat content is increased. The status point moves up and to the left, along a WBT line. This is the process involved in evaporative cooling. ADIABATIC HUMIDIFICATION (EVAPORATIVE COOLING): Note that by this process, the relative humidity is increased. It increases only until it hits the saturation line, at which it becomes 100%. Beyond it there is no decrease in sensible temperature. This is the reason why during hot and humid months, evaporative cooling is ineffective and uncomfortable.
- 15. 15 If the airis passed through a chemical sorbent material (eg, silica gel), some of the moisture is removed and the latent heat of evaporation is released. There will be an increase in sensible heat content, thus in the system (ie, if the process is adiabatic), the state point will move down and towards the right along an enthalpy line. This process, in effect is the reverse of the previous one. ADIABATIC DEHUMIDIFICATION (BY SORBENTS):
- 16. 16 If two airstreams are mixed, having: -mass flow rates m1 and m2, -dry bulb temperatures t1and t2, -enthalpies H1and H2, the result will be: m1t1 + m2t2 = [m1 + m2]t3, m1H1 + m2H2 = [m1 + m2]H3 Therefore: t3 = (m1t1 + m2t2) / m1 + m2 H3 = (m1H1 + m2H2) / m1 + m2 MIXING: The psychrometric chart can be used to establish the value of t3 and H3. The two state points are connected by a straight line, which is then divided in inverse proportions of m1 and m2. If the mass flow rate m1 is the greater, the resulting point P will represent the state of the combined air stream.
- 17. 17 1 →→→→ 2Return air duct gains 2 →→→→ 4 Outside air load 3 →→→→ 4 Energy recovery 4 →→→→ 5 Cooling / Dehumidification 5 →→→→ 6 Fan motor gains 6 →→→→ 7 Reheat coil input 7 →→→→ 8 Supply duct gains Conventional Refrigeration System
- 18. 18 18 Points on thechart 1 Room condition 25°CDB 50%RH 2 Return air to unit 25.5°CDB 18.2°CWB 3 Outside air 35°CDB 24°CWB 4 Mixed air into coil 26.5°CDB 18.8°CWB 5 Air off coil 12°CDB 11°CWB 6 Air off fan 12.7°CDB 11.3°CWB 7 Air off reheat coil 14.3°CDB 12°CWB 8 Air into room 14.8°CDB 12.2°CWB
- 19. 19 What is ‘ComfortConditioning’? Comfort conditioning relates to human comfort. The surrounding air needs to be treated so that the person occupying the place feels fresh & comfortable. Factors that directly affect human comfort: Temperature Relative humidity Air motion % of fresh air Personal activity Clothing
- 20. 20 Adaptive Model ofComfort
- 21. 21 Cooling Solutions - (Forpeople comfort & process requirements) COOLING TECHNOLOGIES Conventional – Refrigerant Based Technologies Vapor Compression Type Vapor Absorption Type Non-refrigerant Based (Eco- friendly) Technologies Free Cooling Earth Cooling Night Ventilation Evaporative Cooling Technology DEC (Direct Evaporative Cooling) IEC (Indirect Evaporative Cooling) IDEC (Indirect Direct Evaporative Cooling)
- 22. 22 Evaporative cooling: Twoapproaches Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC): Water evaporates directly into the air stream, thus reducing the air temperature while humidifying the air. Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC): Primary air is cooled sensibly with a heat exchanger, while the secondary air carries away the heat energy from the primary air as generated vapor.
- 23. 23 Evaporative cooling continued… Principle of IDEC (indirect direct evaporative cooling) Two-stage evaporative air cooling Dry bulb temp: D1 Wet bulb temp: W1 Enthalpy: h1 Dry bulb temp: D2 Wet bulb temp: W2 Enthalpy: h2 Dry bulb temp: D3 Wet bulb temp: W2 Enthalpy: h2 In IDEC process: D3<D2<D1 W2<W1 h2<h1 Cooling effectiveness (Є): D1-D3 D1-W1 IDEC process Є is always >100%; nearly120% for summer
- 24. 24 Psychrometry : Dubai ConditionsDBT-46°C / Rh-30% Outdoor (Ambient): DB 46⁰C, WB 29.4⁰C, Sp Humidity 19.33 g/Kg DEC Outlet : DB 30.2⁰C, WB 29.44⁰C, Sp Humidity 26.10 g/Kg IDEC Outlet : DB 26.7⁰C, WB 26.4⁰C, Sp Humidity 21.90 g/Kg 3.5°c more cooling Low moisture addition - 60% less
- 25. 25 HMX, a businessunit of the A.T.E. Group A.T.E. has a legacy of over 75 years, operates in the domains of: • Textile Engineering • Cooling • Wastewater Treatment • Energy Efficiency • Value Enhancing Systems • Machine-to-Machine Solutions • Flow Technology • Print and Packaging Equipment HMX, a business unit of A.T.E., designs and manufactures unique, energy efficient and eco-friendly products for space and process cooling for the industrial and commercial sectors. The core of every HMX product is DAMA (Dry Air Moist Air), a new generation patented sensible heat exchanger.
- 26. 26 SO FAR… Solutions withIndirect Evaporative Cooling • Stand-alone cooling: Two Stage Evaporative Cooling System • Pre-cooling: Treated Fresh Air System • Fresh air air-conditioning: IDEC + Air conditioning HMX – AMBIATOR HMX – PCU – F HMX – FAAC
- 27. 27 Stand-alone cooling units…..HMX Ambiator • These cooling units are a next-generation indirect direct evaporative cooling solution • This patented technology provides 100% fresh, clean, cool air – which is an excellent upgrade over air-washers & ventilation systems which are commonly used for cooling in industrial and commercial sector • Can be integrated with other air handling systems and air conditioning systems to optimize power consumption • Available in various capacities Small up to 10000 CFM Medium 10000 to 30000 CFM Large 30000 CFM onwards Energy saving potential upto 60% with regard to conventional air-conditioner
- 28. 28 Indirect Direct EvaporativeCooling (IDEC) With indirect/direct evaporative cooling, the primary air stream is cooled first with indirect evaporative cooling and then cooled further with direct evaporative cooling.
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- 30. 30 CASE STUDY-1: IDEC helpsa global company improve indoor air quality Sr. no. Challenges faced by the company Solutions suggested by HMX 1 Possible hazard to health of workers from fumes generated by carbide grinding wheels 100% fresh, clean and cool air to be supplied to improve indoor air quality 2 Sensible heat load generated inside was 400000 BTU/hr (117 kW) 40,000 CFM of cool air to be supplied to the shop floor 3 Extremely hot summer in Hyderabad when the ambient temperature touches 42°C Supply air to be cooled by indirect direct evaporative cooling technology 4 Temperature on the shop floor to be maintained at 29±2°C Temperature of supply air to be lower by 3-4°C compared to conventional air-washer systems • This is an engineering giant, a high technology global industrial group with world- wide operations • The group has a carbide grinding facility in Hyderabad, South India
- 31. 31 CASE STUDY-1: IDEC helpsa global company improve indoor air quality Sr. No. Date Time Ambient temperature °C Room °C DBT WBT DBT WBT 1 16/4/14 1.30 pm 36 24 25 22 2 16/4/14 2.30 pm 38 24 26 22 3 16/4/14 3.00 pm 38 24 26 21 • The HMX-Ambiator was installed and commissioned at this plant in January 2014
- 32. 32 CASE STUDY-1: IDEC helpsa global company improve indoor air quality • The fumes and the heat generated by the carbide grinding machines is carried away by the air supplied by HMX-Ambiator • This has improved the indoor air quality and is also maintaining comfortable working conditions inside
- 33. 33 CASE STUDY-2: IDEC helpsMahindra& Mahindra, Nagpur to improve productivity Sr. no. Challenges faced by the company Solutions suggested by HMX 1 Extremely hot summer in Nagpur when ambient temperature goes up to 47°C Indirect direct evaporative cooling suggested keeping in mind the excellentWBD during summer 2 Hot conditions around the tractor assembly line Dedicated HMX-Ambiator of 32,000 CFM for people working on the tractor assembly line 3 Cooling provided by installed chiller system proving to be inadequate for worker comfort HMX-Ambiator to work in tandem with chiller system 4 Installing a cooling system with a good product life HMX-Ambiator of blow through design to eliminate possibility of blower rusting • Mahindra & Mahindra is the largest tractor manufacturing company in the world (by volume) • The manufacturing plant at Hingana Road, Nagpur rolls out 90,000 tractors per year
- 34. 34 CASE STUDY-2: IDEC helpsMahindra& Mahindra, Nagpur to improve productivity Sr. No. Date Time Ambient temperature °C Room °C DBT WBT DBT WBT 1 24/3/14 1.00 pm 38 22 25 21 2 24/3/14 2.30 pm 40 22 26 22 3 24/3/14 4.00 pm 39 23 27 23 • The HMX-Ambiator was installed and commissioned at this plant in February 2014
- 35. 35 CASE STUDY-2: IDEC helpsMahindra& Mahindra, Nagpur to improve productivity • Rusting of moving parts eliminated as a result of blow through design • Filtered secondary air ensured more robust operations • Excellent performance eliminated the need of the chilled water system • Reduced carbon footprint
- 36. 36 Pre-cooling units • Pre-coolingunits are an excellent option to supply cooled fresh air to improve indoor air quality while simultaneously reducing the load on the compressor of the installed air conditioning system. • Uses the heat exchanger to pre cool fresh air being supplied to air conditioned spaces or air handling units in the most economical manner. • Also an excellent option where the entire fresh air load is handled by the chiller or a DX system. Retrofitting of the existing fresh air handling unit is also possible with Pre-cooling units. • Can be modified to use the room return air to pre-cool the fresh air being supplied. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is more than 15
- 37. 37 Pre-cooling (IEC +DX/CWC) The primary air stream is cooled first with indirect evaporative cooling. This cools the primary air stream to the desired temperature. When more cooling is required, the supplemental DX/CWC module cools the air further to reach the desired temperature.
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- 39. 39 Air Conditioning incommercial spaces SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR… Conditioned space ReturnDuct SupplyDuct MixingBox Filter CoolingCoil Exhaust Air Fresh Air
- 40. 40 Schematic of pre-coolingunit SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR…SO FAR… Conditioned space ReturnDuct SupplyDuct MixingBox Filter CoolingCoil Exhaust Air CoolingCoil DAMA Filter Fresh Air Secondary Air to Atm. PCU – F AHU
- 41. 41 Retrofitting PCU toconventional HVAC Office Complex, 50,000 ft2 Space temperature 24 ˚C Occupancy 1000 people Ventilation requirement 10000 cfm Sensible Heat Exchanger: HMX’s proprietary “DAMA” inside the PCU - F Energy Consumption 08.00 – 18.00 h 08.00 – 24.00 h 24 h operation Benchmark With PCU - F Benchmark With PCU - F Benchmark With PCU - F Total energy consumption, MWh / year 126 93 186 144 246 198 Energy savings, MWh / year 33 42 48
- 42. 42 Case Study: HMXPCU Bilcare saves chiller opex • Bilcare is an innovation-led solutions provider that is a global leader in the field of pharmaceutical packaging. • The Rajgurunagar plant of Bilcare had set up a new triplex laminating line with a raw material storage area. • The temperature inside was to be maintained at 26 ± 0°C throughout the year with a RH level of 55 ± 5%. • Two Air Handling Units (AHUs) with chilled water coils, one with 26,000 CFM and the other with 13,000 CFM were used. • The summer months the fresh air coming into the chilled water AHUs was at 40-45°C
- 43. 43 Case Study: HMXPCU Bilcare saves chiller opex Two fresh air pre-cooling units HMX-PCU-F without blowers were installed for the two chilled water AHUs Airflow Ambient DBT Ambient WBT WBD After HE-1 DBT After HE-1 WBT Savings – Sensible cooling Savings – Sensible cooling Power consu mption / TR Power saved CFM °C °C °C °C °C kW TR kW/TR kW/h 26000 33 21 12 24 16.5 136.5 39 1.2 46.8 13000 33 21 12 23.5 16.5 68.25 20 1.2 23.4
- 44. 44 Fresh Air Air-conditioning(FAAC) Different modes of operation to suit prevailing ambient conditions 1. Ventilation mode: only fresh air 2. Indirect evaporative cooling mode: only DAMA (sensible heat exchanger) 3. Ambiator mode: indirect + direct evaporative cooling 4. Fresh air pre-cooling mode: DAMA + cooling coil 5. Air-conditioner mode: cooling coil with re-circulated air 6. Heating with humidification mode: cooling pad + heater with re- circulated air
- 45. 45 Case Study: FAAC ForHimalaya Drug’s Stores • The Himalaya Drug Company is a leading multinational medicinal drug company. It produces health care products under the name Himalaya Herbal Healthcare. • Its existing finished goods warehouse of approximately 16,000 square feet area faced issues of high temperature during the summer season and high humidity during the monsoon season. • The ideal environment to store the manufactured goods was to maintain temperatures under 26°C throughout the year and humidity levels between 55% and 60% in the monsoon season. • The HMX-Ambiator was sufficient to deliver these temperatures 70% of the time in a year. For the balance 30% time of the year, air-conditioning of the warehouse was the ideal solution. • As a result an air-conditioning system of only 25 TR was required instead of the originally planned 80 TR.
- 46. 46 Case Study: FAAC ForHimalaya Drug’s Stores Time Ambient – DBT °C Ambient – WBT °C Room – DBT °C Room – WBT °C 1:30 PM 27°C 23°C 25°C 22°C 3:30 PM 26°C 23°C 25°C 22°C Time Ambient – DBT °C Ambient – WBT °C Room – DBT °C Room – WBT °C 1:30 PM 36°C 22°C 25°C 18°C 3:30 PM 34°C 22°C 25°C 18°C Temperature recordings taken during the when the unit was running in 100% fresh air mode Temperature recordings taken during the when the unit was running in air- conditioning mode
- 47. 47 Markets served Auto/auto ancillariesCommercial Engineering FMCG Print & Packaging Rubber & mouldingPharmaceuticalFood & Beverages
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- 49. 49 SO FAR… Organizations usingand recommending these sustainable technologies
- 50. 50 Why is MiddleEast one of the largest HVAC market? • Extreme climatic conditions of the desert • Ongoing drive towards diversified businesses away from the traditional petro based economy • Growing capital investment in infrastructure development • Rising population with high standards of living Moving ahead, smart buildings and environmentally sustainable HVAC systems across commercial, residential, hospitality and retail user segments in this region will aid in further driving the HVAC market
- 51. 51 Cooling performance: SupplyAir Temp profile IDEC supply air temperatures spread for a complete year (8760 Hrs) for Abu Dhabi VENTILATION DIRECT INDIRECT - DIRECT No of Hrs in % No of Hrs in % No of Hrs in % S A Temp ≤ 20 1655 19% 3374 39% 4609 53% S A Temp 20.01 - 22.00 724 8% 1315 15% 1416 16% S A Temp 22.01 - 24.00 812 9% 1234 14% 904 10% S A Temp 24.01 - 26.00 719 8% 1102 13% 805 9% S A Temp 26.01 - 28.00 827 9% 1059 12% 701 8% S A Temp 28.01 - 30.00 864 10% 605 7% 314 4% S A Temp 30.01 - 32.00 812 9% 71 1% 11 0% S A Temp 32.01 - 34.00 644 7% 0% 0% S A Temp 34.01 - 36.00 557 6% 0% 0% S A Temp 36.01 - 38.00 469 5% 0% 0% S A Temp≥ 38.01 677 8% 0% 0% 8760 8760 8760
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- 53. 53 THANK YOU Contact: Mail: s_a_tiwari@hmx.co.in/ svs@gessuae.ae Web: www.hmx.co.in / www.gessuae.ae