How dose heat pump work

Air Source Heat Pump
Presentation
Linuo Paradigma Co., Ltd. June 2018

Contents
Air-source heat pump basics
Linuo Paradigma & its air-source heat pumps
Reference projects

What is a heat pump?
A heat pump is a device that takes heat from one source of heat to what is called a “heat
sink”. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat
transfer by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer space.
A heat pump uses a small amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring
energy from the heat source to the “heat sink” .
Air conditioners and refrigerators are examples of heat pumps, but only the heat pumps in
the cooling mode.

The functions of a heat pump
For climates with moderate heating and cooling needs, heat pumps offer an energy-efficient
alternative to furnaces and air conditioners.
• Like the air conditioners, during the cold
season, heat pumps move heat from the
cool outdoors into your warm house; and
during the hot season, heat pumps move
heat from your cool house into the warm
outdoors. Because the heat pumps move
heat rather than generate heat, they can
provide equivalent space conditioning at as
little as one quarter of the cost of
operating conventional heating or cooling
appliances.
• Besides HVAC, a heat pump may also be
used to heat or preheat water for
swimming pools or use by homes and
industry.Heat pumps
Energy cost for heat
Conventional appliances
Energy cost for heat

Types of heat pumps
Generally there are three types of heat pumps: air-to-air, water source, and geothermal.
They collect heat from the air, water, or ground outside your home and concentrate it for
use inside.
The air source heat pump is the most common type of
heat pumps. It can be widely used under -7℃ to 40℃
ambient temperature with litter restriction on the
surrounding conditions.
Geothermal and water source heat pumps cost more
for installation but have low operating costs and
higher efficiencies due to advantage of relatively
constant ground or water temperatures.

How dose heat pump work?
The heat pumps use state changing of refrigerant to carry out heat absorption and release.
1. A cooled, liquid refrigerant is pumped
into heat exchanger (evaporator), then
absorbs thermal energy from the
ambience as a result of the temperature
difference. In this process, the refrigerant
then change state and becomes a vapour.
2. The gaseous refrigerant is then
recompressed in the compressor. The
pressure results in a temperature rise.
3. A second heat exchanger(condenser)
transports this thermal energy into the
heating system and the refrigerant
reverts to a liquid state.
4. The pressure is reduced again in the
expansion valve and the cycle then start
all over again,
Compressor
EvaporatorCondenser
Expansion valve
Low-pressure,
Low-temperature vapour
Low-pressure,
Low-temperature liquid
High-pressure,
High-temperature vapour
High-pressure,
High-temperature liquid
Absorb heat
from air
Heat release
to "heat sink”

Diagram of a typical air source heat pump system
A. Diagram for heating mode
Compressor
EvaporatorCondenser
Expansion valve
Absorb heat
from air
Heat release
to "heat sink”
Four-way valve
(Power on)
D
SE C

Diagram of a typical air source heat pump system
B. Diagram for cooling mode
Compressor
Evaporator
Condenser
Expansion valve
Heat release
to air
Absorb heat
from "heat sink”
Four-way valve
(Power off)
D
SE C

Parts of a heat pump system
A. Compressor : the heart of heat pump system
Scroll compressor EVI Scroll compressorRotary compressor Ultra low temp. scroll
TYPESProsandcons
•Usually applied
for residential
heat pump
systems with
relative-low
heating power
(below 5 HP);
•relative-low cost
• Usually applied for commercial heat pump systems with 3-30
HP heating capacity;
• simple in structure and space saving;
• Without suction and discharge valve to reduce resistance loss;
• Able to work under pressure of liquid refrigerant;
• the EVI scroll type can operate at low temperature;
• relative-high cost compared with rotary compressor

B. Expansion valve: the pressure reducing device
When the high pressure and high temperature refrigerant enters the expansion
valve its pressure reduces suddenly and along with it its temperature also
becomes very low suddenly. The refrigerant then moves to the evaporator to
absorb heat.
Type Capillary tube Thermostatic EV Electronic EV
Price Cheap Middling Expensive
Operation Easy Middling Complicated
Temp. sensor needed
Sensitivity Low Middling High

C. Four-way valve: change the refrigerant flow direction
There are two types of four-way reversing valves, a poppet-type and a slide-type. And the
slide-type proved to be the better of the two.
The heat pump reversing valve has 4 large
tubes (A, B, C, D ) and it also has:- capillary
tube (1,2,3), slider (4), block (5) ,electrical coil
(6), electrical magnet (7), and spring (8).
When we energize the electrical coil (6) it
energizes the magnet (7) that pulls the block (5)
which will blocks the capillary tube (3) and
compresses the spring (8). The capillary tube (3)
is now blocked, and the high pressure
refrigerant will flow from capillary (2) to (1 )
straight to the right side of reversing valve’s
body that will push the slider to left side of the
valve which will allow the high pressure
refrigerant to go from the tube A to D to the
indoor coil to heat the inside of house, then
through the expansion valve to drop its
pressure, then to the outdoor coil then back to
tube C .
The discharge connection A and suction
connection B are always connected with the
compressor; C & D would connect to either
evaporator or condenser.
Diagram for heating mode

D. Condenser: produces the heating effect inside the room
Type Double pipe condenser Plate type condenser Tube in shell condenser
Price Cheap Middling Expensive
Operation Easy Middling Complicated
Temp. sensor needed
Sensitivity Low Middling High
The condenser is placed inside the room which is to be heated or inside the heat
exchange device. The refrigerant leaving the compressor at high temperature and
pressure will then enters the condenser. The condenser coil then also becomes very
hot and becomes the source of heat.

E. Evaporator:
The evaporator is located outside the room and exposed to the atmosphere which is
at relative low temperature. Just like condenser the evaporator is also made up of
copper coil. The low pressure and low temperature refrigerant liquid enters the
evaporator coil, due to this the temperature of the coil also reduces drastically and it
becomes even lower than the atmospheric temperature.
Since the temperature of the refrigerant inside the evaporator is less than the
atmospheric temperature, it tends to absorb the heat from the atmosphere. The fan
or the blower blows atmospheric air over the evaporator giving up the heat to the
refrigerant and heating it. Then the refrigerant absorbs the heat from atmospheric
air, its temperature increases and converted entirely into the gaseous state.
L type for side-blown U type for top-blown low
power system
V type for top-blown high
power system

F. Accumulator:
a reservoir that adjusts the refrigerant charge
depending on seasonal needs and assure the
heat exchange effect of condenser as far as
possible; connected between condenser and
expansion valve.
G. Liquid-vapor separator:
the function of liquid-vapor separator is to
make sure only the refrigerant vapor can go
back to compressor;
It is located between discharge connection of
four-way valve and suction connection of
compressor.
Connect with
compressor Connect with
Four-way
valve
Tank
Outlet of
refrigerant
liquid

Refrigerant: the " life blood "of heat pumps
Refrigerant R22 R410A R134a CO2（R744）
Blend type CHF2Cl
R32(CH2F2) +
R125(CHF2CF3)
CH2FCF3 CO2
Ozone depletion
potential
Medium Zero Zero Zero
Global Warming
potential
1810 2100 1430 1
Boiling point
1atm / (℃)
-40.8 -51.6 -26.5 -78.4
Stagnation
temperature(℃)
96.1 72.13 101.1 31.1
Stagnation
pressure (Mpa)
4.98 4.9261 4.06 7.37
Flammability(LFL) non non non non
Advantage
Cheap price and stable
performance
Higher heat exchange
efficiency
Has advantage for
higher temp. water
generation
Has advantage for
higher temp. water
generation
Refrigerant is a chemical compound—the different types are called “blends”—that requires
only a small amount of energy to change from a liquid to a gas and back again. The main
refrigerants used today are as following:

Advantages of heat pump systems
Energy-saving up to 75%
when compared with
electric water heater
Energy-saving
Small temperature
difference for heat transfer
between water and air/
Less humidity change
Comfort
Avoid electric leakage/
gas leakage & carbon
monoxide poisoning
Safe
Dual system for stable
operation and long
product life
Stable

Linuo Paradigma & its air-source heat pumps

Company brief Linuo Paradigma
A. German spirit
B. Made in China
C. Large scale production
D. Top brand in
China, distribution
to the world
• Founded by Linuo Group
(China) & Ritter Gruppe
(Germany) in 2001
• Headquarter located in
Linuo Hi-tech Park
( Jinan, Shandong, China)
• Specialized in research,
manufacturing and
construction of solar
thermal hot water and
heating, air source heat
pump and other multiple
new energy system
• Be selected as the only
“National Brand ”of
solar industry in China in
2017

Heat pump manufacture and productivity
Linuo Paradigma has three major production bases
in Jinan, Shanghe and Shanghai with annual
production capacity of 6 million vacuum tubes,
400,000 sets solar water heater, 264,000 sets solar
collector, and 10,000 heat pumps.
The high-grade heat pump production line adopts
inspection equipment with world famous brand
and German inspection standards. The automatic
production equipment strictly execute world
leading production standard and manufacturing
process which certainly benefits to ensure high
product quality and performance.

Research & development on heat pumps
In 2016, Linuo Paradigma has established a Research Institute on New Energy together with
Shanghai Jiaotong University. The research institute aims to improve technological
innovative ability and form and market-oriented application system of concept design,
technology direction, standard making and so on. It will be built to a R&D center on
distributed new energy technology with international influence.

Strict product quality control
Linuo Paradigma has spent million RMB to build self-owned industry-advanced Enthalpy
Lab which can simulate actual operating circumstance for different heat pump types to
ensure reliable product quality and excellent system performance.

Heat pump product group
01
02
03
04
05
RESIDENTIAL
All in one heat pump
RESIDENTIAL
Split type heat pump
COMMERCIAL
Standard air source heat pump
COMMERCIAL
High temperature heat pump
COMMERCIAL
Swimming pool heat pump

Residential all in one heat pump01
Main Data
 All-in-one design for easy installation and anti-freeze protection
 Dispersed cold water inlet avoiding cold and hot water mix
 Anti-corrosion enamel tank for longer operation life
 Intelligent pressure regulation control for maximum compressor efficiency
Features & benefits
Model LRIA-35/150 LRIA-35/200
Power supply 220V/50Hz 220V/50Hz
Heating capacity KW 1.57 1.57
Rated power input KW 0.425 0.425
COP 3.69 3.69
Refrigerant material R134a R134a
Water tank L 150 200
Outlet water temperature ℃ 65/75( with backup) 65/75( with backup)
Electric backup power KW 1.5 1.5
Dimension mm Φ545 x 1673 Φ545 x 2002

Residential split type heat pump02
Main Data
 Dual-core energy supply method that provide 24-hour hot water with 75%
energy cost saving
 Multiple protections and electric heater back up function
 Different appearance design
Features & benefits
Model LRIA-3.5 LRIA-5.5 LRIA-7
Heating capacity KW 3.8 5.5 7.6
Rated power input KW 0.93 1.35 1.86
COP 4.09 4.07 4.08
Refrigerant material R410A R410A R410A
Rated water flow L/h 726 1051 1452
Hot water flow L/h 82 118 163
Outlet water temperature ℃ 60 60 60
Dimension mm 970x300x550 970x300x550 1006x350x618

Commercial standard air source heat pump03
Main Data
 Working air temperature range from -10℃ 40 45℃;
 Max outlet water temperature up to 60℃;
 Multiple protections and electric heater back up function;
 Heating capacity range from 13KW to 72KW.
Features & benefits
Model LRIA/C-12 LRIA/C-22 LRIA/C-36
Power supply 220V/50Hz/1ph 380V/50Hz/3ph 380V/50Hz/3ph
Heating capacity KW 13.8 24.5 37
COP 4.12 4.12 4.13
Condenser type Tube in shell heat exchanger

Commercial high temperature heat pump04
Main Data
 Special design for high temperature technology for 75 ℃ hot water generation;
 Multiple protections and electric heater back up function;
Features & benefits
Model LRIA/C-12H LRIA/C-18H LRIA/C-36H
Heating capacity KW 7.5 14 28
COP 2.87 2.85 2.85
Refrigerant material R134a R134a R134a
Condenser type Tube in shell heat exchanger

Commercial swimming pool heat pump05
Main Data
 Max outlet water temperature up to 40℃;
 Multiple protections and special condenser model;
Features & benefits
Model LRIS/D-12 LRIS/D-22 LRIS/D-36
Heating capacity KW 15 26 40
COP 5.01 5.03 5.02
Condenser type Titanium tube in shell heat exchanger

Reference projects A
 System type: School
 Project size:
KFXRJ-39.5-Ⅱ-LPR x 4 sets
LPC58-1850 x 27 sets
 Application:
• Starting temperature: 15℃
• Water supply temperature:
50 ℃
• Daily hot water consumption:
14 tons
• Heating method: direct
heating
Combination system with solar energy for hot water generation

A. Diagram of Air-source + Solar combination system

B. System operation principle
② Solar heating circulation：
Circulation start when collector temp. is 8 ℃ higher than water tank temp. and water tank temp. is below 75℃;
Circulation shut down when temp. difference between collector and water tank is less than 4 ℃ or water tank
temp. is over 75 ℃.
① Heat pump heating circulation:
When the solar thermal circle is offline:
Heat pump heating start when the water temperature inside tank is below setting;
Heat pump heating shut down when the temperature over setting.
③ Water level control of water tank ：
Water supply valve open when water level is less or equal than 60%; close when water level is over 60%
④ Constant temperature water supply:
Water return valve open when returned water temp. is lower or equal than 35 ℃;
Water return valve close when returned water temp. is higher than 40 ℃
⑤ Anti-freezing control:
When temp. of water supply pipe is below 4 ℃, the heat tape start working; when temp. over 6 ℃, the heat
tape stop working. When temp. of collector inlet is below 4 ℃, the collector circulation start; when temp. of
collector inlet is over 8 ℃, the collector circulation stop.
⑥ Water level protection：
Site of hot water supply shall be 200mm higher than suction sites of collector circulation and heat pump circulation.

C. System configuration
No. Equipment Model Quantity Parameter
1 Solar collector LPC58-1850 27 Gross surface area: 7.6m2
Dimensions: 3670*2160*158
2 Water storage tank LPSTF-14 1 Capacity: 14 tons
3 Control cabinet KING-C-6 1 Input power: 6kW
4 Air source heat pump KFXRJ-39.5-Ⅱ-LPR(DV) 4 Heat capacity : 39.5KW
Input power : 9.2KW
Dimensions：1584*849*1523
5 Collector circulation pump PH-253E 1
6 Water supply circulation pump PH-253E 1
7 Heat pump circulation pump PH-253E 1

D. Cost-benefit analysis
Heating method Solar + Air source Solar
(auxiliary heat)
Air source Gas boiler Electric boiler
Energy resource Solar energy + Air
energy
Solar energy +
Electricity
Air energy Gas Electricity
Environmental
protection level
Environmental
protection, energy
saving, high
efficiency
Environmental
protection, energy
saving
Environmental
protection, energy
saving
Environmental
pollution, high
energy consumption
Environmental
protection, high
energy consumption
Theoretical heat
value
860 Kcal/kwh 860 Kcal/kwh 860 Kcal/kwh 8500 Kcal/m3 860 Kcal/kwh
Coefficient of
performance
3.5 0.95 3.5 0.85 0.95
Actual heat value 3010 Kcal/kwh 817 Kcal/kwh 3010 Kcal/kwh 7225 Kcal/m3 817 Kcal/kwh
Fuel consumption 5395.3 Kwh 19877.5 Kwh 67573.3 Kwh 28151.72 m3 248954.9 Kwh
Unit price 0.5 CNY / Kwh 0.5 CNY / Kwh 0.5 CNY / Kwh 2.6 CNY / m3 0.5 CNY / Kwh
Energy cost / year 2697.7 CNY 9938.7 CNY 33786.7 CNY 73194.5 CNY 124477.4 CNY
Energy cost
saving / year
---- 7241.1 CNY 31089.1 CNY 70496.8 CNY 121779.8 CNY

Reference projects B
 System type: hotel
 Project size:
LPR-33Ⅱ(DU) x 8 sets
KFXRS-18Ⅱ(DU) x 3 sets
 Application:
• Starting temperature: 15℃
• Water supply temperature: 50 ℃
• Daily hot water consumption: 14
tons
• Air conditioner temperature in
summer:26℃
• Air conditioner temperature in
winter: 20℃
Heat pump system for space heating, cooling and hot water generation

A1. Diagram of heat pump system for space heating & cooling

A2. Diagram of heat pump system for hot water generation

B1. System operation principle – space heating & cooling
① Operating condition of heating:
② Operating condition of cooling：
Equipment Start up condition Shut down condition Notes
Heat pump host T1<40℃ T1≥45℃ T1 is temp. of system circulation return*
Fan coil unit; radiator T2＜19℃ T2≥21℃ T2 is indoor ambient temperature*
Underfloor heating T2＜19℃ T2≥21℃ T2 is indoor ambient temperature*
*T1 & T2 shall be setting up by controller
Equipment Start up condition Shut down condition Notes
Heat pump host T1≥12℃ T1＜7℃ T1 is temp. of system circulation return*
Fan coil unit T2≥27℃ T2＜25℃ T2 is indoor ambient temperature*
Radiator T2≥27℃ T2＜25℃ T2 is indoor ambient temperature*
*Higher temp. is design temp. + setting temp. difference; lower temp. is design temp. – setting temp.
difference

B2. System operation principle – water heating
① Heat pump heating circulation:
When the solar thermal circle is offline:
Heat pump heating start when the water temperature inside tank is below setting;
Heat pump heating shut down when the temperature over setting.
② Water level control of water tank ：
Water supply valve open when water level is less or equal than 60%;
close when water level reach 100%
③ Constant temperature water supply:
Water return valve open when returned water temperature is lower or equal than 35 ℃;
Water return valve close when returned water temperature is higher than 40 ℃

C. System configuration
No. Equipment Model Quantity Parameter
1 Heat pump for space heating
and cooling
LPR-33Ⅱ(DU) 8
Rated heating capacity: 28kw
Rated cooling capacity:33kw
Input power: 12.9kw
Dimension: 1131x1014x1258
2 Heat pump for water heating
KFXRS-18Ⅱ（DU） 3
Rated heating capacity: 18kw
Input power: 6.1kw
3 Hot water storage tank 1 Capacity: 10 tons
4 Space heating control cabinet 1 Input power: 150kw
5 Water heating control cabinet KING-C-6 1 Input power: 22kw
6 Space heating circulation pump GD80-24 2
7 Water supply circulation pump GD65-20 2

D1. Cost-benefit analysis – space heating
Heating method Air source Gas boiler Electric boiler Coal boiler
Energy resource Air energy +
Electricity
Gas Electricity Coal
Environmental
protection level
Environmental
protection, energy
saving, high
efficiency
Environmental
pollution, high
energy consumption
Environmental
protection, high
energy consumption
Environmental
pollution, high
energy consumption
Theoretical heat
value
860 Kcal/kwh 8500 Kcal/m3 860 Kcal/kwh 5000 Kcal/kg
Coefficient of
performance
2.8 0.85 0.95 0.64
Actual heat value 2408 Kcal/kwh 7225 Kcal/m3 817 Kcal/kwh 3200 Kcal/m3
Fuel consumption 273.6 Kwh 91 m3 806 Kwh 205 kg
Unit price 0.5 CNY / Kwh 3 CNY / m3 0.55 CNY / Kwh 0.9 CNY / kg
Energy cost / day 137 CNY 274 CNY 444 CNY 185CNY
No, of operating
days
120 120 120 120
Energy cost / year 16417 CNY 32829 CNY 53224 CNY 22236 CNY
Unit price for
heating season
10 CNY / m2 19 CNY / m2 31 CNY / m2 13 CNY / m2

D2. Cost-benefit analysis – water heating
Heating method Air source Electric boiler Coal boiler Gas boiler
Heat demand 6019.2 MJ 6019.2 MJ 6019.2 MJ 6019.2 MJ
Energy resource Air energy Electricity Coal Gas
Theoretical heat
value
860 Kcal/kwh 860 Kcal/kwh 5000 Kcal/kg 8500 Kcal/m3
Coefficient of
performance
3.5 0.95 0.6 0.75
Actual heat value 3010 Kcal/kwh 817 Kcal/kwh 3000 Kcal/kg 6375 Kcal/m3
Fuel consumption 703 Kwh 1762.5 Kwh 480 m3 225.9 m3
Unit price 0.5 CNY / Kwh 0.5 CNY / Kwh 1 CNY / kg 2.6 CNY / m3
Energy cost / year 351.6 CNY 881.3 CNY 480 CNY 587.3 CNY
Energy cost saving ---- 529.7 CNY 128.4 CNY 235.7 CNY

Other reference projects
 System type: swimming pool for university
 Project size: 30 HP model x 8 sets
 System type: commercial building space heating
 System type: hotel water heating
 Project size: 10 HP model x 3sets + solar collector x 200sets
 System type: university water heating

MORE POSSIBILITIES TO BE
CONTINUE…
Add: No. 30766 East Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
Tel: +86 531 8872 9917 Fax: +86 531 8872 9223
Email: info@linuo-ritter-international.com
www.linuo-ritter-international.com
Linuo Ritter International Co., Ltd.

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